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At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Lateralized regular spatial patterns in oscillating drawing arm movements of right-handed young women.

There is a lacuna in literature with reference to the spatial lateral difference in fast rhythmical movements produced by the whole dominant and nondominant whole arm, where spinal regulation has a significant role. Based on a fast oscillating zigzag drawing task, this study focused on (a) creation of a specific model of the task based on the intermittencies of coupled vectors of the fast motion, (b) identification of the spatial patterns that triggered these vectors, and (c) identification of quantified lateral differences between the spatial rhythmical patterns. 12 strongly right-handed young women performed 9 to 11 trials drawing zigzag lines. Each participant was required to extend her arm and perform this task using the left and right arm selectively on a frontally positioned graphic design system. The spatial patterns produced on each trial were identified in terms of five constant combinations of horizontal (X) and vertical (Y) projections of each line on the zigzag drawings. The dominant arm differed from the nondominant arm in preferred patterns. Because the duration of each line in the zigzag was highly restricted in time, the appearance of the patterns with different block schemes of movement could be explained as being associated with lower levels of the central nervous system. Initiation of fast movement of the total upper arm is probably associated with selection of the block scheme of motor control appropriate to each arm. Each block scheme is grounded on the coupled vectors of motion organised with particular muscle groups. Some block schemes seemed linked specifically to the dominant arm.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The use of Quetol 651 for the post-embedding immunohistochemical demonstration of gamma-aminobutyric acid on semithin sections.

Quetol 651 was used as an embedding medium for the demonstration of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) in semithin sections by the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase method. In order to demonstrate the immunoreactivity, the embedding medium was partially dissolved using absolute ethanol containing 0.8-1 M NaOH or KOH for 5-7 min. The experimental procedure was elaborated by testing the GABAergic sites in the endings surrounding the small neurones of the anterior exterolateral nucleus of a mormyrid fish and in the pyramidal cells of the electrosensory lateral line lobe of gymnotoid fish by applying anti-GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase) antiserum. To test the general validity of the use of Quetol 651, GABAergic sites were also identified in the central nervous system of an insect, the honey bee, with anti-GABA and anti-GAD antisera. The intensity of labelling revealed by immunoperoxidase applied to Quetol 651-embedded semithin sections, demonstrated high precision and gave good resolution for light microscopical observations.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Canine postradiation plasma glucose variations.

One of the observations of endotoxic or septic shock in canines is the report of concurrent hypoglycemia. Canines exposed to supralethal gamma radiation also develop acute systemic hypotension. This study was performed in order to determine if hypoglycemia develops in the canine concurrent with radiation-induced hypotension. Systemic arterial mean blood pressure (MBP) was measured via femoral arterial catheter. Blood for plasma glucose determinations was obtained from the systemic arterial circulation at the level of the abdominal aorta and from the hepatic portal vein. Plasma glucose levels were determined on a Beckman Glucose Analyzer which employs the enzymatic reaction of beta-D-glucose and oxygen. Glucose levels and MBP were monitored for one hour before and for one hour after exposure to 100 Gy, whole-body, gamma radiation or sham radiation for the control animals. Concurrent with postradiation hypotension, we measured a significant decrease in plasma glucose levels in both the systemic arterial circulation and in the hepatic portal vein. Arterial glucose levels in the sham radiated animals showed a slight rise two minutes after sham radiation, falling back to pretreatment, base line levels four minutes later and remaining at that level for the remainder of the hour. Arterial levels in the radiated animals showed a sharp decline two minutes postradiation, falling even further to twenty percent below preradiation levels by one hour postradiation. Venous blood glucose levels in sham radiated animals showed an initial increase and a gradual decrease to five percent below pretreatment base line levels; while glucose levels in radiated animals showed an immediate postradiation decrease continuing to twenty percent below preradiation levels by one hour postradiation. These findings suggest impaired hepatic gluconeogenesis, resulting in postradiation hypoglycemia.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Socioeconomic impact of modern multidisciplinary management of retinoblastoma.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective for this study was to examine the impact of the modern management of intraocular retinoblastoma on the patient and the family. METHODS: This study comprises a retrospective, noncomparative case series of 25 consecutive patients with multifocal, intraocular retinoblastoma that was treated with primary systemic chemotherapy. Medical charts were reviewed, and the following data were extracted: patients' age and gender, laterality of disease, and Reese-Ellsworth classification of each eye as well as the number of central venous lines placed, cycles of chemotherapy received, outpatient appointments, examinations under anesthesia, focal therapies administered, computed tomography/MRI, radiation treatments, anesthetic procedures administered, and miles traveled. RESULTS: Twenty patients with bilateral and 5 with unilateral intraocular retinoblastoma (median age: 9.3 months) had 895 outpatient appointments and underwent 698 examinations under anesthesia with 230 focal therapies, 347 days of radiotherapy, 226 computed tomography scans/MRIs, and 38 central venous line placements. A total of 1272 anesthetic procedures (median: 50) were performed with no major complication. In all, patients traveled 822312 miles (median: 22214 miles) to receive their care. The median follow-up was 82 months. CONCLUSIONS: Successful retinoblastoma management requires close surveillance, aggressive consolidation, and numerous anesthetic procedures, all of which the patients and the families must endure. There is a significant impact on the patient, the family, and hospital resources.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed2000

Virtual placement of frontal ventricular catheters using frameless neuronavigation: an "unbloody training" for young neurosurgeons.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate virtually the reliability of freehand puncture of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle and to provide realistic, but unbloody training for young neurosurgeons. METHODS: Virtual placement of ventricular catheters was performed repeatedly by neurosurgical doctors and thereafter controlled by neuronavigation. With the help of a frameless stereotactic navigation device they virtually had to hit the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle on the MRI of 29 brains with normal ventricular sizes and 60 pathological ventricles, respectively. The catheter placement was simulated using the pointer of the navigation system (EasyGuide Neuro). The monitor screen was blinded, so that on-line control was impossible. Virtual elongation of the pointer tip was performed on the workstation and the position of the virtual catheter was evaluated on a printout. RESULTS: Virtual freehand catheter placement was performed 145 times into the MRIs of the normal brains. In 66 cases (45%) the site of the catheter tip was judged as accurate as shown by the navigation system. No difference concerning the number of correctly placed catheters was observed when comparing more and less experienced doctors. The results in the 60 pathological MRIs of patients differed with respect to the size of the ventricles: in narrow ventricles an accurate placement succeeded in 7 of 22 cases (32%), moderately enlarged ventricles were accurately hit in 15 out of 32 cases (46%) and wide ventricles in 5 of 6 attempts (83%), respectively. CONCLUSION: This setup is a simple, practicable tool for neurosurgical education. The virtual freehand placement of ventricular drains controlled by neuronavigation provides an unbloody training of a routine neurosurgical procedure in a realistic setting without the risk of injuring a patient. Neuronavigation systems can serve therefore as a link between learning from observation and handling the real situation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[SARO: a system for irradiating small intracranial tumors under the guidance of magnetic resonance imaging].

An MR-based system for the accurate irradiation of small intracranial tumors, not less than 5 cm in diameter, is described. The system uses a home-made device (a support base with millimeter scales) and a series of thin individual wood moulds. A full size-enlargement of the central sagittal and of the tumor-containing transverse MR sections is the first operative step. On these enlarged sections the intracranial isocentre, the entry position of the orthogonal laser beams and the flexion-extension degree of the patient's head are chosen. Subsequently, from the sagittal full-size section the fronto-naso-labial outline is cut-out and accurately transferred on to a thin wood plank, which is finally cut with a fine saw. On the plank two orthogonal lines are drawn, crossing at the target-volume centre and matching with both laser beams during the treatment set-up. The millimeter scale on the support base allows the accurate lateral displacements of the treatment couch, when eccentric tumors most be irradiated. By this system, called with the Italian acronym SARO, the patient needs neither to be shaved, nor to be marked on his head skin. No special shell is necessary any more. Though intrinsically simple, the system needs skillful accuracy during all its procedure steps in order to reach the desired reliability when treating small intracranial tumors (not less than 5 cm in diameter).

Brain Neoplasms↗
PubMed1997

Regional densities of benzodiazepine sites in the CNS of alcohol-naive P and NP rats.

The regional densities of benzodiazepine (BDZ) recognition sites coupled to GABAA receptors were studied in ethanol-naive alcohol-preferring (P) and -nonpreferring (NP) lines of rats by using quantitative autoradiography to measure the amount of 2 nM [3H]flunitrazepam (FNZ) binding in the absence and presence of 100 microM GABA. Lower values (p < 0.025) for [3H]FNZ binding (in the absence of GABA) were observed in the prefrontal cortex, layer 4 of the parietal cortex, and the nucleus accumbens shell of the P relative to the NP line. GABA significantly (p < 0.025) stimulated [3H]FNZ binding in all 50 central nervous system regions examined in both the P and the NP rats. The largest percent increases (190-220%) were observed in the prefrontal, cingulate, frontal, and parietal cortices; shell and core nucleus accumbens; caudate putamen; dorsal lateral, intermediate lateral, ventral lateral, and medial septal nuclei; and lateral hypothalamus. In several layers of the frontal and parietal cortices, a 25-30% greater net or percent increase (p < 0.025) in GABA-enhanced [3H]FNZ binding was observed in the P rats compared with the NP rats. In contrast, lower net or percent increases (p < 0.025) in GABA-enhanced [3H]FNZ binding were found in the entorhinal cortex, the mediodorsal thalamus, and the dorsal CA3 area and middle dentate gyrus of the posterior hippocampus of the P line relative to the NP line. The present findings suggest that there are innate regional differences between P and NP rats in the densities and/or affinities of BDZ recognition sites and in the coupling between the GABAA and BDZ binding sites.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2000

Xenopus Six1 gene is expressed in neurogenic cranial placodes and maintained in the differentiating lateral lines.

Six genes are homeobox-containing transcription factors, many of which are expressed in head structures. We isolated a full-length cDNA of a previously unknown Xenopus member of this family. It shares a high sequence homology with mouse and human Six1, which during development are expressed in mesoderm and muscle. In contrast, XSix1 is prominently expressed in all neurogenic cephalic placodes and lateral line primordia from neurula to tadpole stages. The neurons derived from these placodes do not express XSix1, but the lateral line mechanoreceptors maintain expression. XSix1 is weakly expressed in muscle later in development.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Analysis of residual ridges and ridge relationship by three-dimensional reconstruction method.

The purpose of this study was to develop a diagnostic system with which to determine the adequate area for artificial tooth arrangement on the posterior residual ridge. Edentulous plaster models and occlusion rims were measured by a non-contact type shape measurement system. Three trigonal pyramids and their impressions on the occlusion rims were used as landmarks for the analysis and superimposition of the analysis results for the upper and lower ridges. The data points were obtained at intervals of 0.5 mm in the lateral direction and of 0.25 mm in the anteroposterior direction, and were interpolated by cubic spline curves in the lateral direction. When the ridge contour of the reconstructed image came in contact with the tangent line inclined at 30 degrees to the tentative plane of occlusion at the buccal and lingual sides in the frontal section, the area between their points of contact on both sides was comparatively flat and was regarded as adequate for the artificial posterior tooth arrangement in this study. This diagnostic system seems to be useful in determining the adequate area for the artificial tooth arrangement on the posterior residual ridges of edentulous plaster models and in displaying their horizontal relationship.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed2000

Characterization and visualization of [125I] stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha binding to CXCR4 receptors in rat brain and human neuroblastoma cells.

Stromal cell-Derived Factor-1 (SDF-1alpha), binds to the seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled CXCR4 receptor and modulates cell migration, differentiation, and proliferation. CXCR4 has been reported to be expressed in various tissues including brain. Moreover, CXCR4 has recently been shown to be one of the coreceptors for HIV-1 infection which could be implicated in HIV encephalitis. In the present study, the binding properties and autoradiographic distribution of [125I]SDF-1alpha binding to CXCR4 were characterized in the adult rat brain. SDF-1alpha binding and CXCR4 coupling system were also studied in human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-SH. The binding of [125I]SDF-1alpha on rat brain sections was specific, time-dependent and reversible. The highest densities of CXCR4 were detected in the choroid plexus of the lateral and the dorsal third ventricle. Lower densities of [125I]SDF-1alpha binding sites were observed in various brain regions including cerebral cortex, anterior olfactory nuclei, hippocampal formation, thalamic nuclei, blood vessels and pituitary gland. In the choroid plexus, the IC(50) and K(d) of [125I]SDF-1alpha binding were respectively 0.6 nM and 0. 36 nM. Similar IC(50) values were obtained in other brain structures. A CXCR4 antagonist, bicyclam, competed with SDF-1alpha binding (30% inhibition at 10(-6) M). In SK-N-SH cells, [125I]SDF-1alpha bound to CXCR4 with a K(d) of 5.0 nM and a maximal binding capacity of 460 fmol/mg of protein. SDF-1alpha induced a rapid and transient intracellular calcium increase in SK-N-SH cells. These findings suggest that CXCR4 is highly expressed in some brain structures and have a regulatory role in the nervous system. The significance of this expression in the brain parenchyma and more specifically in the choroid plexus remains to be clarified in the normal as well as in the infected brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effects of divalent cations on the frequency of spontaneous action potentials from the lateral line organ of Xenopus laevis.

The effect of superfusion of the internal surface of the skin of Xenopus laevis with saline containing Co2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, or Ba2+, on the frequency of spontaneous action potentials of the lateral line nerve, was studied to investigate the role of extracellular Ca2+ in spontaneous neural activity. Addition of divalent cations to frog saline, either singly or as a mixture of two different ions, produced concentration-dependent suppression of spontaneous rate. The rank order of potency for suppression by each ion, perfused alone, was Co2+ greater than Ca2+ greater than Mg2+ greater than Ba2+. Suppression by combinations of Mg2+ and Co2+, or of Ca2+ and Co2+, was approximated by the sum of the suppressive effects of each cation. Ca2+ was more suppressive than Mg2+ when each of these ions was paired with the same amount of Co2+, while Ca2+ was approximately as suppressive as Co2+ when similarly paired with Mg2+. One interpretation of the suppression by Ca2+ invokes the hypothesis that divalent cations suppress spontaneous activity by charge screening of voltage-sensitive Na+ channels on afferent dendrites and that release of neurotransmitter by the influx of extracellular Ca2+ through voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels of hair cells may not be the sole mechanism for generation of spontaneous activity in the lateral line. These results quantify the relative suppressive potency of common divalent cations in the lateral line, and serve as a caveat to investigators who interpret a blockade of action potentials by high concentrations of Co2+ or Mg2+ as sufficient evidence for dependence of neurotransmission upon extracellular Ca2+, particularly in acousticolateralis systems.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1985

Cerebral sites of central action of dermorphin on intestinal motility in the rat.

Dermorphin (DM), microinjected at 0.4 nmoles/rat into various sites of the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), provokes complete inhibition of intestinal propulsion always coupled with full analgesia and catalepsy. When electrolytic lesions were made in the raphe magnus nucleus (NRM) a slight but significant reduction of intestinal inhibition evoked by DM into the PAG was observed. In contrast, pretreatment into the NRM 10 days before DM with a selective antiserotoninergic agent (5,6 DHT 15 microgram/rat), did not influence intestinal inhibition. As expected, both lesions reduced DM-induced analgesia but catalepsy was not affected. DM-induced inhibition of intestinal transit was therefore unaffected by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. Finally, some other central brain regions were found sensitive to DM for the above effects such as the lateral and medial hypothalamus and mid-line thalamus. Negative results were obtained for the supraoptic nuclei and postero-medial cortical amygdaloid nucleus. Some considerations are put forward about the existence in the central nervous system of selective areas involved in intestinal modulation and their relationship with those mediating other opiate behavioural effects.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1994

Corpus callosum morphology from magnetic resonance images in Tourette's syndrome.

We measured the midline cross-sectional area and other morphologic features of the corpus callosum (CC) from magnetic resonance (MR) images in 14 unmedicated patients with Tourette's syndrome (TS) and 14 normal control subjects matched for age, sex, handedness, and socioeconomic status. Each CC was manually circumscribed on midline images from a T1-weighted sagittal series, and the area of the entire CC and five anatomic subdivisions were measured. CC circumference, regional width, and mean callosal curvature were also measured. CC cross-sectional area correlated positively with brain size and basal ganglia volumes. The magnitude of reduction (17.7%) in total CC area in TS patients compared with control subjects was similar to the reductions seen in all CC subdivision areas. Analyses of covariance with total midsagittal cross-sectional head area as a covariate revealed the reductions to be statistically significant for the overall CC area and all subregion areas. CC width tended to be nonsignificantly thinner in all subdivisions (from 5% to 11%), and the overall length of the center line measured from rostrum to splenium was significantly reduced in the TS group (by 5.3%). Measures of mean callosal curvature suggested that CCs in TS patients are less rounded than those of normal control subjects. Worst-ever motor tic symptoms showed the strongest significant correlation with the length of the CC center line in TS patients (r = 0.88). These findings suggest that structural interhemispheric connectivity may be aberrant in the central nervous systems of TS patients, and they provide indirect supportive evidence for the presence of altered cerebral lateralization in the disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Early neurosensory visual development of the fetus and newborn.

Neurosensory development of the visual system has its origins long before birth. The genetic processes of basic structure formation are followed by endogenous retinal ganglion cell activation in the form of spontaneous synchronous waves of stimulation. These waves of stimulation are required to establish the topographic relationship among retina, lateral geniculate nucleus, and visual cortex. This process prepares the visual system for visual experience. Visual experience ultimately stimulates creation of columns of neurons in the visual cortex, which are needed to see and interpret patterns, lines, movement, and color. Spontaneous synchronous retinal waves occur in preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit and must be protected, as they are critical for visual development.

Embryonic and Fetal Development↗
PubMed1998

Controlled cytokinin production in transgenic tobacco using a copper-inducible promoter

The cytokinin group of plant hormones regulates aspects of plant growth and development, including the release of lateral buds from apical dominance and the delay of senescence. In this work the native promoter of a cytokinin synthase gene (ipt) was removed and replaced with a Cu-controllable promoter. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv tabacum) transformed with this Cu-inducible ipt gene (Cu-ipt) was morphologically identical to controls under noninductive conditions in almost all lines produced. However, three lines grew in an altered state, which is indicative of cytokinin overproduction and was confirmed by a full cytokinin analysis of one of these lines. The in vitro treatment of morphologically normal Cu-ipt transformants with Cu2+ resulted in delayed leaf senescence and an increase in cytokinin concentration in the one line analyzed. In vivo, inductive conditions resulted in a significant release of lateral buds from apical dominance. The morphological changes seen during these experiments may reflect the spatial aspect of control exerted by this gene expression system, namely expression from the root tissue only. These results confirmed that endogenous cytokinin concentrations in tobacco transformants can be temporally and spatially controlled by the induction of ipt gene expression through the Cu-controllable gene-expression system.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Ethical issues in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection.

Medical ethics are not absolute; they change according to social attitudes, technological advances and alterations in the doctor/patient relationship. The discovery of Helicobacter pylori highlighted entrenched attitudes in academia and the pharmaceutical industry that were not always appropriate. The explosion of research that followed was ethically controlled by local research ethics committees and the system of peer review and editorial responsibility. Now that effective treatments are available, the control arm in trials of new therapy should be either placebo (giving the option of effective treatment later) or a first-line treatment; mono and dual therapy should not be employed because of the risk of inducing bacterial resistance. Ethical issues that still remain include whether always to test patients for H pylori at endoscopy and what information should be given when they test positive. The most important issue is the approach of the medical profession to the high death rate carried by H pylori infection. Peptic ulcer and gastric cancer together account for a large number of deaths worldwide, and the medical profession and public health services have not yet grappled with this problem, neither advocating universal testing and treatment nor funding or research to determine whether this approach would be effective.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed2003

Dorfin localizes to the ubiquitylated inclusions in Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

In many neurodegenerative diseases, the cytopathological hallmark is the presence of ubiquitylated inclusions consisting of insoluble protein aggregates. Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies disease, glial cell inclusions in multiple system atrophy, and hyaline inclusions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are representative of these inclusions. The elucidation of the components of these inclusions and the mechanisms underlying inclusion formation is important in uncovering the pathogenesis of these disorders. We hypothesized that Dorfin, a perinuclearly located E3 ubiquitin ligase, participates in the formation of ubiquitylated inclusions in a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we report that affinity-purified anti-Dorfin antibody labeled ubiquitylated inclusions of Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies disease, multiple system atrophy, and sporadic and familial ALS. A double-immunofluorescence study revealed that Dorfin shows a distribution pattern parallel to that of ubiquitin. Furthermore, by a filter trap assay, we detected that Dorfin is present in the ubiquitylated high-molecular weight structures derived from these diseases. These results suggest that Dorfin plays a crucial role in the formation of ubiquitylated inclusions of alpha-synucleinopathy and ALS. However, because we failed to show the direct binding of alpha-synuclein with Dorfin, future investigations into the binding partner(s) of Dorfin will be needed to deepen our understanding of the pathophysiology of alpha-synucleinopathy and ALS.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

[Problems and disabilities resulting from tumors of the central nervous system].

100 patients of the neurological clinic of the University of Cologne affected by tumors of the brain or spinal cord, had been interviewed according to a catalogue of disabilities developed on the lines of the WHO classification of impairments, disabilities, and handicaps. Two months later, 55 patients who had had a previous disease history of less than 12 months, again reported on the course of their disease and the difficulties they experienced. Most of them in their middle years, the patients studied were disabled to very different degrees, the majority of them experiencing greater or lesser limitations in almost all areas of life. The occurrence of individual disabilities, above all visual impairments, personal care disabilities, of locomotion, manual activity, and disorders of balance, was found to be dependent on patient age and tumor diagnosis, whereas disease duration appeared to have little impact.

Adult↗