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PubMed1988

Hematology, intestinal parasites, and selected disease antibodies from a population of bobcats (Felis rufus) in central Arkansas.

Eight bobcats with adjoining or overlapping home ranges were examined. Hematological values were within previously reported ranges. Six bobcats demonstrated antibody titers to Toxoplasma gondii. Isospora spp., Taenia taeniaeformis, Spirometra mansoides, Physoloptera rara, Toxocara cati, Strongyloides spp., Trichurus spp., Capillaria spp., and Ancyclostoma spp. were found also in the animals examined. The mean number of parasite species per host was 4.1. All bobcats tested negative for serum antibodies to Rocky Mountain spotted fever (Rickettsia rickettsii). Two bobcats had titers less than or equal to 1:20 for tularemia (Francisiella tularensis), and two were positive for leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.).

Animals↗
PubMed1990

A coprological survey of parasites of wild mantled howling monkeys, Alouatta palliata palliata.

Fecal samples from 155 mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata palliata) examined at Centro Ecologico La Pacifica, Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica, revealed 75 (48%) had parasitic infections. A sampling of nine howling monkeys from Santa Rosa National Park. Costa Rica indicated only one infected animal (11%). Only three of 19 (16%) spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) also from Santa Rosa were infected. Controrchis biliophilus, Trypanoxyuris minutus, unidentified strongylid eggs and Isospora sp. oocysts were found. Three monkeys from La Pacifica died and were examined for adult helminths. They were infected with Ascaris lumbricoides, C. biliophilus and T. minutus.

Alouatta↗
PubMed1993

Parasites of the arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) in Iceland.

Forty-four of 50 arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) in Iceland harbored 15 species of intestinal parasites, including Protozoa: Eimeria sp. or Isospora sp. (in 4%); Trematoda: Cryptocotyle lingua (24%), Plagiorchis elegans (4%), Brachylaemus sp. (12%), Tristriata sp. (10%), and Spelotrema sp. (8%); Cestoda: Mesocestoides canislagopodis (72%), Schistocephalus solidus (2%), and Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (4%); Nematoda: Toxascaris leonina (50%), Toxocara canis (2%), Uncinaria stenocephala (4%), and eggs of the lung worm Capillaria aerophila (6%); and Acanthocephala: Polymorphus meyeri (8%) and Corynosoma hadweni (2%). Only four of the species previously had been recorded in Iceland. Eleven species are new records in Iceland and six appear to be new host records. Two additional nematodes, Stegophorus stercorarii and Syphacia sp., probably were ingested accidentally with the prey. Foxes from coastal habitats harbored 14 parasitic species while only five species were found in foxes from inland habitats. Arctic foxes from coastal habitats generally had higher helminth burdens and harbored more parasitic species per fox than foxes from inland habitats.

Acanthocephala↗
PubMed1993

Enteric coccidia (Apicomplexa) in the small intestine of the northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina).

Sporulated oocysts (mean dimensions = 13.0 x 10.8 microns) and sporocysts (11.3 x 5.5 microns) of a coccidian resembling Frenkelia sp. or Sarcocystis sp. were present in the lamina propria of the small intestine of a naturally-infected northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) collected near Medford, Oregon (USA). Dimensions of these oocytes and sporocysts appear to be considerably smaller than those from other sarcocystid species with avian definitive hosts. Additionally, numerous developmental stages and unsporulated oocysts (mean dimensions 22.8 x 17.8 microns) of a possible species of Isospora also were observed in the intestinal epithelium. This constitutes the first report of enteric coccidia from spotted owls. Neither parasite appeared to cause the death of the bird.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Parasites of wild felidae in Thailand: a coprological survey.

Ninety-two fecal samples were collected from leopards (Panthera pardus, n = 54), tigers (P. tigris, n = 19), and leopard cats (Felis bengalensis, n = 3) in Huai Kha Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand; four samples that may have come from clouded leopards (Neofelis nebulosa) or Asian golden cats (Felis temminicki) were identified as from small to medium cats. Twelve samples were identified as from large cats. Samples preserved in 10% formalin were examined for parasite eggs, larvae, cysts, and oocysts by centrifugal sugar flotation and sedimentation techniques. Ninety-six percent of all samples were positive, including 94% of the leopard, all of the tiger, clouded leopard, golden cat, and leopard cat samples. Diagnostic stages were identified from Paragonimus sp., Echinostomatidae, Dicrocoeliidae, Pseudophyllidea, Taeniidae, Mesocestoides sp., Hymenolepididae, Acanthocephala, Spiruroidea, Gnathostoma sp., Molineus sp., Ancylostomoidea, Mammomonogamus sp., Toxocara sp., Toxascaris sp., Metastrongyloidea, Capillaria spp., Isospora sp., Toxoplasma-like, Sarcocystis spp., and Giardia sp.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Coprologic survey of parasites of spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) in the Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya.

Seventy fecal samples from spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) in the Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya were examined for parasite eggs and oocysts using sugar flotation. A total of nine parasite genera were identified, and all samples were positive for at least one parasite species. Most individuals were infected with Ancylostoma sp. and Spirometra sp., and these species had the highest median intensity of infection. Other parasites identified include Isospora sp., Taeniidae, Spirurida, Toxocara sp., Mesocestoides sp., Dipylidium sp., and Trichuris sp.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Enteric pathogens in southern Indian HIV-infected patients with & without diarrhoea.

This study was undertaken to determine the carriage rate of various enteric pathogens in southern Indian patients with HIV infection, both with and without diarrhoea. Stool from 111 consecutive HIV-positive patients (50 without and 61 with diarrhoea) was examined by microscopy and culture. Jejunal biopsy and fluid examination were carried out if diarrhoea persisted, with negative stool examination. Enteric pathogens were detected from stool in 57.4 per cent of diarrhoeal patients compared to 40 per cent of those without diarrhoea (P > 0.05). Jejunal biopsy and fluid examination provided 11 additional diagnoses. Protozoa accounted for 71.8 per cent of all pathogens isolated. Isospora was significantly more common in patients with (11/61) than in those without (2/50) diarrhoea (P < 0.05). Bacterial pathogens were isolated more commonly from patients with diarrhoea (12/61 compared to 2/50, P < 0.05). Isolation rate of pathogens was higher from patients with diarrhoea for more than 2 wk, compared to those with less than 2 wk duration. Remission of diarrhoea either spontaneously or with symptomatic therapy was observed in 22 patients with acute diarrhoea. A high enteric carriage of a number of pathogens was noted in HIV patients without diarrhoea, but I. belli and bacterial enteropathogens were more likely to be associated with diarrhoea.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Is there more than one species in the genus Toxoplasma??

A complete life cycle for the ubiquitous protozoan parasite Toxoplasma was proposed over 25 years ago. Since that time, despite attempts to make the genus polyspecific, there has been only one species, Toxoplasma gondii, consistently recognised in the genus. Recent studies on taxa in genera closely related to Toxoplasma such as Neospora, Hammondia, Frenkelia, Isospora and Sarcocystis, have convincingly showed the need for a reclassification of many of the species in these genera. However, in addition to these genus level studies, over the last 10 years several laboratories have used molecular techniques including isoenzyme electrophoresis, restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses, random amplified polymorphic DNA - polymerase chain reaction, and comparisons of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene, DNA polymerase alpha intron, and 70 kDa heat shock protein gene nucleotide sequences to investigate the genetic diversity among strains in the species T. gondii. Overall, the results of these analyses confirm that the strains in the genus Toxoplasma comprise a limited number of clonal lineages, directly correlated with their virulence in mice. The aim of this presentation is to review the molecular research in this area in order to raise the hypothesis that there may be more than one species in the genus Toxoplasma, which may contain taxa with distinct and different life cycles.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Endoparasites in swine in different age groups and management systems].

In different age groups endoparasites are of varying importance. Sows are predominantly infected with gastrointestinal strongyles (mainly Oesophagostomum spp.), Ascaris suum and Eimeriae, to a lesset extent with Trichuris suis, Hyostrongylus rubidus, Strongyloides ransomi or Isospora suis, while in suckling piglets I. suis and occasionally S. ransomi frequently occur. Weaners and fatteners are infected with coccidia and gastrointestinal strongyles, later with A. suum. Whipworms are also found occasionally. I suis causes diarrhoea in suckling piglets, while in older animals the infection is not correlated with disease. Damage induced by helminths is mainly due to reduced performance, in the case of ascarosis to reduced carcass value. Therefore planned antiparasitic measures should be taken at all stages of pig keeping. Hygienic measures can reduce infection pressure; however parasite elimination is difficult to obtain under conventional management conditions. Consequently the control of parasitic infection at the early stage of piglet production is desirable.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Distribution of coccidians (Sporozoa: Coccidiida) in various systematic groups of fishes].

There are about 250 coccidian species associated with fishes. They belong to 8 genera (Calyptospora, Cryptosporidium, Crystallospora, Eimeria, Epieimeria, Goussia, Isospora, Octosporella) and 3 families (Calyptosporidae, Cryptosporidiidae, Eimeriidae). Two genera are represented by great number of species associated with fishes: Eimeria--157 and Goussia--69 species. Most diverse fauna of coccidians was found in fishes of the class Actinopterigii; fishes of the class Elasmobranchii have significantly less number of coccidians. These parasites have never been recorded on the class Holocephali. Coccidian have been recorded in 55 orders of fishes. Within the Actinopterigii, the richest coccidian fauna is recorded from Cypriniformes and Perciformes. Accumulated data on host associations proves that coccidian species have mainly a restricted hosts specificity.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Dogs and intestinal parasites: a public health problem.

The stools of 239 stray dogs were examined for intestinal parasites. Of the helminths found, Toxocara canis (43.5%), tapeworms (25.5%), Ascaris species (21.3%) and hookworms (12.5%) were the commonest. Of the protozoans found, Isospora species and Entamoeba coli were the most prevalent. An unusual feature of the present study was the finding of Ascaris species. The importance of the high prevalence of intestinal parasites in dogs, the close contact of humans with dogs' excreta and the possible role of this environmental pollution in the spread of human disease are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Cyclospora infection in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Diarrhea is a common clinical manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The important protozoan pathogens causing diarrhea include cryptosporidium, microsporidium, Isospora belli and cyclospora besides giardia lamblia and entamoeba histolytica. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to determine the incidence of cyclospora (a coccidian protozoan) infection in HIV infected patients. METHODOLOGY: Faecal smears were stained by modified acid fast staining method to demonstrate oocysts of cyclospora. RESULTS: Out of 334 faecal specimens which were studied, cyclospora were identified in 22 cases (6.6 percent); and in 50 percent of the patients, there was a mixed infection with another protozoan parasite namely cryptosporidium. CONCLUSION: Identification of this parasite is important because cyclosporiasis can be treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Outbreaks of cyclospora infection have been linked to waterborne transmission. Though adequately chlorinated water is free of coliforms, it can still contain cyclospora.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2001

Coccidiosis among immuno-competent and -compromised adults.

There was significant increase in coccidia positive cases among Hodgkin lymphoma receiving chemotherapy as compared to control group (p < 0.05). The increase was highly significant in the group of acute lymphocytic leukaemia receiving chemotherapy as compared to control group (P < 0.01). The total percent of cases with single type of coccidia were 12.2% compared to multiple coccidial infections (4.3%). The most commonly associated parasite was Cryptosporidium. The total cryptosporidial infections (single and mixed with other coccidia) were 12.1% of the total studied cases. In the immunocompromised the prevalence was 14.3%. In the immunocompetents with diarrhoea, was 8.3% and in control was 5.6%. Microsporidial infections (single and mixed with other coccidia), being the least detected among the four intestinal spores forming coccidia, were 2.4% in the immunocompromised groups. No Microsporidium was detected in the immunocompetent or adult control groups. The total cyclosporal infections (single and mixed with other coccidia) were 6.3% of the total studied cases. In the immunocompromised groups, the prevalence was (8.3%) where in immunocompetent group, was 2.8%. None was detected in the control subjects. Single cyclospora was 3.0% while mixed Cyclospora represented 3.3% of all studied cases. The Isospora infections (single and mixed) were 3.8% of total patients. The prevalence among immunocompromised group was 5.2% and in immunocompetent patients was 2.8%.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Coccidiosis among malnourished children in Mansoura, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt.

Stool samples of 36 malnourished and 36 healthy control children were examined for oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Isospora belli and Microsporidium. C. parvum infection (single and mixed) was detected in 13.9% and 5.6% in malnourished and control children respectively. C. cayetanensis oocysts were detected in 5.6% malnourished children and in 2.8% of control group. I. belli oocysts were detected only in malnourished children 2.8%. On the other hand, no Microsporidium oocysts were detected in both malnourished and control children.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Occurrence and species of Coccidia in the district of Velikot'rnovski].

The study of a total of 1444 fecal samples from calves aged 20 to 90 days and 8 cadavers of coccidiosis-affected calves on 50 dairy farms on the territory of the district revealed coccidiosis on 46 of the farms (92 per cent) and stationary coccidiosis on 13 of them (26 per cent). The percentage of the animals involved on the farms where the disease was stationary was from 50 to 80, and on individual farms it reached up to 100. The parasite burden with the calves showing the acute form of coccidiosis accounted for 20,000 to 32,000 oocysts; calves showing chronical course had 5,000 to 15,000, and the clinically normal calves in the stationary foci had up to 1,000 oocysts per gram of fecal mass. Eight species of coccidia, unknown so far to this country, are described: E. elipsoidalis, E. cilindrika, E. alabamensis, E. auburnensis, E. canadensis, E. Wyomingensis, E. subspherika, and Isospora. The localization of most of these species was determined.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parasitic diarrhoea in patients with AIDS.

BACKGROUND: Diarrhoea is a common clinical manifestation of HIV infection regardless of whether or not patients have AIDS. Two newly recognized opportunistic coccidial protozoa are parasitic pathogens in AIDS patients. We attempted to determine the common parasites in Indian patients with AIDS. METHODS: Between October 1994 and December 1996, a total of 110 stool specimens from 94 AIDS patients with acute or chronic diarrhoea were examined by microscopy of wet mounts and smears stained by a modified Ziehl-Neelsen's (cold) staining method. RESULTS: Isospora belli was the most frequently encountered parasite in 17% of patients, followed by Entamoeba histolytica in 14.9% and Cryptosporidium in 8.5%. Strongyloides stercoralis and Giardia lamblia were detected in 5.3% and 4.3% of patients, respectively. CONCLUSION: The presence of different parasites in 56.4% of stool specimens of patients with AIDS indicates that their specific diagnosis is essential. This will help initiate therapy to reduce the morbidity and mortality among such patients due to these pathogens.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOMS IN ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS): A REVIEW OF ONE HUNDRED CASES AT "ARZOBISPO LOAYZA" HOSPITAL]

In 1996, one hundred health histories of HIV serum positive patients were reviewed using the Elisa and Western Blot techniques at the Arzobispo Loayza National Hospital. Such cases were defined according to Case Definition 1987 CDC/WHO. 70% of HIV serum positive patients showed gastrointestinal symptoms according to the first medical examination. 57% of the patients were younger than 30 years old, most of them were men (men/ women ratio: 2.7/1). 59% of the patients were heterosexual, 26% bisexual, and 15% homosexual. Chronic diarrhea was the main symptom, characterized by watering depositions over 10c/d. Giardia lamblia was isolated in 32% of the cases, while Isospora Belli in 16% and Criptosporidium in 12.5%. The laboratory findings of 7 patients (12.5%) were negative. Patients showed more than 10% weight loss. 10% of the patients had an anorectal disease while 7 of the patients (10%) had an hepatic-billiary disease. The odynophagia and dysphagia were explained by oropharyngeal candidiasis. 2.8% of the patients had acalculous cholecystitis; 2.8% suffered from acute pancreatic disease and 1.4% ascitis. The hepatic biochemistry was affected by the serum albumin reduction, the transaminases increase over 2-3 times compared to normal levels and the alkaline phosphatase, bilirrubina was about 5 mg. The high endoscopic diagnostic was in connection to the candida esophagitis and inflammatory pathology. In proctoscopy, condyloma acuminatum and perianal fistula were the most usual findings. The counting of CD4 leukocytes in 20 patients showed a great reduction of CD4 lymphocytes, in values lesser than 200 cel/mm3. The relation CD4/CD8 goes from 0.01 to 0.91 rates.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Prevalence of intestinal parasitic pathogens in HIV-seropositive individuals in Northern India.

To assess the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive subjects, fecal samples were collected from 120 HIV-seropositive patients and were analyzed for various intestinal parasites. Thirty-six patients (30%) were found to harbor an intestinal parasite. Cryptosporidium parvum was the most common (10.8%), followed by Giardia lamblia (8.3%). Cyclospora cayetanensis and Blastocystis hominis each were detected in 3.3% of the patients, while Isospora belli and Enterocytozoon bieneusi were each detected in 2.5% of the patients. The other parasites observed were Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar in two cases and hookworm ova in one patient. Of the 36 patients who tested positive for intestinal parasites, 27 (75%) had diarrhea. The most common parasite, which was associated with diarrhea, was C. parvum. The present study highlights the importance of testing for intestinal parasites in patients who are HIV-positive, and emphasizes the necessity of increasing awareness among clinicians regarding the occurrence of these parasites in this population.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗