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PubMed1998

Teacher ratings of externalizing behavior at school entry for boys and girls: similar early predictors and different correlates.

In a test of Patterson's Coercion Theory with young children, 156 children (82 boys and 74 girls) were studied to assess the extent to which parenting and child variables, assessed at 18 months, would predict teacher ratings of externalizing child behaviors at age 5. Child playgroup behavior, parent coercion during home observations, and marital status each emerged as predictors, whereas child temperament, attachment classification, and gender did not. At age 5, the correlates of externalizing behaviors differed for boys and girls. Boys rated higher on externalizing behaviors by the teachers presented many problems in the home and school, whereas externalizing girls did not. In fact, girls rated higher on externalizing behaviors performed better on an intelligence test, yet the girls perceived themselves as less competent.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1999

Long-term physical, psychological, and social functioning of children with esophageal atresia.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Little is known about the long-term psychosocial functioning of children with esophageal atresia (EA). The physical, psychological, and social functioning of children with EA was studied using standardized assessment procedures, and relations between medical and social background variables and outcome were investigated. METHODS: Subjects were 36 children (20 boys, 16 girls; mean age 10.2 years) with EA. Fourteen children had minor and 11 children had major associated congenital anomalies. According to the "Montreal" classification, eight children with major congenital anomalies who also had been dependent on artificial ventilation as newborns fell into the high-risk class. The children were subjected to an intelligence test. Parents completed standardized questionnaires concerning emotional and behavioral problems, psychosocial stress, and family functioning; children completed questionnaires concerning depression and self-esteem; and teachers completed questionnaires concerning emotional and behavioral problems. Results were compared with normative data from the general population, and correlations between background and outcome variables were computed. RESULTS: According to Desjardins' classification, 16 children had excellent, nine children had good, and four children had fair outcome. The mean intelligence quotient (IQ) of the children was 90.2, which is almost 10 points lower than the standardized norm of 100 (P < .01). High-risk children (n = 7) had a significantly lower IQ (mean IQ, 79.4; P < .05). Five times as many children (n = 8; 22%) as in the general population (4%) required special education (P < .001). More than twice as many children (30% to 35%) as in the general population (15%) showed elevated rates of emotional and behavioral problems as reported by parents and teachers (P < .02). The children did not report more negative self-esteem or more depressive symptoms than children in the general population. Children with a lower IQ reported lower scholastic competence (r = .38, P < .05) and showed more emotional and behavioral problems as reported by teachers (r = -.43, P < .05). Family functioning and levels of psychosocial stress were the same as in the general population. Children in worse functioning families showed more emotional and behavioral problems as reported by parents (r = .37, P < .05) and higher depression scores as reported by themselves (r = .47, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: In a follow-up study using standardized assessment procedures, it was shown that children with EA have more learning, emotional, and behavioral problems than children in the general population. A high-risk group of children with major associated congenital anomalies who had been ventilated as a newborn, were at special risk for cognitive problems.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1978

Effects of induced hyperopia.

Hyperopia of 1.00, 1.50, and 2.00 D was induced in 42 subjects by means of concave lenses. A significant decrease in performance on a standard intelligence test occurred with the highest-power lenses. Symptoms induced indicate that the results are applicable to hyperopia. Prescriptions and vision screening criteria for hyperopia are indicated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Event-related potentials (ERPs) and intelligence in neonatally identified 47,XXY males.

The event-related potentials (ERPs) of 18 extra X males (mean age 18.1 years) were recorded during the course of phonemic and orthographic discrimination tasks. The N2 and P3 latencies and amplitudes of subjects were examined in relation to their verbal and nonverbal intelligence test scores based on assessments at three ages: prior to puberty, during puberty and at sexual maturity. The results indicated that verbal abilities at most test occasions were significantly related to P3 latencies. Nonverbal abilities were largely uncorrelated with ERPs. The findings suggest that the verbal deficits of extra X males are the result of unlateralized individual differences in neural cognitive processing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Intellectual and psychosocial status of remedial students.

The Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test and Measures of Psychosocial Development were given to assess 49 remedial and 33 average college students. Significant differences were found between the two groups on intellectual and developmental variables. The results are discussed and concerns for staff noted.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

An investigation of somatic anxiety and intelligence in children using the Kaufman-ABC and an Apple IIe program measuring heart rate.

Somatic anxiety during intelligence testing was examined for 43 children in Grades K through 5 by assessing each child's heart rate with an Apple IIe computer program during an administration of the Kaufman-ABC. Heart rate (a measure of somatic anxiety) decreased steadily during the course of the test administration, except for an increase when the one timed subtest (Triangles) was administered. Heart rate during each separate subtest did not correlate significantly with performance on any task. Implications of these preliminary findings are discussed.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1981

Declines in IQ scores and cognitive dysfunctions in children with acute lymphocytic leukaemia treated with cranial irradiation.

Intellectual and other neuropsychological dysfunctions have been observed in survivors of childhood acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL). The possible relationship of therapy to these dysfunctions was investigated in a prospective study of children with newly diagnosed ALL seen at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. They were evaluated with standardised intelligence tests during the first month of treatment and periodically thereafter. There were two therapy schedules--one using standard drugs for induction and maintenance, the other a more intensive schedule. Central-nervous-system prophylaxis (2400 rad cranial radiation and six doses of intrathecal methotrexate) was given to all. Significant reductions were found in overall IQ score for the majority of children, younger patients being most affected. More extensive testing of surviving children, with and without decline in IQ, all of whom were normal on the first test, revealed patterns of functional deficits and residual strengths that could not be characterised with IQ testing alone. These deficits, which could affect learning and academic performance, were not seen in six children studied years after receiving similar chemotherapy that included intrathecal and oral methotrexate but not cranial irradiation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Family and personal correlates of academic achievement.

Researchers and educators raise the question of whether pupils' academic performance can be improved through parental involvement in academic activities. The main objective of the following study is to verify whether parental involvement in school activities and family socioeconomic status are associated with children's academic achievement. 150 Spanish seventh grade pupils completed intelligence tests, and their teachers assessed parents' involvement in the school and estimated parents' cultural levels. To measure academic achievement the pupil's overall grade was taken from the Pupils' Final Evaluation Registers. The education and professional level of the mother and father and home size were obtained from the Pupil Personal Register; these variables define the family socioeconomic status. The data, analyzed through application of structural equations, suggest that academic achievement is directly influenced by the cultural level of the family and the child's intelligence but is indirectly influenced by parental involvement in school activities and the socioeconomic status of the child's family.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Mental retardation in a national population of young men in the Netherlands. II. Prevalence of mild mental retardation.

The prevalence of mild mental retardation in 19-year-old survivors of male births during 1944-1947 is derived from military records. The data are singular in that they are national, virtually complete for a total population of more than 400,000 men and include attributes not previously examined. They allow for the simultaneous use of three criteria: education (history of special schooling), psychometric (Raven intelligence test score), and clinical diagnosis (ICD (1948) 325.2, 325.3), which yielded rates per 1000 of 30,58 and 61, respectively. Rates by all three criteria varied in similar fashion with father's occupation and with religious affiliation. Rates by the psychometric and diagnostic criteria were higher for rural- and urban-born, while rates by the special schooling criterion were lower for rural-born. These variations are presumed to indicate deficiencies in rural provisions of special schooling on the one hand, and a substantive increment in "true" prevalence on the other. Marked variations in rates by province are not accounted for by social class and urban/rural birthplace. A rise in rates in the 1947 birth cohort on the psychometric and diagnostic criteria but not on the schooling criterion is attributable to a scoring change in the IQ criterion. Relative risks are estimated for the psychometric criterion of low Raven test score according to father's occupation, urban-rural origin, and religious affiliation. The overlap of identification among individuals designated by one, two, or three of the criteria is examined, and the issue of labeling is explored.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

What happens to children with retarded speech at 3? Longitudinal study of a sample of normal infants up to 20 years of age.

212 children recruited at random at birth have been followed annually in a prospective longitudinal study with somatic and psychological data, including verbal communicative ability, rated by a psychologist at 3 years of age. At the age 20 years 175 were still in the study. Intelligence tests at 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17, teacher's assessments in grades 3 and 6, educational level at 20 years of age and sociometric and behavioural assessments show that children with retarded speech at 3 constitute a risk group that requires special attention.

Achievement↗
PubMed1999

Long-term neuropsychological consequences of maternal epilepsy and anticonvulsant treatment during pregnancy for school-age children and adolescents.

PURPOSE: Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are potential teratogenic agents. The purpose of this study was to examine the long-term effects of intrauterine AED exposure on neurologic and psychological functioning. METHODS: Of a prospective study, "Epilepsy, pregnancy, and child development," children could be retraced at school age and adolescence. Sixty-seven were born to mothers with epilepsy [no drugs during pregnancy (n = 13), monotherapy (n = 31), polytherapy (n = 23)]; 49 were nonafflicted control children. Assessments included an intelligence test (Wechsler), a neurologic examination (Touwen), and an EEG. Data analyses were performed, controlling for parental social status, type of maternal drug therapy and drug dosage, type of epilepsy, frequency of seizures during pregnancy, the original subgroups, and specific drug effects. RESULTS: Type of maternal epilepsy and type and kind of AED therapy, but not maternal seizures during pregnancy correlated with an increase in abnormal EEG patterns. Minor neurologic dysfunction was diagnosed, with increased frequency from the control to the risk/no drug or monotherapy to the polytherapy group. The compromised intelligence score of the polytherapy group was primarily due to those children who had been exposed to primidone (PRM). Level of IQ was negatively associated with PRM dosage. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal epilepsy and AED therapy during pregnancy appear to have long-term effects on the offspring well into adolescence, as evinced in EEG patterns, minor neurologic dysfunction, and intellectual performance. Severity of effects increased from control group to epilepsy/no-drug group to monotherapy group and was most marked in the polytherapy group. These group differences are assumed to reflect differential neural vulnerability to social and family factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Trisomy 8 syndrome. A psychological and somatic study of a mentally non-retarded male with 46,XY/47,XY,+8 chromosome constitution.

A 27-year-old, non-retarded male with trisomy 8 mosaicism (46,XY/47,XY,+8) had a short head, a short broad-bridged nose, a protruding upper lip, pterygium colli, moderate kypho-scoliosis, camptodactyly of all fingers and deep furrowing on the soles. Radiographic examination of columna showed spina bifida of L1 and fusion of L5 and S1. These findings are characteristic for the trisomy 8 syndrome. A psychological study showed a personality characterized by immaturity and lack of spontaneity and self-confidence. An intelligence test (WAIS) placed him within the normal range, but presented an uneven development of the cognitive functions with special difficulties in synthetic abilities and visual scanning. His auditive span was rather low, and his memory functions were somewhat below average.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed2001

[The impact of malnutrition on brain development, intelligence and school work performance].

The findings from several authors confirm that undernutrition at an early age affects brain growth and intellectual quotient. Most part of students with the lowest scholastic achievement scores present suboptimal head circumference (anthropometric indicator of past nutrition and brain development) and brain size. On the other hand, intellectual quotient measured through intelligence tests (Weschler-R, or the Raven Progressives Matrices Test) has been described positively and significantly correlated with brain size measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); in this respect, intellectual ability has been recognized as one of the best predictors of scholastic achievement. Considering that education is the change lever for the improvement of the quality of life and that the absolute numbers of undernourished children have been increasing in the world, is of major relevance to analyse the long-term effects of undernutrition at an early age. The investigations related to the interrelationships between nutritional status, brain development, intelligence and scholastic achievement are of greatest importance, since nutritional problems affect the lowest socioeconomic stratum with negative consequences manifested in school-age, in higher levels of school dropout, learning problems and a low percentage of students enrolling into higher education. This limits the development of people by which a clear economic benefit to increase adult productivity for government policies might be successful preventing childhood malnutrition.

Brain↗
PubMed2001

Term infants with fetal growth restriction are not at increased risk for low intelligence scores at age 17 years.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the long-term cognitive outcome of small for gestational age (SGA) compared with appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants. DESIGN: Data from the Jerusalem Perinatal Study was matched with information from the army draft medical board. SGA and severe SGA were defined as birth weight below the 10th and 3rd percentiles for gestational age, respectively. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to control for clinical, perinatal, and socio-demographic confounding variables. SUBJECTS: A cohort of 13,454 consecutive singleton term infants born between 1974 and 1976. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: IQ at age 17 years. RESULTS: SGA infants had lower adjusted mean +/- SE IQ scores compared with their AGA peers: 102.2 +/- 0.9 versus 105.1 +/- 0.7 (P <.0001) for males and 102.5 +/- 0.9 versus 103.9 +/- 0.7 (P <.015) for females. SGA was not associated with lower academic achievements compared with AGA. CONCLUSION: After controlling for multiple confounders, being born SGA at term is associated with slightly lower intelligence test scores at age 17 years. However, the clinical significance of the small difference is not evident in academic achievements.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A dose-response relationship between maternal smoking during late pregnancy and adult intelligence in male offspring.

An association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and cognitive and behavioural development has been observed in several studies, but potential effects of maternal smoking on offspring adult intelligence have not been investigated. The objective of the present study was to investigate a potential association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring intelligence in young adulthood. Adult intelligence was assessed at the mean age of 18.7 years by a military draft board intelligence test (Borge Priens Prove) for 3044 singleton males from the Copenhagen Perinatal Cohort with information regarding maternal smoking during the third trimester coded into five categories (about 50% of the mothers were smokers). The following potential confounders were included as covariates in multivariable analyses: parental social status and education, single mother status, mother's height and age, number of pregnancies, and gestational age. In separate analyses, birthweight and length were also included as covariates. Maternal cigarette smoking during the third trimester, adjusted for the seven covariates, showed a negative association with offspring adult intelligence (P=0.0001). The mean difference between the no-smoking and the heaviest smoking category amounted to 0.41 standard deviation, corresponding to an IQ difference of 6.2 points [95% confidence interval 0.14, 0.68]. The association remained significant when further adjusted for birthweight and length (P=0.007). Both unadjusted and adjusted means suggested a dose-response relationship between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring adult intelligence. When subjects with missing data were excluded, essentially the same results were obtained in the reduced sample (n=1829). These results suggest that smoking during pregnancy may have long-term negative consequences on offspring adult intelligence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Cognitive style of Eastern European Jewish males.

A distinctive cognitive style showing high verbal--low spatial analysis ability emerged on intelligence test performances of Jewish male subjects of Eastern European extraction. This style is somewhat different from that of the normative population. It is hypothesized that genetic factors making for differential development of the cerebral hemispheres in these subjects interact with subcultural emphasis on verbal skills to produce the evidenced differences.

Cognition↗
PubMed1996

WISC-III and KAIT results in adolescent delinquent males.

The WISC-III and Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT) were administered to 30 delinquents in a county youth center as part of their routine psychological assessment. The P > V discrepancy found in earlier studies of delinquent WISC-R IQs was not found with the WISC-III. However, the Fluid IQs on the Kaufmans' test averaged 11 IQ-points higher than the WISC-III IQs. There was a mean difference of 8.66 points between the KAIT Composite IQ and the WISC-III FSIQ, in favor of the former. These findings suggest KAIT IQs that are significantly higher than WISC-III scores (p < .001). The implications are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Diet termination in children with phenylketonuria: a review of psychological assessments used to determine outcome.

This paper reviews the 19 published studies that have utilized psychological assessments in determining the outcome of children with phenylketonuria who have discontinued a phenylalanine-restricted diet. About half the studies showed that, after diet termination, the intellectual performance of children decreased, while the other studies indicated that the intellectual performance of the children did not change. Difficulties in the use of intelligence tests to answer questions about diet termination are outlined. Due to the methodological difficulties and the varying results reported, the issue concerning the safety of diet discontinuation remains unresolved. The conclusion is that the task now is to differentiate those children who should remain on the diet from those who may safely terminate.

Child, Preschool↗