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PubMed2002

Predictors of vulnerability to reduced body image satisfaction and psychological wellbeing in response to exposure to idealized female media images in adolescent girls.

Predictors of change in body satisfaction, depressed mood, anxiety and anger, were examined following exposure to idealized female advertising images in Grades 7 and 10 girls. Stable body dissatisfaction, physical appearance comparison tendency, internalization of thin ideal, self-esteem, depression, identity confusion and body mass index (BMI) were assessed. One week later, participants viewed magazine images, before and after which they completed assessments of state body satisfaction, state depression, state anxiety and state anger. Participants were randomly allocated to view either images of idealized females (experimental condition) or fashion accessories (control condition). For both grades, there was a significant decrease in state body satisfaction and a significant increase in state depression attributable to viewing the female images. In Grade 7 girls in the experimental condition, decrease in state body satisfaction was predicted by stable body dissatisfaction and BMI, while significant predictors of decreases in the measures of negative affect included internalization of the thin-ideal and appearance comparison. In Grade 10 girls, reduction in state body satisfaction and increase in state depression was predicted by internalization of the thin-ideal, appearance comparison and stable body dissatisfaction. These findings indicate the importance of individual differences in short-term reaction to viewing idealized media images.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The NMDA antagonist EAA 494 does not impair working memory in an operant DNMTP task in rats.

There is contrasting evidence for an impairment of spatial working memory in operant delayed matching/or nonmatching to position (DMTP/DNMTP) tasks, as both delay-dependent and -independent disruption of choice accuracy has been found following N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockade. Using a within-subjects experimental design, the effect of the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, EAA 494 (D-CPP-ene) (1, 1.5, 2 mg/kg IP 30 min prior), on working memory was investigated in male Lister Hooded rats pretrained to the DNMTP task (0-16-s delay in intervals). Metal barriers were inserted between the food magazine and levers to inhibit the use of mediating strategies, such as orientation towards the correct lever during the delay interval, because this behavior may contribute to the delay-dependent disruption noted in previous studies. It was found that EAA 494 did not modify working memory either in the presence or absence of barriers. However, a dose-dependent impairment of task performance was recorded, notably in the presence of barriers. These results indicate that competitive blockade of NMDA receptors with EAA 494 does not result in impaired working memory in rats and parallel the lack of effect of the compound upon working memory in humans. Activation of NMDA receptors does not appear to be essential for the performance of spatial tasks requiring working memory.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The political, legal, and financial issues that plastic surgery is facing and how to develop a plan to cope.

Our specialty has been a creative wonder and an outright blessing to mankind. We have honed the arts of soft-tissue reconstruction to a level never thought possible just 100 years ago. We have found solutions to wound problems long after others have given up. We have restored the destroyed features of people ravaged by disease, life circumstances, and the acts of war. We have treated the deformed child, the patient with cancer, and reversed the signs of age. But as Thomas Sowell states in his article in 1994 in Forbes Magazine on the 100th anniversary of the birth of Fredrich Hayek, the author of The Road to Serfdom, the rule of law, which Hayek saw as crucial to the economy and to the survival of freedom, is nowhere in greater danger than in the supreme court of the United States. Sowell warned of the process going on that would bring socialism to our health care delivery system. He goes on to assert that it will be paid for by "loss of freedom to make our own decisions about medical care that are literally questions of life and death. The key to the future of medicine is now in our hands. This key will open the door to every doctor's dream of having the technologies that will allow physicians to diagnose and treat all the physical ills of the human race. Or the key, on the other hand, could open the exit door through which the best and brightest will leave medicine, feeling that they no longer can take on the legal and the financial risks to themselves and their families. The road to freedom from the controlling factors noted will require a change in culture. Knowing these facts will allow the plastic surgeon in practice to accept these factors and work with them to provide better care for their patients.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed2001

Direct-to-consumer advertisements for prescription drugs: what are Americans being sold?

BACKGROUND: Pharmaceutical companies spent US$1.8 billion on direct-to-consumer advertisements for prescription drugs in 1999. Our aim was to establish what messages are being communicated to the public by these advertisements. METHODS: We investigated the content of advertisements, which appeared in ten magazines in the USA. We examined seven issues of each of these published between July, 1998, and July, 1999. FINDINGS: 67 advertisements appeared a total of 211 times during our study. Of these, 133 (63%) were for drugs to ameliorate symptoms, 54 (26%) to treat disease, and 23 (11%) to prevent illness. In the 67 unique advertisements, promotional techniques used included emotional appeals (45, 67%) and encouragement of consumers to consider medical causes for their experiences (26, 39%). More advertisements described the benefit of medication with vague, qualitative terms (58, 87%), than with data (9, 13%). However, half the advertisements used data to describe side-effects, typically with lists of side-effects that generally occurred infrequently. None mentioned cost. INTERPRETATION: Provision of complete information about the benefit of prescription drugs in advertisements would serve the interests of physicians and the public.

Advertising↗
PubMed1998

Direct-to-consumer advertising: a pharmacy perspective.

This paper explains the current policies of the American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA) and other national organizations on direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising, reviews the findings of a survey on DTC advertising conducted by the APhA and Prevention Magazine, and identifies key issues for DTC policy development.

Advertising↗
PubMed1986

"Professor" Charles Tyrrell and his ideal sight restorer.

Charles A. Tyrrell was a masseur who obtained his MD degree at age 57 in 1900. In addition to his private practice he was editor of several pseudomedical magazines. He also owned two proprietary ventures that he conducted on a mail order basis. One of these involved production and sale of the The Ideal Sight Restorer, a U-shaped device consisting of a rubber bulb at the base, from which on both sides arose an arm of rubber tubing capped by an ivory eye piece. The eye cups were applied to the closed eyelids and the intermittent suction produced by squeezing the rubber bulb was claimed to provide a form of ocular massage capable of curing serious eye diseases (eg. cataract and glaucoma), as well as doing away with the need for spectacles. Although his fraudulent activities and deceptive advertising practices were described on several occasions in the Journal of the American Medical Association, Dr. Tyrrell persisted in his enterprises until he died in 1918.

Advertising↗
PubMed1993

Ophthalmology and vanity fair.

Vanity Fair was the leading Society magazine of Victorian and Edwardian England. A key feature of each weekly issue was the inclusion of a chromolithographed caricature and biographic sketch of a prominent individual. The author undertook a survey of the more than 2000 caricatures published from 1869 to 1914 to determine if any portrayed an ophthalmologist. Seventy-nine of the caricatures depicted physicians and scientists, of whom three were ophthalmologists: Sir Jonathan Hutchinson, Sir Robert Brudenell Carter, and Sir Anderson Critchett. A brief sketch of their ophthalmic accomplishments is presented. Caricatures from Vanity Fair are avidly sought after and are often found in antique shops, sporting venues, and professional offices, especially those of lawyers and judges. It has been said that when seeking the true perspective of the Victorian and Edwardian eras, the most faithful mirror and record of representative men and the spirit of their times can be found in Vanity Fair.

Caricatures as Topic↗
PubMed1998

"Professor" William C. Wilson and his Actina electric pocket battery for curing ocular disease.

PURPOSE: To investigate the activities of the firm that manufactured and sold the Actina, the leading example of ophthalmic quackery in the era of the founding of the American Academy of Ophthalmology. METHODS: Advertisements for the Actina in turn-of-the-century newspapers and magazines were studied, and additional related investigations were undertaken at leading historical societies in the United States and at the headquarters of the American Medical Association. RESULTS: The Actina was widely advertised as a cure for most of life's ills, particularly those of the eye and ear. Its manufacturers claimed that electrical properties were the mechanism of the Actina's alleged therapeutic effects. However, research has shown that the instrument had no electrical properties, its manufacturers had no medical training, and that the Actina was useless as a therapeutic agent. CONCLUSIONS: The firm that manufactured the Actina was located in Kansas City and was at the zenith of its success when the first meeting of the American Academy of Ophthalmology was held there in 1896. Its fraudulent activities sparked a continuing public outcry that contributed to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. The American Medical Association's Investigative Bureau was a major factor in the firm being put out of business in 1915 by the federal government.

Advertising↗
PubMed1984

Are conditioned stimuli determinants of oriented exploratory behavior in the rat?

To test Bindra and Palfai's hypothesis about enhancing and inhibitory motivational effects of a conditioned stimulus on exploratory behavior, rats in a first experiment were submitted to pairings of a tone with (a) water, (b) intermittent deliveries of water after a period of constant pairing. In a control condition, the tone was presented alone. The tone was subsequently presented during oriented exploration of a novel stimulus, in the conditioning context. There was no difference in exploratory performance between conditions. In a second experiment with another kind of stimulus change and a larger number of training trials, exploration did not increase when occurring during CS presentation. The lack of facilitation which is possibly the product of competition between exploration and magazine-directed responses, can also be interpreted as indicating that the effects of a conditioned stimulus are reinforcer specific and that the diffuse activity it generates in a situation different from the training one is not equivalent, as concerns the processes involved, to oriented exploratory behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Both fornix and anterior thalamic, but not mammillary, lesions disrupt delayed non-matching-to-position memory in rats.

Rats with radiofrequency lesions of the fimbria/fornix, or neurotoxic lesions of the mammillary bodies or the anterior thalamic nuclei were tested on their ability to perform a delayed non-matching-to-position task that had been learnt before surgery. In this task rats had to respond to a sample lever in an operant chamber and, after a variable delay (during which they were required to respond at the magazine tray), press the other lever when both were presented. Extensive mammillary body lesions had no effect on performance. In contrast, lesions in either the anterior thalamic nuclei or the fimbria/fornix produced marked deficits, the pattern of these deficits being consistent with a mnemonic impairment. It is argued that the anterior thalamic nuclei represent an important hippocampal output for spatial problems, but that the mammillary bodies are only necessary for certain types of mnemonic task.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Dissociable effects of anterior and posterior cingulate cortex lesions on the acquisition of a conditional visual discrimination: facilitation of early learning vs. impairment of late learning.

Two experiments investigated the effects of quinolinic acid induced lesions of the anterior and posterior cingulate cortices on the acquisition and performance of a conditional visual discrimination (CVD) task, in which rats were required to learn a rule of the type: "If lights are flashing FAST, press the right lever; if SLOW press left". In Experiment 1, animals with lesions of the anterior cingulate cortex (ANT group) demonstrated a significant enhancement in learning during the early stages of task acquisition. Conversely, animals with lesions of the posterior cingulate cortex (POS group) were impaired in learning during the later stages of acquisition. There were no significant differences between the ANT and POS groups on the performance of the task when either variable inter-trial intervals or reduced stimulus durations were imposed. In Experiment 2, the specificity of the lesion effects for processes operative during the early and late stages of learning was tested. Animals were trained to a criterion of 70% correct choices on two consecutive sessions prior to lesioning, and subsequently allowed to continue to acquire the task to the mean asymptotic performance level of 85% correct choices on two consecutive sessions. Animals of the POS group were impaired in learning during this later stage of task acquisition, thus replicating the pattern of results obtained in Experiment 1. The animals in Experiment 2 were then tested following a 30-day retention interval and during extinction (removal of sucrose from the magazine). The extinction test revealed an impairment in the ability of animals in the ANT group to omit lever responses in the absence of reinforcement. These results indicate that the anterior and posterior cingulate cortices are functionally dissociable, and suggest that they may form part of complementary, but competing, learning and memory systems.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The evolution of current medical and popular attitudes toward ultraviolet light exposure: part 3.

In the 1930s, attitudes toward ultraviolet (UV) light exposure began to change significantly within the medical profession. UV radiation had been promoted as healthful since the century's start, and particularly after the discovery of its role in vitamin-D metabolism. Increasingly, however, attention would focus on the risks of UV light exposure from sunlamps and sunbathing. During this time, the American Medical Association established guidelines for the approval of UV lamps and the appropriate therapeutic uses of phototherapy. The landmark experiments of Findlay and other researchers, in which malignant skin tumors were induced in rodents after exposure to UV lamps or sunlight, would lead to widespread recognition of the carcinogenicity of UV radiation. The role of sunlight in the etiology of skin cancer was increasingly mentioned in articles in popular magazines in the 1940s and 1950s. There was rapid growth of the sunscreen industry as well, although product efficacy remained highly variable. In the 1950s, interest developed in the use of 8-methoxypsoralen ("the suntan pill") and dihyroxyacetone ("suntan in a bottle"). In spite of the known risks of UV exposure and attempts by physicians and other health professionals to educate the public and modify behavior, suntanning has remained tenaciously popular. Today, excessive UV light exposure is recognized as the major cause of the approximately 1.3 million cases of skin cancer in the United States each year.

Attitude↗
PubMed1988

Increased readability improves the comprehension of written information for patients with skin disease.

Many standardized methods are available with which to evaluate the reading ease and comprehensibility of written material. Techniques depend on mechanical analysis of sentence length, multiple prepositional phrases, direct phraseology, and arrangement of printed materials on the page. Those techniques were used to analyze a pamphlet designed for patient education by the American Academy of Dermatology. The pamphlet scored a reading ease grade of 45, corresponding to what is considered difficult reading and at a level commonly found in academic journals. We rewrote the pamphlet and increased its reading ease score to 62.4, corresponding to material that appears in standard digest-type magazines. We gave both versions of the pamphlet to a group of first-year medical students and to a group of middle-class patients from a dermatology practice. In both groups the modified version led to greater understanding of the written material. We conclude that the usefulness of patient education materials now being distributed by dermatologists could be significantly improved by being rewritten according to well-recognized formulas.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The PRO nurse: advocate for quality care.

Since the inception of the Social Security Amendments of 1983, nurses have assumed expanded roles in ensuring the monitoring of the quality of care received by Medicare beneficiaries. This unique area of nursing practice offers new challenges and employment opportunities for the nurse as a patient advocate. Nurses who are interested in this role may contact state PRO directors or watch for specific recruitment advertisements in nursing magazines.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

[Principal requirements in medical training for certification of deaths in Spain].

OBJECTIVE: To know the training need priorities in Spanish physicians in death certification. DESIGN: Study of needs by consensus technique Delphi. SETTING: Health care and medical-legal institutions in Spain. PARTICIPANTS: Physicians who ask for information in death certification, after reading an article in a medical magazine (n=38), and agree to participate (n=33). METHODS: Priorities were established by means of a list of items, based on teaching experience and professional advice. The scores obtained for each priority were hierarchized, and the participants professional profiles were described. An analysis of hierarchical clusters was done to determine profiles of training. RESULTS: The median age of the participants was 42 years, with 18 years experience in general/family, emergency or forensic medicine, which usually certified in median 8 death a year (rank from 0 to 50). The maximum training priorities were how to register a death and which doctor should make out the official documents. Intermediate priorities included the role of doctors in violent or accidental deaths. In the main three grouping needs were, in one, include certification as a degree subject and learn how different documents are made out; although in the others two, were how to register a death, which physician make out the documents, and when it should certify the family doctor and when the coroner. CONCLUSIONS: The priorities in certification training are how to register a death and who should make out the documents, pointing out that the shortcoming continues in medical training in death certification.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Media impact of the SESPAS (Spanish Public Health Association) 2000 report]].

OBJECTIVE: To measure the mediatic effect of different communication strategies used in public health advocacy. More specifically, to compare the effectiveness of the World Wide Web as a tool to attract the attention of journalists, with other more traditional formulas. METHODS: For the Spanish Public Health Association (SESPAS) Report 2000, two types of media strategies to communicate the report contents were programmed: a) traditional and passive strategies, centred in approaching journalists through press releases and press conferences around the SESPAS meeting (November 15-20 1999); b) interactive strategies, since August 15 to December 30, focused towards attracting health journalists to the non-embargoed, full text SESPAS report launched in a web site. To facilitate the web page use, we wrote a letter, in the first week of August, to all the members of the Spanish Health Communicators Association giving them the URL and the website map. In parallel, a monitoring system of the media impact was established from August to December 99, covering 250 magazines and 70 newspapers, in order to locate and recover all the stories about the SESPAS report for further analysis. RESULTS: Sixty-six stories were recovered; they were published in 32 press media from 24 provinces with an advertising value of 18,243,873 Ptas. As a whole, smaller circulation rate papers published more stories than larger ones. During five months, the SESPAS report was present in the press agenda, even though stories were not distributed homogeneously over time. Information concentrated around three moments: the first one, a week after our summer mailing; the second one, in the occasion of the publication of a story about the increase in traffic accidents in El País, and the third one during the SESPAS meeting. There were significant differences among those stories published from the traditional strategies of communication and those published from the interactive ones, the latter being more diverse, with more contributions of the journalists and tackling a wider range of issues. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of traditional and alternative communication strategies was a effective option. Unlike previous experiences in this occasion, with the network aid, the presence of SESPAS in media was not punctual around the Congress, but maintained during five months. The results and the obtained experience of this research can be useful for future public health advocacy interventions in Spain.

Health Promotion↗
PubMed2001

Why do women use dietary supplements? The use of the theory of planned behaviour to explore beliefs about their use.

Dietary supplements use is increasing, despite the lack of evidence to suggest they are needed to meet dietary deficiency in the majority of people. Reasons for consuming dietary supplements are likely to be complex, combining social, psychological, knowledge and economic factors. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) is a widely used model of social cognition, which has recently been applied to the nutrition field. It was used in a questionnaire, along with a number of additional measures, to explore dietary supplement use in a cohort of women. Data from 303 questionnaires were included in the analysis. The results showed that intentions were the major predictor of dietary supplement use. Health value and susceptibility to illness were also significant predictors of dietary supplement use (total of 82.9% of respondents correctly classified as users or non-users). Intentions themselves were most strongly predicted by attitude, with 70% of variance explained by attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control. Other significant predictors of intentions were control beliefs, normative beliefs and health value. Beliefs underlying dietary supplement use revealed differences between supplement users and non-users in relation to the notion that taking dietary supplements acts as an insurance against possible ill-health, with supplement users believing more strongly than non-users that taking dietary supplements would stop them getting ill and help them to be healthy. Both users and non-users of supplements also perceived the media, in the form of books and magazines, to be a powerful influence on a person's decision to use supplements. The findings of this study highlight the potential of the TPB in exploring supplement-taking behaviour, while throwing light on the factors influencing an individual's motivations to use dietary supplements.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2003

Ethnic differences in choices of health information by cancer patients using complementary and alternative medicine: an exploratory study with correspondence analysis.

This study examined patterns in the use of health information among Caucasian, Japanese, and non-Japanese Asian Pacific Islander cancer patients in Hawaii and explored the relation of ethnicity and educational level to choices of health information sources. Information from 140 cancer patients, most of whom were users of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), was analyzed using correspondence analysis. Three clusters of health information pertinent to the three ethnic groups emerged from the data. The results of this study revealed that Caucasian patients preferred objective, scientific, and updated information obtained through medical journals or newsletters from research institutions, telephone information services, and the internet. Japanese patients relied on media and commercial sources including television, newspapers, books, magazines and CAM providers. Non-Japanese Asians and Pacific Islanders used information sources involving person-to-person communication with their physicians, social groups, and other cancer patients. A higher educational level was closely related to a cluster of health information stressing objective, scientific and updated information, while a lower educational level was associated with interpersonally communicated information. The three ethnicity-specific patterns of health information use remained relatively stable at different educational levels, implying that the effect of patients' ethnicity overrides their educational level in shaping their choices of health information. The results of this study indicate the importance of recognizing cancer patients' culturally developed world views when understanding their health information-seeking behavior. For medical practice, these findings indicate the need for healthcare providers to assist cancer patients to obtain accurate health information in a culturally sensitive way.

Adult↗