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PubMedDate not supplied

Isolation of Mycobacterium bovis from baboons, leopards and a sea-lion.

This study reports on two series of cases of Mycobacterium bovis infection in zoo animals. The first was in a captive population of baboons (Papio hamadryas) and the second in a mixed group of wild mammals, including four leopards (Panthera uncia and Panthera pardus) and a sea-lion (Otaria byrona). The isolation and identification of strains of M. bovis confirmed the presence of M. bovis infections in both zoos. The epidemiological study using genetic markers such as the IS6110-based DNA fingerprinting system made it possible to differentiate between M. bovis strains. The M. bovis strains isolated from baboons were shown to contain a single IS6110 copy, as usually do cattle isolates, whereas the M. bovis strains isolated from the other exotic animals presented multiple copies. This finding suggests that the origin of the contamination for the baboons in zoo A could be related to cattle. The origin of the contamination for the leopards and sea-lion in zoo B is more difficult to determine. In conclusion, the authors suggest some recommendations for avoiding outbreaks of tuberculosis infections in zoos.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A new phenotype of gastric pyloric cells. A study in baboons.

The histology of the stomach of 215 baboons having chronic gastritis (n = 7), hyperplastic foveolar gastropathy (resembling Menetrier's gastropathy in humans) (n = 2), hyperplastic foveolar lymphocytic gastritis (n = 3), adenocarcinoma (n = 1) or normal mucosa (n = 202), were reviewed. Pyloric glands having cells with a ground glass cytoplasm were found in two of the 7 animals with chronic gastritis. Those cells are characterised by an homogeneous, eosinophylic cytoplasm with "glassy" appearance. We previously found pyloric cells with ground-glass cytoplasm in gastrectomy specimens from patients dwelling in disparate geographic regions, suggesting that those cells occur independently of the race of the individuals or of different environmental conditions. The same cells are now found in the gastric antrum of baboons. "Glassy" pyloric cells showed a moderate positivity with PAS stain but they were negative after diastase treatment, suggesting that the glassy material may be a glycoprotein.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Management of a measles outbreak among Old World nonhuman primates.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A measles outbreak in a facility housing Old World nonhuman primates developed over a 2-month period in 1996, providing an opportunity to study the epidemiology of this highly infectious disease in an animal-handling setting. METHODS: Serum and urine specimens were collected from monkeys housed in the room where the initial measles cases were identified, other monkeys with suspicious measles-like signs, and employees working in the affected areas. Serum specimens were tested for measles virus-specific IgG and IgM antibodies, and urine specimens were tested for measles virus by virus isolation or reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: A total of 94 monkeys in two separate facilities had evidence of an acute measles infection. The outbreak was caused by a wild-type virus that had been associated with recent human cases of acute measles in the United States; however, an investigation was unable to identify the original source of the outbreak. Quarantine and massive vaccination helped to control further spread of infection. CONCLUSIONS: Results emphasize the value of having a measles control plan in place that includes a preventive measles vaccination program involving human and nonhuman primates to decrease the likelihood of a facility outbreak.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Experimental norovirus infections in non-human primates.

Noroviruses, with Norwalk virus as the prototype strain, are the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in people of all ages. Limited information on the immunology of Norovirus infections has been obtained by studies both in the natural setting and in experimentally infected volunteers. Interpretation of these studies is difficult due to the lack of information on the history of Norovirus exposure and the cross-reactivity of antibodies. An animal model for Norovirus infections would be important to study the immune response, e.g., for vaccine assessment. In the present study the susceptibility of common marmosets, cotton top tamarins, cynomolgus, and rhesus macaques to Norovirus infection was tested. Following oral inoculation, low level replication may have occurred in common marmosets and cotton top tamarins but not in cynomolgus macaques, based on short-term viral shedding; neither clinical symptoms nor antibody responses were observed in these species. In contrast, rhesus macaques were found susceptible to Norwalk virus infection as one animal shed virus for a longer period of time and developed Norwalk virus specific IgM and IgG responses. Further research on Norovirus susceptibility in rhesus macaques may yield an animal model to study the immune response and pathogenesis after Norovirus infection.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed2003

Expression of mRNA for interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and macrophage migration inhibitory factor in HPA-axis tissues in Schistosoma mansoni-infected baboons (Papio cynocephalus).

Cytokines may regulate the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis during schistosomiasis. This possibility was investigated in baboons experimentally infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Serum levels of corticotrophin-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotrophin, cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone were confirmed to be decreased in infected baboons as previously shown. To explore if this effect is associated with specific expression of cytokines with endocrine activity, and are also associated with the pathology of the disease, Northern blots for interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and macrophage migration inhibitory factor in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis tissues were performed. Infection induced interleukin-1beta gene expression in the hypothalamus, while interleukin-6 and migration inhibitory factor mRNAs were induced only in the pituitary and adrenal glands. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene expression was induced in the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. Histopathological analysis of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis tissues in infected and control baboons revealed no morphological differences between them. These results suggest that specific cytokines expressed in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis tissues could regulate hormone secretion during schistosomiasis.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed2004

Distinct patterns of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in Leontopithecus rosalia in distinct Atlantic coastal rainforest fragments in Rio de Janeiro--Brazil.

Previous studies on infection of Trypanosoma cruzi in the Poço das Antas Biological Reserve population of wild free-ranging Leontopithecus rosalia have shown the presence of genotype T. cruzi II, associated in Brazil with human disease. Herein, this study has been extended, the infection being evaluated in L. rosalia of 3 different tamarin populations, inhabiting distinct forest areas located in the same Atlantic Coastal Rainforest. Edentata, Marsupialia, Rodentia and Chiroptera were examined exclusively in the Poço das Antas Biological Reserve. Excluding Chiroptera, T. cruzi infection was found in all orders. Biochemical and molecular characterization demonstrated that golden lion tamarins maintained stable infections by T. cruzi II. The isolates from the other mammals corresponded to T. cruzi I, suggesting independent transmission cycles occurring among the sylvatic mammals inside Poço das Antas Biological Reserve. Significant differences in the infection patterns presented by the 3 populations of wild and captive-born golden lion tamarins were noticed. In Poço das Antas a considerably higher number of positive haemocultures from tamarins with positive serological titres was observed in comparison to those obtained from other areas. The implications for conservation and public health of an active sylvatic cycle in the Atlantic Coastal Rainforest of Rio de Janeiro are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Spontaneous terminal ileitis resembling Crohn disease in captive tamarins.

Five tamarins (four Saguinus mystax and one S. labiatus) died with wasting syndrome characterized by chronic diarrhea at the Center for Reproduction and Conservation of Non-Human Primates in Iquitos, Peru. At necropsy, the terminal ileum of all affected tamarins was found to be markedly thickened. Histologically, the terminal ileal mucosa was completely ulcerated, and effaced by debris and mononuclear inflammatory cells. The submucosa and serosa were thickened by fibroplasia, mononuclear cell infiltrates and variable edema. No infectious agent was observed. The lesions were similar to those described previously for Crohn disease. This is to our knowledge the first report of terminal ileitis resembling Crohn disease in non-human primates.

Animals↗