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PubMed2002

Profile--Richard A. Mathies. Interview by Suzanne Berry.

Richard A. Mathies (Fig. 1) is a professor of chemistry at the University of California (UC) at Berkeley. His early work at UC was on the use of resonance Raman and time-resolved optical spectroscopy to elucidate the structure and reaction dynamics of energy and information-transducing photoactive proteins called rhodopsins. His work on the Human Genome Project led to the development of high-throughput platform technologies including capillary array electrophoresis and energy transfer fluorescent dye labels for DNA sequencing and analysis. He has also pioneered the development of microfabricated capillary electrophoresis devices, capillary array electrophoresis microplates and microfabriated integrated sample preparation and detection methods. He is the co-founder of the Center for Analytical Biotechnology at UC Berkeley. Mathies was interviewed at the BIOMEMS and Biomedical Nanotechnology conference in Columbus, Ohio, 21-25 September 2001, where he gave a talk about capillary array electrophoresis-based microprocessors. Such devices could be used as point-of-care clinical and genetic analyzers, in integrated microfluidic sequencing chips and in DNA-based computing.

Awards and Prizes↗
PubMed1997

Ownership of genetic material and information.

As a result of the International Human Genome Project genetic information is rapidly multiplying. To avoid some of the problems regarding the availability and use of genetic information, it is sometimes suggested to apply the concept of ownership. This article focuses on the clarification of the status of genetic material and genetic information, obtained as a result of screening and counseling of individual patients. First, some philosophical theories of ownership are examined for a justification of the use of the concept of ownership with regard to the human body. Next, arguments with regard to ownership of the human body are examined. The results of this analysis are applied to genetic material and genetic information.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed1998

The commercialization of human genetics: profits and problems.

Private-sector funding is becoming increasingly important to genetic scientists and clinicians, and the number of academic-industry collaborations is growing rapidly. Furthermore, genetics has become an important tool for the healthcare industry, as the genomes of humans and other organisms are mined for new diagnostic tests and drug leads. Potentially, this is a win-win situation: academic research gets a funding boost; industry benefits from academic research; and humankind benefits from the products of these liaisons. But these benefits do not come without cost. This article explores these costs and examines whether the commercialization of academic research is compromising academic freedom, progress in clinical research, and our attitudes to normal good health.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2002

Guideline and quality indicators for development, purchase and use of controlled health vocabularies.

Developers and purchasers of controlled health terminologies require valid mechanisms for comparing terminological systems. By Controlled Health Vocabularies, we refer to terminologies and terminological systems designed to represent clinical data at a granularity consistent with the practice of today's healthcare delivery. Comprehensive criterion for the evaluation of such systems historically have been lacking and the known criteria are inconsistently applied. Although there are many papers which describe specific desirable features of a controlled health vocabulary, to date there is not a consistent guide for evaluators of terminologies to reference, which will help them compare implementations of terminological systems on an equal footing [Methods Inf. Med. 37 (1998) 394, J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc. 5 (1998) 503]. This guideline serves to fill the gap between academic enumeration of desirable terminological characteristics and the practical implementation or rigorous evaluations which will yield comparable data regarding the quality of one or more controlled health vocabularies.

Guidelines as Topic↗
PubMed2004

Information technology law and health systems in the European Union.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to examine the impact of European Union (EU) law relating to information technology (IT) on health systems. METHODS: The study identifies EU directives relating to IT, analyzes them in terms of their impact on the use of IT in health systems, and outlines their implications for health technology assessment (HTA). Analysis is based on a review of literature identified through relevant databases and Internet searches. RESULTS: Developments in IT have serious implications for EU health systems, presenting policy makers with new challenges. The European Commission has adopted a range of legal measures to protect consumers in the "information society" However, as few of them are health-specific, it is not evident that they have implications for health, health systems, or HTA, and they may not be effective in protecting consumers in the health sector. CONCLUSIONS: In light of the growing importance of IT in the health sector, legal and nonlegal measures need to be further developed at EU and international level. Where possible, future initiatives should pay attention to the particular characteristics of health goods and services and health systems. Although definitions of HTA usually recognize the importance of evaluating both the indirect, unintended consequences of health technologies and the legal aspects of their application, it seems that, in practice, HTA often overlooks or underestimates legislative matters. Those involved in HTA should be aware of the legal implications of using IT to provide health goods and services and compile, store, transfer, and disseminate health information electronically.

Commerce↗
PubMed2002

Lex genetica: the law and ethics of programming biological code.

Recent advances in genetic engineering now allow the design of programmable biological artifacts. Such programming may include usage constraints that will alter the balance of ownership and control for biotechnology products. Similar changes have been analyzed in the context of digital content management systems, and while this previous work is useful in analyzing issues related to biological programming, the latter technology presents new conceptual problems that require more comprehensive evaluation of the interplay between law and technologically embedded values. In particular, the ability to embed contractual terms in technological artifacts now requires a re-examination of disclosure and consent in transactions involving such artifacts.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed2004

How the role of computing is driving new genetics' public policy.

In this paper we will examine some ethical aspects of the role that computers and computing increasingly play in new genetics. Our claim is that there is no new genetics without computer science. Computer science is important for the new genetics on two levels: (1) from a theoretical perspective, and (2) from the point of view of geneticists practice. With respect to (1), the new genetics is fully impregnate with concepts that are basic for computer science. Regarding (2), recent developments in the Human Genome Project (HGP) have shown that computers shape the practices of molecular genetics; an important example is the Shotgun Method's contribution to accelerating the mapping of the human genome. A new challenge to the HGP is provided by the Open Source Philosophy (I computer science), which is another way computer technologies now influence the shaping of public policy debates involving genomics.

Access to Information↗