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PubMed2006

Long-term effects of cage-cleaning frequency and bedding type on laboratory rat health, welfare, and handleability: a cross-laboratory study.

Cage-cleaning is necessary for a hygienic environment, but since rats communicate using scent, they might suffer if their cages are cleaned too frequently. Male rats (Sprague-Dawley and Wistar) were kept for five months across four animal units. Their cages were cleaned twice-weekly, weekly, or every two weeks, and contained either aspen woodchips or absorbent paper bedding. Aggression, injuries and general health, weight gain, chromodacryorrhoea (a stress-related Harderian gland secretion), handleability, and lung pathology were monitored, as was in-cage ammonia. Cleaning frequency had no clear impact on rat welfare, although frequent cleaning decreased ammonia concentrations and handleability, and non-aggressive skirmishing was highest in weekly cleaned rats. Surprisingly, bedding type did not affect ammonia, but all ammonia readings were unexpectedly low. However, rats kept on aspen had greater sneezing rates and lung pathology than those on paper bedding, but also had higher body weights. The results raise concerns about aspen bedding, which is relatively inert compared with other wood beddings, but nevertheless more harmful than paper. Animal unit significantly affected eight of the 11 variables tested, having interactive effects on five of them. The study also demonstrates the interactive effects of different animal units, casting doubt on the feasibility of standardization. We explored multiple variables of interest, so all findings require confirmation through further work. Nevertheless, cage-cleaning rates seem to affect socially housed male rats little, while bedding type has important effects on rat health.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2000

Novel IBX-Mediated Processes for the Synthesis of Amino Sugars and Libraries Thereof We thank Dr. D. H. Huang, Dr. G. Siuzdak, and Dr. R. Chadha for NMR spectroscopic, mass spectrometric, and X-ray crystallographic assistance, respectively, and Prof. H. M. R. Hoffmann and Prof. A. Eschenmoser for helpful discussions. We also thank Dr. Maria-Rosa Rodriguez and Mr. Keith Wilcoxen of these laboratories for early intermediates leading to 9-12. This work was financially supported by the National Institutes of Health (USA), The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, fellowships from the Ministerio de Educacion y Cultura, Spain (J.A.V.) and the National Science Foundation (P.S.B), and grants from Array Biopharma, Pfizer, GlaxoWellcome, Merck, Schering Plough, Hoffmann-LaRoche, Boehringer Ingelheim, DuPont, and Abbott Laboratories.

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Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Crystallization of a Large-Pore Three-Dimensional Gallium Fluorophosphate under Mild Conditions This work was supported by EPSRC and the Novartis Trust Fund. The EPSRC provided access to Daresbury Laboratory. We are grateful to L. M. D. Cranswick of Daresbury Laboratory for valuable discussions, Dr. S. O'Leary (Oxford) for performing the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements, and Professor K. Kuroda (Waseda University) for performing the gas adsorption measurements. The authors acknowledge the EPSRC-funded Collaborative Computational Project Number 14 (http://www.ccp14.ac.uk) for software resources applied in data analysis.

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Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Experimental and Theoretical Observations of Aromaticity in Heterocyclic XAl(3)(-) (X=Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) Systems The experimental work reported herein was supported by the National Science Foundation (DMR-0095828) and was performed at the W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, a national scientific user facility sponsored by the DOE's Office of Biological and Environmental Research and located at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, which is operated for DOE by the Battelle Memorial Institute. L.S.W. is an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Research Fellow. The theoretical work was carried out at the Utah State University and was supported by the donors of The Petroleum Research Fund (ACS-PRF 35255-AC6), administered by the American Chemical Society.

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Journal Article↗