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Sampled from a group of primarily non-opiate polydrug abusers in a drug-free residential setting. Using the MMPI, the 67 Ss (54 male and 13 female) clustered into three groups of 12, 12, and 6. While one group was quite similar to groups found in previous typological studies that used the MMPI, the other two were markedly different. Hypotheses that concern these latter two groups are presented.
Classified MMPI profiles of 61 male and 119 female Italian psychiatric outpatients as neurotic (N = 100), psychotic (N = 45), or indeterminate (N = 35) by means of the Meehl-Dahlstrom rules. These classifications were uninfluenced by age or sex. Real and ideal self descriptions on the Adjective Check List (ACL) also were obtained. Thirteen of the 24 ACL scales scored on the real protocols differentiated significantly (P < .05) among the three subgroups. Adequacy of personal adjustment, as inferred from these differences, was poorest for patients with "psychotic" MMPI profiles, next poorest for the indeterminates, and best for those in the neurotic category. Personal Adjustment was the lowest ACL scale for all three subgroups. Only one ideal self scale differentiated significantly among the three subgroups. Also, the ideal self profile for the total sample of 180 patients was almost perfectly correlated with that for a sample of 229 nonpatients. Descriptions of the real self appear to be related systematically and meaningfully to psychiatric status as indicated by the Meehl-Dahlstrom, rules, whereas descriptions of the ideal self are not associated with diagnosis.
Tested the accuracy of the MMPI for two separate predictions: organic vs. functional back disorder, and appropriate vs. inappropriate disability (N = 123). Consistent with other reports, the Low Back and Dorsal scales did not improve upon chance prediction. However, disability was predicted with a high degree of accuracy by Hypochondriasis and Hysteria, which suggested that precedence should be given to these two scales. Because organically based pain and severe psychological symptomatology were not mutually exclusive, the error rate was high when the MMPI was used to predict organicity. Clinicians therefore are urged to avoid predicting whether a physical basis for pain exists and to focus primarily on the psychological aspects of the disability.
Compared MMPI profiles of 36 male physicians hospitalized in a psychiatric institution to MMPI profiles of physicians hospitalized in a drug treatment center and to profiles of health physicians. The sample of 36 physicians manifested more emotional distress than M.D.s in these two comparison groups. Within our sample, physicians nt addicted to drugs or alcohol had significantly higher Male-Female scores than those M.D.s addicted to drugs.
Used multivariate procedures to determine whether prisoners who committed violent acts while in prison could be differentiated from those who did not. Ss were 141 adult male inmates in maximum security prisons. Multiple variable profile analysis that employed 22 MMPI scales and four demographic items significantly differentiated between violet and nonviolent inmates. Discriminant analysis that used all 26 variables yielded a significant root that accounted for 34.9% of the variance between violent and nonviolent inmates. The MMPI scales that contributed most to prediction of group membership were F, PA, PT, and SC, all of which had discriminant load values above .40. Finally, a discriminant function prediction equation was derived to predict the criterion variable (violent or nonviolent behavior). Applying this equation without knowledge of the S's actual group membership correctly classified 72.9% of the violent and 80.6% of the nonviolent inmates.
Compared 24 unipolar depressives with 24 chronic intermittent depressives on the MMPI. The mean profiles did not differ significantly. However, an MMPI clinician was able to sort the profiles, at an above-chance level, into two groups. The rules for such classification are stated. The results are contrasted with the findings of significant differences between unipolar and bipolar depressives. The hypothesis is offered that unipolar and chronic depressives may not differ on severity of symptomatology.
MMPI elevations for adolescent and adult groups (N = 162) who had experienced rheumatic fever (RF) were generally lower than Mayo Clinic norms, particularly on scales K, 1, 2, 3, and 6. Significant age effects on Scales F, 3, 4, 8, and 9 confirm previous findings that adolescent groups score higher on the MMPI. Contrary to expectation, patients who had not experienced carditis as part of their RF scored significantly higher than carditis patients on scales 2, 3, and 4. The results are discussed from a chronic disease perspective.
Compared MMPI scores of a group of 10 documented incestuous fathers and stepfathers to those of a matched control group of nonincestuous fathers. Analyses of variance and covariance reflected more pathological scores for incest fathers than control fathers on the psychopathic deviate scale, the psychasthenia scale and the schizophrenia scale of the MMPI. Results were discussed in terms of a character disordered personality type among incestuous fathers.
Used a split-half methodology to evaluate the effects of oral administration by a live examiner on the MMPI. Twenty adult outpatients were administered half of the questionnaire items orally and half in the normal manner. A comparable group of 20 people responded to both halves in writing. The results indicated that scales 6 and 9 resulted in statistical differences; Ss scored in a more pathological direction on the oral half. Clinical significance was minimal, however, which suggests that clinicians who administer the MMPI orally should expect results comparable to those obtained from standard administration.
Obtained normative data and MMPI correlates of two measures of sex role orientation (Bem Sex Role Inventory and Extended Personal Attributes Questionnaire) in a sample of male psychiatric inpatients (N = 55). Means and subscale intercorrelations similar to those found in college samples were found for each sex role scale. With regard to self-reports of psychopathology, desirable masculine traits generally were related positively to adjustment, undesirable masculine and feminine traits were related negatively, and desirable feminine traits were unrelated to pathology. No consistent sex role correlates with MMPI MF were found, contrary to previous research with normal groups.
Assessed the applicability of standard clinical interpretations of the MMPI within a college counseling center. The relative classification rates and diagnostic accuracy of four actuarial and two one-point code systems for the MMPI were evaluated. Two hundred and five female and 207 male college students were administered MMPIs. In addition, independent diagnoses were obtained on each student. Diagnoses were made on the basis of each of the code type systems. The results indicated that (a) only the one-point code systems classified a large percentage of students who were diagnosed as neurotic, psychotic, or behavior disorder; (b) the accuracy of differential diagnosis among these psychiatric categories was at a satisfactory level for both male and female students with only the Gynther, Altman, and Sletten (1973a) and one-point code systems; and (c) the Gilberstadt and Duker (1965) and one-point code systems classified an excessively large percentage of students with minor adjustment problems as being neurotic, psychotic, or behavior disorder.
Assessed the utility of empirically derived MMPI criteria for the diagnosis of schizophrenia with a sample of hospitalized adolescent patients (N = 89). The criterion diagnosis was established through the use of a standardized structured interview and a diagnostic system for schizophrenia based on the use of discriminant function analysis. Results were quite disappointing because only 23% of the sample obtained an MMPI profile that fit the above criteria.
Recent concerns over high incidences of obesity among various American Indian tribes and groups have been ignored by the psychological literature. Relationships between obesity and MMPI and I-E Scale scores have been reported without regard for ethnicity. This study compared urbanized obese and non-obese American Indians and Caucasians on the Mini-Mult MMPI and I-E Scale (N = 160). Major findings included such results as the fact that the Indian sample had higher Hypomania scale scores than the Caucasian sample and that males had higher Depression and Hypochondriasis scale scores than females. Mini-Mult and I-E Scale scores were similar across weight conditions. These results are discussed in terms of the complexity of obesity in general as well as ethnic/cultural and sex difference factors.
Examined relationships between the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) Scales and subscales of the MMPI with inpatients (N = 90) at a Veterans Administration Medical Center Alcohol Dependency Treatment Unit. Comparison of MHLC scores for the alcoholic group and a normative sample of healthy adults revealed that alcoholics scored significantly higher on the Internality and Powerful Others Externality Scales. Significant correlations were found between dimensions of perceived locus of control and various personality characteristics; the Chance Externality Scale showed the strongest relationship to the MMPI subscales. Implications for future research are discussed, with emphasis on the potential clinical utility and cost-effectiveness of alcoholic treatment programs that incorporate the alcoholic's beliefs about personal control over health.
Investigated the possible use of the MMPI-168 as a screening instrument for identifying individuals (N = 27) with DSM III diagnosed borderline personality disorder. Using previously reported percentile norms for bright young college graduates as a reference, borderline patients as a group fell above the 98th percentile on the F, Hypochondriasis, Depression, Hysteria, Psychopathic Deviate, Psychasthenia and Schizophrenia scales, as well as the general psychopathology scale (PSY). Additionally, the borderline sample's mean score on the Paranoia scale was above the 95th percentile, and the mean Social Introversion scale was above the 90th percentile. Almost equally distinguishing was the finding that the mean K scale score for the borderline sample fell as low as the 8th percentile for the normative college sample. These results demonstrate that the MMPI-168 response pattern of borderline patients was clearly distinguishable from the great majority of college graduates.
First investigation of the reliabilities and correlates of the subscales of the SI scale of the MMPI. Normal college students (N = 218) were administered the SI scale and several measures typically used in social skills and assertiveness training research (i.e., an assertiveness scale, anxiety measures, social activities measure, organization questionnaire, self- and peer ratings of physical attractiveness, and peer ratings of social skills, social anxiety, and social participation). Results demonstrated acceptable reliability for the subscales of the SI scale of the MMPI and revealed that the subscales were related differentially to the measures used in this study and thus provided evidence for the utility of the subscales.
Investigated the utility of the MMPI-168 with an adolescent psychiatric sample of 110 Ss by comparing published conversion values for adults to population-specific derived equations developed through both regression and substitution methods. Data analyses for the three equations compared 168 T scores to long-form scores via correlation coefficients and t-tests of mean scale score differences. The ability of the 168 to make accurate decisions with regard to profile validity, degree of elevation, high points, code typing, and diagnosis also was examined. Results that used the published equations were similar to those of previous 168 studies with adults. Although population-specific conversion equations produced means and standard deviations that more closely approximated the full MMPI, they failed to produce higher T score correlations or better prediction of profile validity and code-types than the published values. Appropriate uses and limitations of the 168 with adolescents are discussed.
Used a programmable Hewlett-Packard scientific calculator (HP-67, 97, 41C, 41CV) to rapidly convert raw scores from adolescent MMPI protocols to T scores, scale by scale. The K factor is handled, as needed, automatically. The program is stored on one side of a standard HP magnetic card. The norm data for adolescents (or optionally any other group) in the age groups less than 15, 15, 16, and 17 occupy two sides per sex per age group of eight magnetic data cards. Complete scoring and profiling of the R-form MMPI can be done in less than 10 minutes.