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PubMed1998

A statistical profile of physical therapists, 1980 and 1990.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To plan for future needs, human resource analysts require demographic data. In this research, US census data were used to develop a profile of physical therapists. SUBJECTS: Data were extracted from the Public Use Microdata Samples of the US censuses of population from 1980 and 1990. Samples of 3,112 physical therapists from 1990 and 1,530 therapists from 1980 were obtained. METHODS: A profile was generated by use of descriptive statistics to examine geographic distribution, social characteristics, employment characteristics, and income. Linear regression was used to determine factors that influence income. RESULTS: During the 1980s, physical therapy demonstrated remarkable growth, with trends in physical therapist location, gender, age, and place of employment. Even as the profession aged, it stayed an occupation composed predominantly of women, but one less concentrated in hospitals. Geographically, physical therapists remained clustered in the Northeast and along the Pacific Coast. Income generated by physical therapists was predicted by social and geographic characteristics. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: This study presents a new data source to examine physical therapist characteristics. It provides information necessary for health care planners and analysts to better understand the nature of the profession and those who practice.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Patterns of ambulatory health care in five different delivery systems.

Few empirical investigations permit systematic comparison of the impact of widely-varying delivery systems within a single population sample. This study provides such a comparison, describing patterns of ambulatory care among patients using five different systems in Washington, D.C. as a regular source of health care: solo practice, fee-for-service group practice, prepaid group practice, public clinics, and hospital outpatient departments or emergency rooms. Comparisons are adjusted statistically to account for major patient group variations, and the results reveal substantial differences among the five systems. Sources used primarily by the poor--hospital outpatient departments, emergency rooms, and public clinics--contained important structural and financial barriers, and had the lowest rates of patient-initiated use. The prepaid system, in contrast, maximized patient's access to both preventive care and symptomatic care, and did not seem to inhibit physician-controlled follow-up care. The results suggest some perverse effects of fee-for-service payment: patients, especially poor patients, appeared to be deterred from seeking preventive and symptomatic care, while physicians were encouraged to expand follow-up services. Moreover, services in fee-for-service systems were distributed less equitably relative to both income and medical need than in the prepaid system. These findings have direct implications for policy decisions concerning organizational and financial arrangements for the delivery of ambulatory care.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The financial burden of medical care expenses for children.

Data from the 1980 National Medical Care Utilization and Expenditure Survey are used to assess whether financial burdens incurred in obtaining medical services for children are distributed equitably among families with different incomes. When measured in absolute terms, out-of-pocket charges appear to increase in a progressive fashion with family income. However, when out-of-pocket charges are measured relative to ability to pay, a regressive pattern is demonstrated. Within the poverty population, children with continuous Medicaid coverage have much lower out-of-pocket costs than other children. Extension of Medicaid coverage to additional children below poverty is suggested as one approach toward reducing current inequities.

Child↗
PubMed1986

The shifting social and economic tides of black America, 1950-1980.

"This article examines significant demographic trends that illustrate the advances of many black Americans from 1954 to 1984. We also examine trends which indicate deterioration in the socioeconomic circumstances and life chances of a significant portion of the black population. The two competing trends in the status of black Americans (at one extreme an emerging black elite, at the other a growing black underclass) have been central in provocative debates about economics and race over the past decade. This article locates the debate in historical context, summarizing the work of early theorists on this issue." The authors use U.S. census data "to document changes from 1950-1980 in occupational distribution, labor force participation, educational attainment, income and earnings, fertility and mortality rates, and family organizational patterns for blacks and whites. Using the political economy perspective, we argue that race and economic status are inexorably linked in this society. Shifts in the society's economic base coupled with historical (and contemporary) patterns of racial oppression explain the disproportionate concentration of blacks in the underclass."

Black or African American↗
PubMed1997

The socioeconomic profile of patients treated by phlebotropic drugs in Germany.

Conservative treatment of venous disease is difficult. There is much skepticism concerning the efficacy of drugs in venous diseases. Nevertheless, in Germany, these drugs have obtained a substantial market share with a tendency to increase. The objective of this empirical study is to evaluate the socioeconomic characteristics of consumers of venous medications and to explore the demand elasticity with respect to health insurance coverage. In a first set of inquiries 12,500 households were asked from July to September 1993 if they had purchased prescribed venous medication during the past 12 months. About 10,000 households with 19,750 persons aged fifteen years and older responded; 2,080 (11%) of those persons had consumed prescribed medications against venous disease over the past twelve months. In the second part of the study a detailed questionnaire was sent to the 2,080 purchasers and to 3,000 randomly selected nonpurchasers; 1,930 (92.8%) purchasers and 2,291 (76.4%) nonpurchasers returned their questionnaire. The key findings can be summarized as follows: The percentage of women is much higher in the group of purchasers (80%) than in the group of nonpurchasers. Most of the purchasers are over fifty years old. Only one quarter of the purchasers are under fifty. One third of the purchasers are retired, and only 29% are working. In the group of nonpurchasers 56% are working and only 17% are retired. A comparison of the distribution of purchasers and nonpurchasers over income classes and education levels shows that higher income and higher education are less prevalent in the group of consumers of venous medications. Varicose veins (58%) and various leg complications (30%) and pain in the legs (30%) play a dominant role for applying venous medications. The analysis shows that pregnancy and chronic diseases are risk factors for venous disease and are more prevalent in the purchasers group. We did not, however, discover a significant difference in the share of smokers, and it is quite low in the group of purchasers (14%). Only 45% of the purchasers feel that their venous disease has a negative influence on their spare-time activities, their family life, or their work. Purchasers consult a physician on the average 3.7 times a year; 40% of the managers, merchants, and self-employed craftsmen have no physician consultation at all. Owing to the pain and trouble of some complications of venous disease, only a relatively low percentage of purchasers would react to a reduction of health insurance coverage of venous medications; 5% would stop buying these drugs and 22% would reduce consumption if they would have to pay the cost out-of-pocket.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Not yet equal: employment experience of older women and older men.

Women age forty-five and over are an important component of all working women and of the older labor force. They make up almost 30 percent of the female civilian labor force. Of the older labor force, 40 percent are women. Yet contrary to societal values about equality in the market place, employment-related experience of older women is not only different from that of men but frequently disadvantaged. This article examines the growing importance of the issue of market equality of older working women. It then considers six ways in which their employment-related experience differs from that of men: labor force participation rates; occupational distribution; earnings; unemployment; poverty; and retirement income. The article concludes with suggested policy directions that would improve the status of older women. Some of these would assist, as well, employment needs of older men.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

Dieting behavior and eating attitudes in children.

Many studies document the high prevalence of dieting and abnormal eating behaviors in adolescents and young adults. The age of onset of eating disorders remains unclear because there are no published surveys of voluntary dieting and eating attitudes in young children. A total of 318 girls and boys were surveyed from two randomly chosen schools in middle-income neighborhoods. The children were equally distributed among grades 3 through 6. The survey included a children's version of the Eating Attitudes Test and a demographic and dieting questionnaire. Results showed that 45% of the children wanted to be thinner, 37% had already tried to lose weight, and 6.9% scored in the anorexia nervosa range, closely matching the published results concerning teenagers and young adult women. Several questions were isolated by univariate and multiple regression analyses that accurately (P less than .05) predicted children's Eating Attitude Test scores. The fact that young children admit having diet preoccupation and atypical eating attitudes is shown in this study. It may be possible to improve early case identification of children at risk for anorexia nervosa and perhaps improve intervention strategies by focusing on the early development of dieting behavior in young children.

Attitude↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dental hygiene self-regulation: an educational perspective.

Dental hygiene's pursuit of self-regulation has been impeded from its beginning by conceptual discrepancies. It is often confused with independent practice and/or other scope of practice issues, all of which cloud the real impetus: true professional status. The authors suggest this confusion could be addressed by the educational system. Students in schools offering education to future professionals must have an opportunity to gain insight into the political environment of their respective fields in addition to acquiring the theory and skills designed to make them clinically proficient. Through increased awareness of issues related to governance, they will be able to make informed decisions about matters affecting their chosen profession. From the outset, the objective of this investigation was to unveil some of the common misconceptions about self-regulation held by students of dental hygiene and dentistry. Following a review of the literature, 11 of the most recurrent points of confusion were incorporated into a true/false survey. The survey addressed the following issues as they relate to dental hygiene self-regulation: ability to practice independent of dentists' supervision, ability to diagnose dental caries, scope of practice expansion, dissolution of the "dental team", compromised client safety and increased income-generating potential. The survey was distributed to dental hygiene and dentistry students across Canada. The results indicate a general lack of understanding of the concept of self-regulation among the Canadian dental hygiene and dentistry student population.

Canada↗
PubMed2004

Product angular distributions in dissociative recombination.

The dependence of the dissociative recombination cross section upon the angle between the incoming electron beam and the ion internuclear axis is determined for diatomic molecules. Product angular distributions are derived for the component partial waves of the Coulomb wave function. In agreement with earlier results for dissociative attachment, it is shown that in the slow rotation approximation, if electron capture is dominated by a single partial wave, the product angular distribution is given by the square of the absolute value of the partial wave spherical harmonic describing the incoming electron.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Gambling households in Canada.

This paper examines the distribution of gambling dollars in Nova Scotia, Saskatchewan and Canada and studies the impact of this spending on households. We focus first on how gambling expenditures are related to the level and source of household income as well as to other demographic characteristics such as age, education, household composition, geographical area, and sources of income. Next we analyze how gambling expenditures are distributed among those households that gamble. We show how expenditure patterns differ in the intensity of gambling as measured by the proportion of household income or total amount of dollars spent on gambling. Then we study the affects that gambling has on spending on household necessities, changes in net worth, retirement savings and household debt. Finally we determine whether gambling expenditures act as a substitute or a complement to other recreational spending on entertainment products and services. Throughout the paper we offer a comparative analysis of provincial and national data.

Behavior, Addictive↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The distributional effects of employer and individual health insurance mandates.

This paper assesses the impact of different kinds of employer and individual mandates on the cost to individuals, business, and government. We also examine the distribution of health care expenditures across individuals in different income groups, assuming that individuals ultimately bear the cost of employer payments through lower wages and the cost of government payments through tax contributions. A major conclusion is that net benefits to lower income individuals improve under all alternatives to the current system with relatively small increases in payments by individuals in any income group. Additionally, while employer mandates reduce individuals' direct payments, individual mandates can have lower costs to the government and better distributional outcomes. A 50% employer mandate also has many desirable features.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1993

Common beliefs about the rural elderly: what do national data tell us?

National data from various sources are presented to support or debunk 10 commonly held beliefs about the elderly living in rural America. Topics include: health, income, housing, social networks, population size and distribution, and access to care. Most comparisons are between nonmetropolitan and metropolitan data.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Geographic inequalities in the availability of government-subsidized rental housing for low-income older persons in Florida.

PURPOSE: This article investigates the extent to which government-subsidized affordable rental units available to low-income older persons are unequally and unfairly distributed throughout Florida's counties. DESIGN AND METHODS: Primary data sources from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and the U.S. Census were analyzed using two location inequality statistical measures: quintile analysis and the Dissimilarity Index. Three comparison standards measuring the county locations of the community-wide low-income elderly and nonelderly populations were used to judge whether these patterns are geographically unfair. RESULTS: Compared with the overall locations of Florida's low-income older population, elder-occupied government-subsidized rental housing units are concentrated in fewer counties. On the basis of several standards, these affordable housing units are judged to be unfairly located, resulting in most of the state's low-income elderly population living in counties that are underserved by these accommodations. IMPLICATIONS: The findings offer other states and local areas guideposts to assess and compare the extent of geographic inequality and unfairness in the availability of their affordable senior housing opportunities. Why these inequalities exist and their implications for older persons are researchable questions.

Demography↗
PubMed1991

Crack: new directions in drug research. Part 1. Differences between the marijuana economy and the cocaine/crack economy.

Crack use and trafficking in low-income, minority communities in New York City have pushed into prominence many aspects of drug use/misuse and distribution which had formerly received inadequate attention. For example, the generation and reinvestment of drug incomes are important determinants of how various drugs are experienced. While in retrospect marijuana trafficking appears to have been an almost benign affair, crack trafficking is fast-paced, ruthless, steeped in violence, and impoverishes everyone who becomes engaged in it. In this part the differences between rates, volumes, and methods of income generation related to the use and distribution of marijuana and cocaine are elaborated. The contrast raises a question: Do economies like drug distribution follow a particular rhythmic pattern (capital accumulation during the benign marijuana passage followed by capital depletion in the overheated crack era), and how is it related to the changing demands of the regional economy? Viewed from this perspective, drug distributors and users appear not so much as "deviant" or "alienated" or as a "reserve pool of labor," but rather as a type of labor force which does indispensable work for the whole society.

Cannabinoids↗