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At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Narcissistic vulnerability and the fragile self: a failure of mirroring.

The phenomenon of narcissistic vulnerability is described and the history of the concept is outlined. With clinical illustrations from individual and group psychotherapy it is described how some people are prone to show strong reactions to the narcissistic injuries of feeling slighted or ignored. These are associated with a proneness to shame. Drawing on Broucek's suggestion that the basis of the sense of self is the sense of efficacy, it is proposed that the fundamental injury is an incapacity to evoke a meaningful emotional response in the caretaker. This notion is compared with the related views of Winnicott and Kohut. It is apparent that a superficial mirroring response is not sufficient; what the child (and patient) needs is a deeper empathic response. In therapy, patients attempt to master the original injury by seeking again a response that mirrors in depth.

Ego↗
PubMed2004

Multiple focusing with adaptive time-reversal mirror.

Recently, adaptivity was introduced to time-reversal mirror to steer the nulls, and referred to as an adaptive time-reversal mirror (ATRM) [J. S. Kim, H. C. Song, and W. A. Kuperman, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 109, 1817-1825 (2001)]. In this study, ATRM is extended to simultaneous multiple focusing in an ocean waveguide. The multiple focusing is achieved by imposing a set of constraints in the formulation to find the weight vectors. The algorithm is applied to the long-range underwater acoustic communication to show, via simulation, that the simultaneous pulse compression at multiple receiving locations is achieved.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Hearing sounds, understanding actions: action representation in mirror neurons.

Many object-related actions can be recognized by their sound. We found neurons in monkey premotor cortex that discharge when the animal performs a specific action and when it hears the related sound. Most of the neurons also discharge when the monkey observes the same action. These audiovisual mirror neurons code actions independently of whether these actions are performed, heard, or seen. This discovery in the monkey homolog of Broca's area might shed light on the origin of language: audiovisual mirror neurons code abstract contents-the meaning of actions-and have the auditory access typical of human language to these contents.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1964

MIRROR DISPLAY IN THE SQUIRREL MONKEY, SAIMIRI SCIUREUS.

Male squirrel monkeys may display the erect phallus under various conditions of courtship, aggression, and salutation. One variety will display consistently to its reflection in a mirror. Such display has a typical pattern and can sometimes be triggered by reflection of but one eye. A mirror display test has beenz designed for experimentation on the brain.

Aggression↗
PubMed1965

INTERHEMISPHERIC REVERSAL OF MIRROR-IMAGE OBLIQUE LINES AFTER MONOCULAR TRAINING IN PIGEONS.

Pigeons, with one eye open, were reinforced for pecking at a 45 degrees oblique line (/). When the opposite, untrained, eye alone was open, pigeons responded maximally to the mirror-image (135 degrees [unknown]) of the training stimulus (45 degrees [unknown]). This unexpected interocular reversal of mirror-image stimuli has not been reported for any other species.

Animals↗
PubMed1966

Underwater vocalization by sea lions: social and mirror stimuli.

Underwater vocal response of three sea lions (Zalophus californianus) increased under conditions of social interaction. When confronted by their mirror images, two animals increased their number of vocalizations, which included "whinny" sounds, barks, buzzing, and varying patterns of click trains. Click vocalizations showed habituation and recovery when the animals were in the presence of the mirror stimulus.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Congenital mirror movements.

In this report are described seven patients assessed clinically and neuropsychologically in whom mirror movements affecting predominantly the hands occurred as a congenital disorder. These mirror movements, representing a specific type of abnormal synkinesia, may arise as a hereditary condition, in the presence of a recognisable underlying neurological abnormality, and sporadically, and the seven patients provide more or less satisfactory examples of each of these three groups. Despite the apparent uniformity of the disorder, the heterogeneity and variability may be marked, examples in some of our patients including the pronounced increase in tone that developed with arm movement, and the capacity for modulation of the associated movement by alteration of neck position and bio-feedback. Various possible mechanisms are considered; these include impaired cerebral inhibition of unwanted movements, and functioning of abnormal motor pathways. Emphasis has been placed on the putative role of the direct, crossed corticomotoneurone pathways and on the unilateral and bilateral cerebral events that precede movement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Isolation of human prostatic epithelial plasma membranes for proteomics using mirror image tissue banking of radical prostatectomy specimens.

PURPOSE: To isolate human prostatic epithelial plasma membranes for the identification of cell surface proteins in the therapeutic targeting of cancer cells while permitting the retrieval of banked samples for clinical purposes. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Radical prostatectomies from 84 patients (median, 61 years; prostate-specific antigen, 5.9; 66% nonpalpable) were processed with alternate, mirror image slices submitted for histology and tissue banking. Benign and malignant foci were macrodissected from the banked sections using the pathologically mapped, mirror image histology sections as a guide. Epithelial plasma membranes were isolated using novel immunomagnetic purification and their purity was assessed. Tissue homogenates were probed by Western blot for malignant (AMACR) and benign (p63) markers to test the accuracy of this protocol. Selected banked tissue slices were retrieved, thawed, and compared pathologically to their corresponding routinely processed alternate slices. RESULTS: Plasma membrane preparations showed the enrichment of epithelial plasma membrane markers (prostate-specific membrane antigen and epithelial-specific antigen) with minimal marker expression from nonepithelial cells or intracellular organelles. Cancer homogenates showed up-regulated AMACR and down-regulated p63, whereas benign homogenates showed up-regulated p63 and down-regulated AMACR. There was 30% benign (p63+) contamination in cancer slices and <6% cancer (AMACR+) contamination in benign slices. Retrieved tissues showed the retention of immunoreactivity while their histology was always adequate for diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: We have successfully isolated purified epithelial plasma membranes from benign and malignant human prostates and provided validation data for the accuracy of our protocol in a prostate-specific antigen-screened cohort. Our method also enabled the retrieval of banked tissues for clinical purposes with the retention of good histologic and immunohistochemical quality.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Manifestation of mirror syndrome after fetoscopic laser photocoagulation in severe twin-twin transfusion syndrome.

Mirror syndrome is a preeclampsia-like disease first described in a case of severe hydrops fetalis caused by rhesus isoimmunization, later reported in some cases of nonimmunological fetal hydrops. Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a severe complication associated with monochorionic pregnancies, in particular, severe TTTS with one hydropic fetus leading to a poor prognosis. We report here a case of mirror syndrome that occurred after selective fetoscopic laser photocoagulation in severe TTTS at 24 weeks' gestation.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Psychological well-being and ill-being: do they have distinct or mirrored biological correlates?

BACKGROUND: Increasingly, researchers attend to both positive and negative aspects of mental health. Such distinctions call for clarification of whether psychological well-being and ill-being comprise opposite ends of a bipolar continuum, or are best construed as separate, independent dimensions of mental health. Biology can help resolve this query--bipolarity predicts 'mirrored' biological correlates (i.e. well-being and ill-being correlate similarly with biomarkers, but show opposite directional signs), whereas independence predicts 'distinct' biological correlates (i.e. well-being and ill-being have different biological signatures). METHODS: Multiple aspects of psychological well-being (eudaimonic, hedonic) and ill-being (depression, anxiety, anger) were assessed in a sample of aging women (n = 135, mean age = 74) on whom diverse neuroendocrine (salivary cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, DHEA-S) and cardiovascular factors (weight, waist-hip ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, HDL cholesterol, total/HDL cholesterol, glycosylated hemoglobin) were also measured. RESULTS: Measures of psychological well-being and ill-being were significantly linked with numerous biomarkers, with some associations being more strongly evident for respondents aged 75+. Outcomes for seven biomarkers supported the distinct hypothesis, while findings for only two biomarkers supported the mirrored hypothesis. CONCLUSION: This research adds to the growing literature on how psychological well-being and mental maladjustment are instantiated in biology. Population-based inquiries and challenge studies constitute important future directions.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Mirror symmetric topographic maps can arise from activity-dependent synaptic changes.

Multiple adjacent, roughly mirror-image topographic maps are commonly observed in the sensory neocortex of many species. The cortical regions occupied by these maps are generally believed to be determined initially by genetically controlled chemical markers during development, with thalamocortical afferent activity subsequently exerting a progressively increasing influence over time. Here we use a computational model to show that adjacent topographic maps with mirror-image symmetry can arise from activity-dependent synaptic changes whenever the distribution radius of afferents sufficiently exceeds that of horizontal intracortical interactions. Which map edges become adjacent is strongly influenced by the probability distribution of input stimuli during map formation. Our results suggest that activity-dependent synaptic changes may play a role in influencing how adjacent maps become oriented following the initial establishment of cortical areas via genetically determined chemical markers. Further, the model unexpectedly predicts the occasional occurrence of adjacent maps with a different rotational symmetry. We speculate that such atypically oriented maps, in the context of otherwise normally interconnected cortical regions, might contribute to abnormal cortical information processing in some neurodevelopmental disorders.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1994

Mirror symmetry and parallelism: two opposite rules for the identity transform in space perception and their unified treatment by the Great Circle Model.

Two opposite rules control the contributions of individual lines to the perceptual processing of two different spatial dimensions of egocentric localization and orientation. For lines restricted to the frontal plane, a tilted line on one side of the median plane induces a rotation of the orientation visually perceived as vertical (VPV) identical to that induced by the same tilt on the other side of the median plane, but the influences exerted on the elevation of visually perceived eye level (VPEL) are mirror symmetric. The rule for VPV fits our intuitions; the rule for VPEL does not. However, the reverse peculiarity holds when the inducing lines are rotated within sagittal planes (pitched): Two parallel, pitched-from-vertical lines on opposite sides of the median plane generate identical effects on VPEL but mirror symmetric effects on VPV. These counterintuitive symmetry reversals are reconciled by the Great Circle Model of spatial orientation (GCM), in which line orientations are represented by the great circle coordinates of their images on a sphere centered at the nodal point of the eye via central projection.

Humans↗
PubMed1985

Improved mirror systems for high resolution ultrasonic imaging.

High resolution ultrasonic imaging in a water bath, for example breast imaging, demands a transducer of large aperture. Such an aperture is most easily achieved by the use of mirrors. Previous such mirror systems suffered problems from reverberations between and within their component parts. Changes in the design of the system, and the use of thin metal reflectors, reduce these reverberations to an acceptable level. There is no sacrifice in the focusing performance, and losses in the system are minimized.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed2005

The potential for utilizing the "mirror neurone system" to enhance recovery of the severely affected upper limb early after stroke: a review and hypothesis.

Recovery of upper limb movement control after stroke might be enhanced by repetitive goal-directed functional activities. Providing such activity is challenging in the presence of severe paresis. A possible new approach is based on the discovery of mirror neurons in the monkey cortical area F5, which are active both in observing and executing a movement. Indirect evidence for a comparable human "mirror neurone system" is provided by functional imaging. The primary motor cortex, the premotor cortex, other brain areas, and muscles appropriate for the action being observed are probably activated in healthy volunteers observing another's movement. These findings raise the hypothesis that observation of another's movement might train the movement execution system of stroke patients who have severe paresis to bring them to the point at which they could actively participate in rehabilitation consisting of goal-directed activities. The point of providing an observation therapy would be to facilitate the voluntary production of movement; therefore, the condition of interest would be observation with intent to imitate. However, there is as yet insufficient evidence to enable the testing of this hypothesis in stroke patients. Studies in normal subjects are needed to determine which brain sites are activated in response to observation with intent to imitate. Studies in stroke subjects are needed to determine how activation is affected after damage to different brain areas. The information from such studies should aid identification of those stroke patients who might be most likely to benefit from observation to imitate and therefore guide phase I clinical studies.

Arm↗
PubMed1988

Left-handed mirror writing following right anterior cerebral artery infarction: evidence for nonmirror transformation of motor programs by right supplementary motor area.

A patient with acquired, pathologic left-handed mirror writing and mirror movements during bimanual coordination is reported. CT demonstrated an ischemic infarction involving the right supplementary motor area, medial prefrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate gyrus with nearly total sparing of the corpus callosum. This case, together with recent experimental findings in monkeys, supports the hypothesis that the supplementary motor area may be responsible for nonmirror transformation of motor programs originating in the left hemisphere prior to execution by the primary motor area in the right hemisphere.

Cerebral Infarction↗
PubMed2002

Bilateral motor cortex output with intended unimanual contraction in congenital mirror movements.

In congenital mirror movements (MM), it is unclear whether the "mirror" motor cortex (M1) produces output during intended unimanual movements. In two patients with MM, the cortical silent period (CSP) was abnormally short after focal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of either M1, but simultaneous bilateral TMS led to significant CSP lengthening. Thus, it is likely that the shortened CSP after unilateral TMS is caused by output from the nonstimulated M1, suggesting that both M1 produce output with intended unimanual movements in patients with MM.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometer: combination of a multi-turn time-of-flight and a quadratic-field mirror.

A tandem time-of-flight (ToF) mass spectrometer consisting of a multi-turn time-of-flight (ToF) and a quadratic-field ion mirror has been designed and constructed. The instrument combines the unique capabilities of both ToF instruments, namely high-resolution and monoisotopic precursor ion selection from the multi-turn ToF and temporal focus for fragment ions with different kinetic energies from the quadratic-field mirror. The first tandem mass spectra for this unique combination of ToF systems are presented.

Peptide Fragments↗
PubMed1975

Open tube, proximal illumination mirror and direct laryngeal photography.

Equipment is described for mirror and open tube direct laryngoscopic photography. It consists of specially constructed reflex camera systems that provide adequate exposure and depth of the desired field, sharpness of focus, correct color and effective composition for meaningful illustrations. The separate cameras for still and motion pictures consist of units that contain the light source, lenses, optic reflex systems and film chambers. The mirrors for indirect laryngoscopy and the open tube direct laryngoscopes are attached by rigid, easily released clamps for quick interchange. It is stressed that the laryngologist himself must be the photographer. The pictures are adjuncts to case recording, are supportive evidence of investigative work and may be used as chronologic sequences in study of physiology and pathology and in pre- and postoperative evaluation.

Humans↗