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At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

[Psychiatric causalties among soldiers in the 20th century with a focus on the Congo 1960-4].

Psychiatric casualties among soldiers constitute an inevitable part of modem warfare. For the past hundred years Medicine and Society have shown a growing interest in the combat reactions. The focus has shifted from an organic one towards a psychological and psychiatric perspective. Cultural, social, economical and political forces have influenced the scientific development from the Shell shock to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The aims of this literature review are to describe how military psychiatry has viewed combat reactions and in what way this has affected civil psychiatry and medicine in general, and also to follow the development of the diagnosis PTSD. Furthermore, one aim was to study the events in Congo in 1961 when Swedish UN-soldiers participated in combat. The military and associated psychiatrists has by different means tried to prevent and treat psychiatric casualties, but the knowledge was constantly forgotten and the principles of PIE-treatment (proximity, immediacy, expectancy) had to be reinvented over and over again. The experiences of military psychiatry have in some aspect enriched medical science but did also raise questions. Many factors seem to have interacted in the creation of PTSD and this diagnosis is still being questioned and debated. In 1961 PTSD did not exist and according to a follow-up study by Kettner the Swedish soldiers who suffered psychological combat reaction did not differ significantly from the rest, except that they were younger. This study has shown that the dilemma of either serving the demands of war or the individual is a common feature among military psychiatrists. Second, during the last decades there has been a convergence trend of military psychiatry and civil catastrophe psychiatry. The military psychiatry is now part of the socio-medical movement of psyhcotraumatology. Finally, for every war since World War I physicians and psychiatrists have had to relearn the importance of PIE-treatment.

Combat Disorders↗
PubMed2001

A gulf of difference: disputes over Gulf War-related illnesses.

The social discovery of Gulf War-related illnesses, like other occupational and environmental disease, is firmly rooted in ongoing disputes over causation. Pressure from veterans groups, as well as intra-governmental disputes, have driven innovative research directions and challenged the dominant epidemiological paradigm. This dominant epidemiological paradigm was originally a position that viewed stress as the primary causal factor. In the emerging dominant epidemiological paradigm, researchers view veterans' symptoms as similar to other multi-symptom diseases and conditions, but with a firmer respect for the reality of those symptoms. In addition, some researchers pursue interactions between stress and physical exposure. We examine the evolution of the DEP to demonstrate that in many disease disputes, an affected population challenges government and science decision-making, and even ways of knowing, in an attempt to negotiate a disease definition and etiology that results in better treatment and prevention. After considerable research effort, only limited evidence has been found for environmental causation, and even many researchers sympathetic to veterans are doubtful that much more will be found. We analyze the social discovery and ongoing contestation of these illnesses, and the consequent effects on health and public policy. For extension to other disease disputes, we provide an overall model of disease discovery and contestation, examining the key forces of government, science, and citizens.

Causality↗
PubMed1994

Retention of internal medicine physicians in the U.S. Army.

There is currently no reliable information to predict the retention rate of internal medicine physicians in the U.S. Army. A retrospective study was conducted of internal medicine physicians who had trained in the U.S. Army Graduate Medical Education Program during the years 1975-1988. Positive predictors for retention included subspecialty training, prior military service, and graduation from the U.S. Military Academy or the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed1994

[A priceless contribution to the theory and practice of military public health].

The article is dedicated to the outstanding figure in national medicine--colonel-general MD E.I. Smirnov (1904-1989), the Hero of Socialist Labour, member of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, who was the Head of the Main Military Sanitary Department of the Red Army during the Great Patriotic war, and the Minister of Health of the USSR in the post-war period. The main attention of the author is drawn on the contribution of E.I. Smirnov to the development of military medicine. The article makes a detailed analysis of the role of E. Smirnov in the development and practical implementation of military medical doctrine and the antiepidemic support system during the years of the Great Patriotic War, as well as his contribution for organizational arrangement of field therapy as an independent scientific discipline and as a subject of study in the system of medical education; his merits in organization of specialized medical care; formation of an institution of senior medical specialists; reforms in military medical education. The article contains many concrete examples which characterize a celebrated personality of E.I. Smirnov and his leadership qualities.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Twin concordance for dishonorable discharge from the military: with a review of the genetics of antisocial behavior.

It has been hypothesized that there is a genetic component to antisocial behavior. To test this hypothesis, twin concordance for dishonorable discharge from the US military was examined among 15,924 twin pairs in the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council (NAS-NRC) Twin Registry, all of whom served in the US military. Of 62 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs, at least one of whom had received a dishonorable discharge, one pair (1.6%) was concordant for dishonorable discharge; of 47 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs, seven (14.9%) were concordant for dishonorable discharge. Concordance rates for dishonorable discharge were significantly greater for MZ vDZ twin pairs. Concordances for dishonorable discharge were not confounded by co-diagnoses of alcoholism. The results are discussed in light of research findings suggesting a genetic component to antisocial behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[The role of the military medicine in preparation of the first manned space flight].

The authors summarize some most significant results of investigations and works in the field of cosmic medicine performed in military-and-medical institutions of the USSR during preparation of man's first space flights. It is shown that our first program of medical-and-biological support of piloted space flights--the program "Vostok"--was formed and practically realized with undoubted leading role of military-and-medical institutions together with the USSR Academy of sciences.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1995

[Social change and sciences in the 20th century].

The symbiotic interdependence of state, economy and science is one of the most significant structural characteristics of the 20th century. This development results from inherent scientific as well as from social procedures and needs, and it has been favoured by the two World Wars, culminating in the Cold War. This led to new structures: institutions of large scale research, think tanks, and the military-industrial complex. Big government, big business, and big science are depending on each other. Parallel to the new way of thinking in physics (Einstein, Bohr and others), finally accomplished by the revolution in cybernetics (Wiener), the traditional borders between disciplines have been overcome. The production of new knowledge is now of primary importance. Today, information proves to be one of the strategic resources which determines prosperity, power and prestige as well as success in economic and political markets.

Cybernetics↗
PubMed1997

Health effects of the stressors of extreme environments on military women.

This article examines the health effects of generic and unique stressors on military women's health. It is an outgrowth of work performed under the Defense Women's Health Research Program and participation in the Forum on the Health of Women in the Military held at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences on June 17 to 19, 1996. We review gender differences in the effects of stress on health. We comment on some of the methodological challenges in researching gender effects. We hypothesize about some of the ways in which military women may be more vulnerable to specific stressors and/or use different coping strategies than their male counterparts. Finally, we make recommendations about military training and future research.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

New technology in U.S. Army health care: the role of laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

In the near future, laparoscopic cholecystectomy could become one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures in U.S. military hospitals. To determine the best way to implement this new technology in the U.S. Army Health Services Command (HSC), we have assessed the safety, efficacy, and health consequences of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Approximately 2,800 open cholecystectomies are performed annually in HSC hospitals, 11% of them on active duty personnel. If cholecystectomies were performed using laparoscopic surgical techniques on active duty patients who meet currently accepted indications, 3,360 personnel duty days lost to convalescence and 7,048 days of limited duty (time on physical profiles) would be recouped. Applying the procedure to other beneficiaries (dependents and retired service members) would result in a potential annual savings of 11,000 hospital bed days. If implemented using stringent criteria for training and certification, these savings could be achieved with no increase in patient morbidity or mortality and with significant improvement in patient outcome.

California↗