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PubMed2003

A flicker paradigm for inducing change blindness reveals alcohol and cannabis information processing biases in social users.

AIM: To apply a new paradigm using transient changes to visual scenes to explore information processing biases relating to "social" levels of alcohol and cannabis use. PARTICIPANTS: Male and female student volunteers (n = 200) not self-reporting substance-related problems. SETTING: Quiet testing areas throughout the university campus. DESIGN: A flicker paradigm, for inducing change blindness with lighter and heavier social users of alcohol (experiment 1, n= 100) and social users and non-users of cannabis (experiment 2, n= 100), explored the associations between habitual level of use and the latency to detection of a single substance-related or neutral change made to a scene of grouped substance-related and neutral objects. MEASUREMENTS: Alcohol use was measured as the number of units of the heaviest drinking day from the previous week; cannabis use as the number of months of use in previous 12. Change-detection latency comparisons were used to evaluate processing biases. FINDINGS: In both experiments, (i) heavier social users detected substance-related changes quicker than lighter and non-users; (ii) lighter and non-users detected substance-neutral changes quicker than heavier users; (iii) heavier social users detected substance-related quicker than substance-neutral changes; and (iv) lighter and non-users detected substance-neutral changes quicker than substance-related changes. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol and cannabis processing biases are found at levels of social use, have the potential to influence future consumption and for this reason merit further research.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Enhanced quantum state detection efficiency through quantum information processing.

We investigate theoretically and experimentally how quantum state-detection efficiency is improved by the use of quantum information processing (QIP). Experimentally, we encode the state of one 9Be(+) ion qubit with one additional ancilla qubit. By measuring both qubits, we reduce the state-detection error in the presence of noise. The deviation from the theoretically allowed reduction is due to infidelities of the QIP operations. Applying this general scheme to more ancilla qubits suggests that error in the individual qubit measurements need not be a limit to scalable quantum computation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Emotions in social information processing and their relations with reactive and proactive aggression in referred aggressive boys.

We studied emotional aspects of social information processing (SIP) and their specific relations with reactive and proactive aggression in 54 boys ages 7 to 13 who had been referred for aggressive behavior problems and a comparison group. Participants listened to vignettes concerning provocations by peers and answered questions concerning SIP, own and peer's emotions, and emotion regulation. Aggressive boys attributed more hostile intent, happiness, and less guilt; reported more anger; mentioned less adaptive emotion-regulation strategies; generated more aggressive responses; and evaluated aggressive responses less negatively than comparison boys. Hypothesized specific relations with reactive and proactive aggression were found, except for emotion regulation that was negatively related with both kinds of aggression. Potentially confounding effects of socially desirable answering, verbal intelligence, and recall of vignettes were controlled for.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Resource-limited information processing in alcoholism.

A concurrent-task paradigm was utilized to examine the availability of limited-capacity information-processing resources in long-term chronic alcoholism. Normal control subjects and detoxified long-term alcoholics did not differ in their performance of a primary task that required an assessment of the meaning of foveally-presented words. However, reaction time measures indicated that the abstinent alcoholics were relatively impaired in their ability to concurrently perform a secondary task that required them to detect randomly-occurring and spatially-distributed visual probe stimuli. This impairment is interpreted as reflecting an abnormal limitation in the attentional resources abstinent alcoholics have available for task performance. The relationship between this deficit and the types of biological abnormalities and neuropsychological impairments commonly observed in alcoholism is discussed.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1989

[Event-related potentials and cognitive information processing: issues on the studies of selective attention].

Following considerations for some general issues of ERP research on human information processing, recent advances in this field are elaborated by reviewing the literature on selective attention. Sections in this review deal with following subjects: (1) two landmark contributions of Hillyard, Hink, Schwent, & Picton (1973) and Näätänen, Gaillard, & Mäntysalo (1978); (2) the endogenous, attention-related negativity ("Nd" wave), which is considered to consist of three possible components, a modalityspecific Nd, a centrally-maximal, controlled-search negativity, and a frontally-focused Nd; (3) the spatial attention effects on the exogenous components in visual and somatosensory modalities; and (4) the organizations of stimulus selection processes indicated by the latency and interrelations between those ERP components.

Attention↗
PubMed1981

[Modes of information processing underlying hemispheric functional differences (author's transl)].

Functional hemispheric differences were investigated from the point of modes of information processing. The subject's task was to judge a set of stimulus letters same (all are identical) or different (one item differs from the rest). The set was consisted of letters of alphabet or Japanese character (Kana and Kanji), which number varied from two to five. The reaction time was recorded and plotted as a function of the number of letters in the set. When the task was name or upright matching of alphabet or Kana, RT was increased linearly for both hemispheres, suggesting serial processing. On the other hand, in the case of inverted matching of all stimuli and upright matching of Kanji, RT showed no increase as in parallel processing.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Experimental evaluation of an interactive information processing aid for an emergency poison center.

In the recent literature, many studies have addressed the evaluation of the user interface in interactive systems. However, there are few theoretically based methodologies for this purpose. This study is an attempt to develop a methodology for examining the complex division of information processing labor between user and computer. A special concern was the computer-naive user searching for information using a self-teaching system. Our test bed was an emergency poison information center whose functioning depended on fast, accurate processing of patient and antidote data by a nurse. We augmented the nurses' traditional information support--a manual card file and reference books--with an interactive software system which summarized and suggested inferences from data on past successful treatment of patients. Analysis of recordings of user comments and user-system interactions showed that: (1) the support system should be more robust and have more "reasoning" power; and (2) the users' expressed information needs changed after the new support was introduced. From the results, we abstracted elements of an effective naive user-support system division of labor: (1) the support system should "actively" help the user's error recovery; (2) the system should have a sufficient knowledge base to allow "intelligent" conversation about the problem domain; and (3) the support system should allow the user to reconceptualize his information problem as his environment changes. Our method of recording user-system interactions and verbal protocols was time consuming, but did yield significant insight into the user-system division of labor. Also, considering the poison center as a living system, analysis of processing by the nurse and the traditional, the new, or an envisioned information support system showed that a highly dispersed associator and effective internal transducer promoted the functioning of the entire group.

Information Systems↗
PubMed2001

Selective communication and information processing by excitable systems.

The phenomena of selective response of an excitable system to external pulse stimulation relating to interneuron communication and information processing problems are discussed. Subthreshold dynamics of the FitzHugh-Nagumo-like excitable system modeling of a neuron with the synaptic input is investigated. It is shown that the system response on various incoming information messages can be described by one- and two-dimensional linear and nonlinear point maps. Nonlinear integrating and resonant properties of the system are analyzed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

The role of the attention focus in the visual information processing underlying saccadic adaptation.

Three experiments were performed to determine how an error signal for driving saccadic adaptation is derived from visual information processing. The first experiment demonstrated that an intrasaccadic displacement of a visual background does not influence saccadic adaptation when a small foveal target is used. The second experiment showed that when a different type of target, a 4.8 deg annulus, is used an intrasaccadic background shift influences the adaptive process. The third experiment showed that the size of the saccade target determines the size of the attention focus around the time of a saccade. These findings suggest that the attention focus selects the visual information used for a trans-saccadic comparison in order to generate the error signal.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1981

On information process in living matter. Time and the 4th dimension. (exposé of a hypothesis).

The hypothesis concerns the nature of the biological information signal. It is envisaged as a unit existing in two different states -- dipole and monopole according to its location in the three-dimensional space, respectively in the 4th dimension. The reversible transformation dipole-monopole which marks the crucial phase of the information process in living organisms outlines a two-way functioning tunnel in the space. According to the hypothesis this two-way tunnel in the space fixes the fundamental difference between living and non-living matter.

Energy Transfer↗
PubMed2000

Computer simulation of cerebellar information processing.

Although many functions have been ascribed to the cerebellum, the uniformity of its synaptic organization suggests that a single, characteristic computation may be common to all. Computer simulations are useful in examining this cerebellar computation, as they inherently address function at the level of information processing. Progress is facilitated by factors that make the cerebellum particularly amenable to such analysis. We review progress from two contrasting approaches. Top-down simulations begin with hypotheses about computational mechanisms and then ask how such mechanisms might operate within the cerebellum. Bottom-up simulations attempt to build a representation of the cerebellum that reflects known cellular and synaptic components as accurately as possible. We describe recent advances from these two approaches that are leading to an understanding of what information the cerebellum processes and how its neurons and synapses accomplish this task.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1990

Effect of conflicting cues on information processing: the 'Stroop effect' vs. the 'Simon effect'.

This study examined the relationship between two sources of interference in human information processing: the Stroop effect and the Simon effect. Forty subjects pressed a left- or right-hand key in response to a Stroop color word located on the left or right side of a screen. For one group, ink color was the relevant cue and, for another group, word meaning was the relevant cue. Independent variables were: congruence, i.e., agreement or lack thereof between the ink color and meaning of the Stroop word; spatial correspondence, i.e., agreement or lack thereof between the location of the Stroop word and the location of the key used to make the response; and stimulus duration, i.e., 400 or 100 ms. Each of these variables had a significant effect on RT, and there were no significant interactions. According to Sternberg's additive-factor logic, these findings suggest that the Stroop effect (congruence) and the Simon effect (spatial correspondence) involve separate stages of processing. If one assumes that manipulation of stimulus duration effects the encoding stage, then results also suggest that neither the Stroop effect nor the Simon effect involves the stimulus encoding stage.

Attention↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nurses information-processing patterns: impact on change and innovation.

This descriptive study, based on the Organizational Engineering conceptual framework, investigates the information-processing styles of nursing staff (RNs, LPNs, nursing assistants, and unit secretaries) that impact how they accept and deal with change and innovation. The study sample was made up of 578 nursing staff and nurse managers. The major finding is that both nursing staff overall and RNs as a separate group are clustered in the "Conservator" (Logical Process--Hypothetical Analyzer) quadrant of the Organizational Engineering Model. In contrast, the nurse managers were significantly more likely to be in the "Changer" (Reactive Stimulator--Relational Innovator) quadrant.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2002

Information processing deficits in acutely psychotic schizophrenia patients medicated and unmedicated at the time of admission.

OBJECTIVE: In patients with schizophrenia, information processing deficits, such as those reported in studies that measured prepulse inhibition of the human startle response and habituation of startle magnitude, may be improved with atypical antipsychotic treatment. However, it remains unclear whether antipsychotic medication is directly responsible for the improvement or whether differences in prepulse inhibition reflect other factors, such as acuity status. The present study investigated the effects of antipsychotics on prepulse inhibition and startle habituation in acutely hospitalized patients with schizophrenia. METHOD: Forty-one acutely psychotic schizophrenia patients (21 who were unmedicated at the time of admission and 20 who had been receiving antipsychotic treatment) were tested within 72 hours of hospital admission. Thirteen healthy subjects were also studied for comparative purposes. Primary dependent measures were startle responsivity, reactivity, prepulse inhibition, and startle habituation. RESULTS: Schizophrenia patients, whether medicated or unmedicated at admission, showed prepulse inhibition deficits compared with healthy subjects and did not statistically differ from each other in startle magnitude, prepulse inhibition, or habituation. There was a higher number of startle "nonresponders" among those who had been receiving medication versus those unmedicated at the time of admission. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings suggest that antipsychotic effects on prepulse inhibition may not be evident at a time when schizophrenia patients are acutely symptomatic. These results suggest that the neurobiological substrate underlying prepulse inhibition deficits may be dysregulated during acute psychotic states while the patients are in early phases of medication treatment.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2000

Paced Visual Serial Addition Test: an alternative measure of information processing speed.

The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT; Gronwall, 1977; Gronwall & Sampson, 1974) is a measure of attention and information processing speed sensitive to mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI), but it is aversive and inappropriate for many other neurologically impaired patients. This study examines a simpler, less aversive visual analog of the PASAT (the Paced Visual Serial Addition Test; PVSAT) in a sample of 74 college students (26 with a history of TBI). Results indicated that the PVSAT is moderately correlated with and less difficult than the PASAT. Both tests had identical relations to other measures of attention. Neither the PVSAT, PASAT, nor the other attentional measures differentiated participants with MTBI from normal controls in a college population. This preliminary study thus demonstrates the comparability of the two tests and presents the PVSAT as a viable alternative to the PASAT. Directions for future research and applications of these findings are discussed.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2003

The information-processing paradigm: a valuable framework for clinical child and adolescent psychology.

Provides an introduction to the special section on information-processing (I-P) factors in child and adolescent psychopathology. First, we describe the I-P paradigm and summarize its central tenets, presenting examples of past research that illustrate the heuristic value of the paradigm. Next, we discuss the potential benefits of the I-P paradigm for the field of clinical child and adolescent psychology. Finally, we present an overview of the articles in the special section.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Event-related potentials reflecting sequential information processing during a mental arithmetic task.

The sequence of brain activities was identified with respect to the behavioral output indicated by the reaction time. The early portion of ERPs suggests two automatic processes irrespective of the adding task; one is identification of physical attributes of digits and patterns and the other is recognition of the numeric meaning specific to digits. The elicitation of the subsequent positive slow potential depends on the adding task, suggesting mental processes associated with calculation and memorizing the result of the sum. These stages of information processing concatenate sequentially during the time course of performing the adding task.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Short-term functional plasticity of cortical and thalamic sensory representations and its implication for information processing.

We studied phenomena, constraints, rules, and implications of cortical plastic reorganization produced by input coactivation patterns in primary somatosensory cortex of adult rats. Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) and an associative pairing of tactile stimulation (PPTS) induced plastic changes within minutes to hours that were fully reversible. Reorganization of receptive fields and topographic maps was studied with electrophysiologic recordings, mapping techniques, and optical imaging of intrinsic signals. Utilizing the specific advantages of local application of ICMS, we investigated lamina-specific properties of cortical representational plasticity, revealing a prominent role of the input layer IV during plastic reorganization. To study subcortical plasticity, we compared ICMS and intrathalamic microstimulation (ITMS), revealing robust thalamic reorganizations that were, however, much smaller than cortical changes. Using PPTS, we found significant reorganizational processes at the cortical level, including receptive fields, overlap, and cortical representational maps. The protocol was similarly effective at the perceptual level by enhancing the spatial discrimination performance in humans, suggesting that these particular fast plastic processes have perceptual consequences. The implications were discussed with respect to parallel changes of information processing strategies. We addressed the question of the possible role of RF size and size of cortical area, inhibitory mechanisms, and Hebbian and non-Hebbian learning rules. The short time scale of the effects and the aspect of reversibility support the hypothesis of fast modulations of synaptic efficiency without necessarily involving anatomic changes. Such systems of predominantly dynamically maintained cortical and adaptive processing networks may represent the neural basis for life-long adaptational sensory and perceptual capacities and for compensational reorganizations following injuries.

Animals↗