[Electroshock and psychosis; general syndrome and local syndrome of adaptation].
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Convulsive Therapy↗
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Results for “Local adaptation”
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[Changes in hearing adaptation and sound localization in patients with adrenal insufficiency].
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Addison Disease↗
Adapting to remapped auditory localization cues: a decision-theory model.
This paper describes a model of adaptation to remapped auditory localization cues that is based on previous decision-theory models of psychophysical performance. The present model extends earlier work by explicitly assuming that past experience affects subject perception and by quantifying how training causes subjects' responses to evolve over time. The model makes quantitative predictions of total sensitivity, bias, and resolution for subjects involved in experiments investigating spatial auditory adaptation. One assumption of the model is that subjects cannot adapt to nonlinear rearrangements of localization cues, which is consistent with previous experimental reports in both audition (Shinn-Cunningham, Durlach, & Held, 1998b) and vision (Bedford, 1993). The model assumes that, in spatial adaptation experiments, subjects learn to interpret a continuous internal decision variable differently than normal; they do not learn to associate discrete stimulus-response pairs. This view is consistent with previous analyses of results from experiments investigating adaptation to visual rearrangement, as well as with the McCullough effect in vision (Bedford, 1993, 1995).
Cues↗
Climate Gradients and Habitat Discontinuity Structure Genetic Variation in a Spring-Specialist Plant.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Groundwater-dependent ecosystems support disproportionate biodiversity in arid regions, yet the population genetics of spring-specialist plants remains poorly understood. Here, we present the first species-wide genetic dataset for crimson monkeyflower (Mimulus verbenaceus, Phrymaceae), a spring-specialist plant distributed in seeps, springs, and associated riparian areas across desert regions of North America. We aim to relate landscape features and climate gradients to the spatial genetic structuring within this system. METHODS: Using genome-wide reduced representation sequencing data consisting of 10,760 SNPs from 175 individuals across 17 populations, we characterized the patterns of genetic differentiation and diversity. Population structure was assessed using ADMIXTURE and Principal Component Analysis. We examined the contributions of climate to range-wide genetic variation in crimson monkeyflower using redundancy analysis. KEY RESULTS: Patterns of genetic differentiation were more consistent with those of spring-specialist animal taxa than those of upland plants or generalist riparian plants. We found strong population structure at both broad regional scales and at fine local scales. While geographic and spatial structuring was a primary driver of genetic structure across all scales, riparian connectivity influenced local patterns of diversity, and adaptation to local climatic variation was more influential at regional scales, with temperature, relative humidity, and a monsoon-driven climate gradient contributing to genetic differentiation. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the distinctive association with isolated perennial groundwater sources, as well as climate gradients, with genetic variation in this spring-specialist plant. These findings suggest that spring-specialist plants deserve special consideration in ecological theory, management, and conservation.
Mimulus↗
Implementation of a Health Impact Assessment (HIA) tool in a regional health organization in Sweden--a feasibility study.
During the last decade, Health Impact Assessment (HIA) has been discussed worldwide as being an important tool for the development of healthy public policy. In Sweden, the Swedish Federation of County Councils and the Swedish Association of Local Authorities have taken the initiative to and are responsible for the development of an HIA tool concerning proposed policy decisions at local and regional levels. The HIA tool was developed as three different templates to be adapted to local conditions and needs: the Health Question, the Health Matrix and the Health Impact Analysis. In this paper we present a feasibility study of the experiences of implementing this HIA tool at regional level in a Health Care District (SWHCD) of Stockholm County Council, based on an inductive approach and on principles of data triangulation. The main findings include the need for continuous revision of the HIA templates during the pilot period. The following factors were instrumental in successfully using the HIA tool in local policy making and management: political consensus, agreement between politicians and public officials on political intentions, a clear- cut decision from management, and offering an opportunity for training. Respondents felt that all public officials should use the HIA as part of their normal work routines. In conclusion, the HIA tool has to be locally adapted and the implementation process has to include close collaboration between politicians and public officials and be followed by continuing education, providing possibilities for a dialogue around the HIA tool, in order to ensure the quality of the instrument. Implications of the study are that the process of developing the tool has worked well but that the possible impacts of its use in this case remain an open question. However, this was not the focus of our study.
Feasibility Studies↗
On the worldwide spread of an insecticide resistance gene: a role for local selection.
Adaptation occurs by gene replacement (or transient balanced polymorphism). Replacement may be caused by selection (local or global) and/or genetic drift among alleles. In addition, historical events may blur the respective effects of selection and drift during the course of replacement. We address the relative importance of these processes in the evolution of insecticide resistance genes in the mosquito Culex pipiens. The resistance allele, Ester2, has a broad geographic distribution compared to the other resistance alleles. To distinguish between the different processes explaining this distribution, we reviewed the literature and analysed updated data from the Montpellier area of southern France. Overall, our data indicate that Ester2 prevails over other Ester resistance alleles in moderately treated areas. Such conditions are common and favour the hypothesis of selection acting at a local level. This places an emphasis on the importance of ecological conditions during the evolution of resistance. Finally, we highlight that historical events have contributed to its spread in some areas.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
Learning to network and networking to learn: facilitating the process of adaptive management in a local response to the UK's National Air Quality Strategy.
The adaptive management leitmotiv of "learning to manage and managing to learn" sets out an attractive agenda for dealing with the overwhelming complexity of environmental phenomena that humans have problematized. To ensure that this rallying cry translates into effective action, it is important to give consideration to structures and procedures for facilitating the efforts of those willing or able to respond to the adaptive management call. To date, calls to establish the right organization to coordinate multiagency responses have tended to emphasize the noun, or bounded-entity, sense of the word organization. We believe that this is at the expense of its other, verb or process, connotation. In this paper, rather than searching for the perfect organization structure that mandates mutual trust and collective action shaped by all relevant parties' perspectives and possible contributions, we direct attention towards the process of nurturing integrated adaptive responses among individuals who have diverse organizational allegiances. By shifting the balance towards the process connotation of the right organization, we hope that a new mindscape can be discerned for those interested in putting adaptive management principles into practice. We seek to conjure up an image of this mindscape through the phrase "learning to network and networking to learn," and set out to strengthen this by demonstrating how adaptive response networks can arise from the mutually defining relationship between stakeholders and issues. This is demonstrated through a local response to the United Kingdom's National Air Quality Strategy.
Air Pollution↗
Gene flow maintains a large genetic difference in clutch size at a small spatial scale.
Understanding the capacity of natural populations to adapt to their local environment is a central topic in evolutionary biology. Phenotypic differences between populations may have a genetic basis, but showing that they reflect different adaptive optima requires the quantification of both gene flow and selection. Good empirical data are rare. Using data on a spatially structured island population of great tits (Parus major), we show here that a persistent difference in mean clutch size between two subpopulations only a few kilometres apart has a major genetic component. We also show that immigrants from outside the island carry genes for large clutches. But gene flow into one subpopulation is low, as a result of a low immigration rate together with strong selection against immigrant genes. This has allowed for adaptation to the island environment and the maintenance of small clutches. In the other area, however, higher gene flow prevents local adaptation and maintains larger clutches. We show that the observed small-scale genetic difference in clutch size is not due to divergent selection on the island, but to different levels of gene flow from outside the island. Our findings illustrate the large effect of immigration on the evolution of local adaptations and on genetic population structure.
Animal Migration↗
Endothelium and the regulation of vascular tone with emphasis on the role of nitric oxide. Physiology, pathophysiology and clinical implications.
After the discovery by Furchgott and colleagues in 1980 that the endothelium plays an obligatory role in acetylcholine-induced vasodilation many investigators have elucidated the role of the endothelium in the regulation of vascular tone. While the sympathetic nervous system serves the organism as a whole, the endothelium appears to act as a local regulator adapting blood flow to local metabolic needs. A variety of endothelium-derived relaxing and contracting factors such as nitric oxide, prostacyclin, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, endothelin and thromboxane A2 play a role in the endothelium-dependent control of vascular tone. Furthermore, nitric oxide inhibits thrombocyte aggregation and adhesion. Many diseases have been reported to be associated with an impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation which may contribute to an increased susceptibility to vasospasm, decreased inhibition of thrombus formation and an impaired ability to reduce vascular resistance in ischaemic conditions. In hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia and diabetes mellitus this impairment may be interpreted as an early marker of a process that ultimately will lead to atherosclerosis. The impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation probably contributes to the increased peripheral vascular resistance in hypertension and heart failure. The role of the endothelium does not seem to be restricted to cardiovascular diseases. Several mediators of inflammation stimulate the endothelium to release nitric oxide, suggesting an important role of the endothelium in the haemodynamic sequelae of sepsis.
Cardiovascular Diseases↗
[Contribution to the study of adaptation to global and local obscurity in man].
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Adaptation, Ocular↗
Using standardized methods for research on HIV and injecting drug use in developing/transitional countries: case study from the WHO Drug Injection Study Phase II.
BACKGROUND: Successful cross-national research requires methods that are both standardized across sites and adaptable to local conditions. We report on the development and implementation of the methodology underlying the survey component of the WHO Drug Injection Study Phase II--a multi-site study of risk behavior and HIV seroprevalence among Injecting Drug Users (IDUs). METHODS: Standardized operational guidelines were developed by the Survey Coordinating Center in collaboration with the WHO Project Officer and participating site Investigators. Throughout the duration of the study, survey implementation at the local level was monitored by the Coordinating Center. Surveys were conducted in 12 different cities. Prior rapid assessment conducted in 10 cities provided insight into local context and guided survey implementation. Where possible, subjects were recruited both from drug abuse treatment centers and via street outreach. While emphasis was on IDUs, non-injectors were also recruited in cities with substantial non-injecting use of injectable drugs. A structured interview and HIV counseling/testing were administered. RESULTS: Over 5,000 subjects were recruited. Subjects were recruited from both drug treatment and street outreach in 10 cities. Non-injectors were recruited in nine cities. Prior rapid assessment identified suitable recruitment areas, reduced drug users' distrust of survey staff, and revealed site-specific risk behaviors. Centralized survey coordination facilitated local questionnaire modification within a core structure, standardized data collection protocols, uniform database structure, and cross-site analyses. Major site-specific problems included: questionnaire translation difficulties; locating affordable HIV-testing facilities; recruitment from drug treatment due to limited/selective treatment infrastructure; access to specific sub-groups of drug users in the community, particularly females or higher income groups; security problems for users and interviewers, hostility from local drug dealers; and interference by local service providers. CONCLUSION: Rapid assessment proved invaluable in paving the way for the survey. Central coordination of data collection is crucial. While fully standardized methods may be a research ideal, local circumstances may require substantial adaptation of the methods to achieve meaningful local representation. Allowance for understanding of local context may increase rather than decrease the generalizability of the data.
Adult↗
Memory-like alterations in Aplysia axons after nerve injury or localized depolarization.
Adaptive, long-term alterations of excitability have been reported in dendrites and presynaptic terminals but not along axons. Persistent enhancement of axonal excitability has been described in proximal nerve stumps at sites of nerve section in mammals, but this hyperexcitability is considered a pathological derangement important only as a cause of neuropathic pain. Identified neurons in Aplysia were used to test the hypothesis that either axonal injury or the focal depolarization that accompanies axonal injury can trigger a local decrease in action potential threshold [long-term hyperexcitability (LTH)] having memory-like properties. Nociceptive tail sensory neurons and a giant secretomotor neuron, R2, exhibited localized axonal LTH lasting 24 hr after a crush of the nerve or connective that severed the tested axons. Axons of tail sensory neurons and tail motor neurons, but not R2, displayed similar localized LTH after peripheral depolarization produced by 2 min exposure to elevated extracellular [K(+)]. Neither the induction nor expression of either form of LTH was blocked by saline containing 1% normal [Ca(2+)] during treatment or testing. However, both were prevented by local application of the protein synthesis inhibitors anisomycin or rapamycin. The features of (1) long-lasting alteration by localized depolarization, (2) restriction of alterations to intensely depolarized regions, and (3) dependence of the alterations on local, rapamycin-sensitive protein synthesis are shared with synaptic mechanisms considered important for memory formation. This commonality suggests that relatively simple, accessible axons may offer an opportunity to define fundamental plasticity mechanisms that were important in the evolution of memory.
Action Potentials↗
ADAPTATION, PITCH DISCRIMINATION, AND SOUND LOCALIZATION IN THE NEONATE.
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Adaptation, Physiological↗
Peri-areolar skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate tram flap reconstruction.
The association of peri-areolar skin-sparing mastectomy with immediate autologous tissue breast reconstruction could be proposed to selected patients necessitating mastectomy to control their breast cancer. A prospective series of 14 consecutive patients were operated using this association and evaluated. Mean age at time of surgery was 52 years. Mean operating time for reconstruction was 163 minutes. There were two minor local complications, one needing secondary adaptation under local anaesthesia. Cosmetic result was judged good to excellent by all the patients with a mean follow-up of 13.2 months.
Adult↗
The SH2D2A gene encoding the T-cell-specific adapter protein (TSAd) is localized centromeric to the CD1 gene cluster on human Chromosome 1.
The SH2D2A gene encoding the T-cell-specific adapter protein (TSAd), was isolated from a human Chromosome (Chr) 1 cosmid library (LLNL, UK HGMP). The gene spans 11 kilobases and contains nine exons and eight introns. Four alternative transcript variants were observed in activated T cells. Three single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified within intron 2. A variable number of GA repeats was found at position -340 from the first coding ATG. Linkage analysis using this marker in eight CEPH families showed that the SH2D2A gene is located close to the D1S2624 marker on Chr 1q21-1q22. Physical mapping of a PAC and BAC contig containing the CD1 gene cluster telomeric to D1S2624 failed to identify a clone harboring the SH2D2A gene. Thus the SH2D2A gene is located centromeric to the CD1 gene cluster on Chr 1.
Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
Adaptive mammographic image enhancement using first derivative and local statistics.
This paper proposes an adaptive image enhancement method for mammographic images, which is based on the first derivative and the local statistics. The adaptive enhancement method consists of three processing steps. The first step is to remove the film artifacts which may be misread as microcalcifications. The second step is to compute the gradient images by using the first derivative operators. The third step is to enhance the important features of the mammographic image by adding the adaptively weighted gradient images. Local statistics of the image are utilized for adaptive realization of the enhancement, so that image details can be enhanced and image noises can be suppressed. The objective performances of the proposed method were compared with those by the conventional image enhancement methods for a simulated image and the seven mammographic images containing real microcalcifications. The performance of the proposed method was also evaluated by means of the receiver operating-characteristics (ROC) analysis for 78 real mammographic images with and without microcalcifications.
Algorithms↗
Local stresses and bone adaption around orthopedic implants.
The severest long-term complications of orthopedic joint-prostheses are associated with loosening of the implant-bone interface, due to adverse reactions in bone and subsequent weakening of the connection between the two materials. Mechanical stresses, caused by joint loading, play a key role in the adaption of interface bone and in the loosening process. In the present study, it is shown how local interface stress patterns can be evaluated using advanced methods of computer-based, engineering stress analyses (the Finite Element Method, FEM). The stress patterns are compared with the local bone structure and bone resorption phenomena as found in animal experiments. The results indicate that loosening and bone resorption is associated with high peak stresses at the interface in the immediate post-operative stage. In addition, there appears to be similarity between the local stress patterns and the bone morphology at the interface if resorption does not occur. Finally, it is found that implants of high local stiffness generate lower peak stresses in bone, as compared with low stiffness implants.
Animals↗
Evaluation of prognostic factors in a tumor volume-adapted treatment strategy for localized Ewing sarcoma of bone: the CESS 86 experience. Cooperative Ewing Sarcoma Study.
BACKGROUND: The Cooperative Ewing Sarcoma Study (CESS 86), conducted by the German Society of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology (GPOH), was planned on the basis of the results of the preceding CESS 81 study. The prognostic significance of tumor volume in localized Ewing sarcoma of bone was well documented in the CESS 81 trial. As a consequence, the treatment intensity was adapted to volume in the follow-up CESS 86 trial: the four-drug combination used in CESS 81 was amended for patients with large tumor volume (> or = 100 ml), where ifosfamide was substituted for cyclophosphamide. PROCEDURE: From January 1986 to June 1991, 177 protocol patients with localized Ewing sarcoma of bone were registered in CESS 86. The prognostic implication of tumor volume and several covariates was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier life table analysis and Cox's proportional hazard model. RESULTS: The estimated 5- and 8-year event-free survival (EFS) rates were both 59%. Age, gender, tumor site, and a tumor volume of 100 ml did not distinguish groups of patients with different prognosis. However, the prognosis of patients with tumors >200 ml (8-year EFS rate: 42%) was significantly inferior compared to patients with tumors both of 100 to 200 ml (70%) and of <100 ml (63%). In contrast to CESS 81, the histological response to chemotherapy was no longer a significant prognostic factor (EFS: 64% for good and 50% for poor responders, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Despite risk-adapted treatment intensity, tumor volume retained its prognostic significance; the cut point, however, was shifted toward larger volumes.
Adolescent↗