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At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Issues in designing an assessment of British Sign Language development.

This paper reports on a collaborative project in progress to develop a standardised clinical assessment of British Sign Language development for use with deaf children. The need for such an assessment is highlighted following a survey of professionals working in this area (Herman, in press). The development of the assessment battery will be described in the context of research into the assessment of sign language development. Issues in selection of the standardisation population will be presented. Finally the need for collaboration between different professionals working in this area, in particular the key role of the deaf BSL user will be emphasised.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Creating interpretation guidelines for the Hebrew trail making test.

The Hebrew language version of the Trail Making Test (TMT; Army Individual Test Battery, 1944) was administered to a group of normal control participants as well as a sample of outpatients approximately 1 year following a head injury. A ratio of TMT-B to TMT-A performance was computed in an effort to establish usable cutting scores for the Hebrew TMT. A ratio of 2.26 was observed to result in 63% sensitivity and 77% specificity for the sample, with positive predictive power of 71% and negative predictive power of 70%. A more stringent cutoff of 3.09 reduced sensitivity (22%) and negative predictive power (44%). In contrast, specificity (97%) and positive predictive power (86%) were greatly improved once the speed of TMT-A performance was also considered. The more conservative cutoff is considered appropriate when a finding is indicative of pathological performance.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Intracarotid amytal testing in the evaluation for epilepsy surgery].

INTRODUCTION: The Wada test for language and memory still plays an important role in evaluating the surgery performed on epileptic patients. The measures of the functional deficits carried out with the Wada test, associated with known brain lesions, aid in determining the lateralization of the onset of seizures and provide some estimate of the risk to memory after a temporal lobotomy. DEVELOPMENT: A more refined procedure, based on the correlations with the titration from MRI, fMR and MR spectroscopy, will be needed. Moreover, using the Wada test it is possible to make long term forecasts about the cognitive outcome and about the control of seizures. When used together with other neurological, functional and psychometric evaluations, it becomes easier to select the patients with most chances of benefiting from surgical epilepsy treatment. Finally, the non invasive measures of brain functioning include fMR, which provides far more information than that obtained using the Wada test. However, it remains to be determined whether the procedure based on activation provides data of the same quality as those obtained by the Wada test, which can provide a more adequate reversible model of the effects of surgery on cognition. CONCLUSION: . Ideally, as MRI and other imaging techniques progress, they will be able to offer complementary images, which will improve our capacity to forecast and prevent important post operative cognitive deficiencies.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Language development in adolescence: semantic, syntactic and pragmatic competences].

BACKGROUND: Low learning rates during adolescence can be associated to deficits in language processing. AIM: To characterize the performance of adolescents, with and without complaints in metalinguistic tasks, and to verify the applicability of 4 subtests of the Test of Language Competence-Expanded (TLC-E) (Wiig & Secord, 1985; 1989). METHOD: 16 students with ages between 16 and 18 years were assessed, 8 with learning difficulties and 8 with no learning difficulties. The TLC-E was used, which assess the understanding of language ambiguity, inference, figurative language, syntactic elaboration and memory. RESULTS: Statistic differences were observed in the performance of both groups in all of the used subtests. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that the group with learning difficulties presented a lower performance than the group with no learning difficulties, and that the used instrument was able to distinguish both groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Functional MRI measurement of language lateralization in Wada-tested patients.

In this study the use of functional MRI (fMRI) for measuring language lateralization non-invasively was examined. The subjects were seven patients with histories of temporal lobe epilepsy who had undergone Wada testing for pre-surgical evaluation. Four patients were left-hemisphere-dominant and three were right-hemisphere-dominant for language. They received fMRI scans while they made semantic or perceptual judgments about visually presented words. Regions of the inferior frontal gyrus (pars triangularis and pars orbitalis) and neighbouring orbital cortex, corresponding to portions of Brodmann areas 45, 46 and 47, exhibited significant increases in activation during semantic relative to perceptual judgments. Lateralization of the increases in activation were consistent with the Wada test assessments of hemispheric language dominance in each of the seven patients. These results suggest that, in addition to providing a tool for investigating human cognitive processes, fMRI has significant clinical potential as a non-invasive measure of language lateralization.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Varieties of developmental dyslexia.

This paper reviews and evaluates the evidence for the existence of distinct varieties of developmental dyslexia, analogous to those found in the acquired dyslexic population. Models of the normal adult reading process and of the development of reading in children are used to provide a framework for considering the issues. Data from a large-sample study of the reading patterns of developmental dyslexics are then reported. The lexical and sublexical reading skills of 56 developmental dyslexics were assessed through close comparison with the skills of 56 normally developing readers. The results indicate that there are at least two varieties of developmental dyslexia, the first of which is characterised by a specific difficulty using the lexical procedure, and the second by a difficulty using the sublexical procedure. These subtypes are apparently not rare, but are relatively prevalent in the developmental dyslexic population. The results of a second experiment, which suggest that neither of these reading patterns can be accounted for in terms of a general language disorder, are then reported.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

Praxic and nonverbal cognitive deficits in a large family with a genetically transmitted speech and language disorder.

A pronounced speech and language disorder affecting half of the 30 members of the four-generational KE family has been attributed by some researchers to a specific defect in the generation of morphosyntactic rules. The reported selectivity of the impairment has led to the view that the affected members suffer from a grammar-specific disorder. Our investigations of the same KE family indicate that the inherited disorder has a broad phenotype which transcends impaired generation of syntactical rules and includes a striking articulatory impairment as well as defects in intellectual, linguistic, and orofacial praxic functions generally. Although the evidence from this family thus provides no support for the existence of "grammar genes," their linguistic difficulties do constitute a prominent part of their phenotype. Investigations of the neural and genetic correlates of their disorder could therefore uncover important clues to some of the bases of the primary human faculties of speech and language.

Cognition Disorders↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Early language screening in city and Hackney: the concurrent validity of a measure designed for use with 2 1/2-year-olds.

This paper reports data relating to the development of a screening test for language impairment in 2 1/2-year-old children. The screening test itself has previously been described. The results of a pilot study and a larger community study are reported. In all, 34 children were included in the pilot study and 1015 in the community study. The reference test selected was the Reynell Developmental Language Scales and the cut-off adopted 1.5 standard deviations below the mean for either the expressive or the receptive scale of the test concerned. The pass mark on the screening test was ascertained using receiver operating characteristics (ROC). The validity is reported given the cut-off identified. The specificity, sensitivity and both positive and negative predictive abilities are reported for both the pilot and the subsequent study. The application of the test is discussed in the context of the current debate about early identification.

Child, Preschool↗