[Intestinal parasitosis in the 90s: new microorganisms in new patients].
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Animals↗
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Effects of difructose anhydride III on calcium absorption in small and large intestines of rats.
Difructose anhydride III (DFA III; di-D-fructo-furanose 1,2':2,3' dianhydride) was prepared from inulin with Arthrobacter sp. H65-7 inulin fructotransferase (depolymerizing (inulase II; EC 2.4.1.93). DFA III is not hydrolyzed by enzymes in the small intestine, but is metabolized by microorganisms in the large intestine. We investigated the effects of DFA III on calcium absorption in two experiments. In the in vivo experiment, we examined the effects of DFA III, fructooligosaccharides, and raffinose on calcium absorption in male Sprague-Dawley rats 5 weeks old at start of the experiment and given feed containing 3% of one of these oligosaccharides for two weeks. The apparent calcium absorption was significantly higher in rats fed any of these oligosaccharides than in control rats, and the increase with DFA III was the greatest. Absorption in both the small and large intestines was affected. In rats fed DFA III, the cecal wall thickened and soluble calcium and the amounts of some organic acids were higher than in the control groups. In an in vitro experiment with everted jejunal and ileal sacs of rats, calcium absorption was higher when DFA III was present in the mucosal fluid at all concentrations tested (up to 200 mM). In the jejunal sacs, the increase in calcium absorption depended on the DFA III concentration. In the ileal sacs, the absorption was maximum at 50 mM DFA III and did not increase further at higher concentrations. These results indicate that intact DFA III stimulates calcium absorption in the small intestine, and that cecal fermentation of DFA III may contribute to the increase in calcium absorption by the large intestine.
Administration, Oral↗
Bacterial translocation in experimental shock is dependent on the strains in the intestinal flora.
BACKGROUND: Enteric microorganisms are responsible for a significant proportion of post-surgical infections. Intestinal mucosal injury may permit translocation of bacteria and endotoxin. This study investigates translocation in peritonitis and ischemia/reperfusion by inoculating different bacterial species into the small intestine. METHODS: Twenty-five pigs were monitored hemodynamically and divided into three groups: controls (C), ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), and peritonitis (P). Intramucosal pH (pHi) was calculated tonometrically. A perfusion tube was positioned in the ileum for inoculation of the bacterial strains. In a first study period a non-pathogenic bacterium was used, whereas Escherichia coli strains with known ability to translocate were used in a second. Blood and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were obtained for bacterial culture and endotoxin analyses. RESULTS: Mesenteric arterial blood flow and pHi decreased in groups I/R and P. Endotoxin levels increased in these groups in period 1, whereas in period 2 an increase over time was only observed in group P. No bacterial translocation to blood or MLNs occurred in period 1. In period 2 bacteria translocated to MLNs in all animals, including controls. Translocation to central and/or mesenteric venous blood was found in all groups, but mainly in I/R and P. The incidence of mucosal injury was similar in the two periods. CONCLUSIONS: Since positive blood and MLN samples were only found in period 2, we conclude that translocation of bacteria seems to be more dependent on the presence of translocating strains in the intestinal bacterial flora than on the mucosal insult.
Analysis of Variance↗
Isolation and characterization of a mucin-degrading strain of Peptostreptococcus from rat intestinal tract.
A mucin-degrading microorganism was isolated from the intestinal tract by serial sectioning from the serosal side of the caecum wall from a conventional rat. The ability of degrading the intestinal water-soluble mucin was present both in vivo after monocontamination of germ-free rats and in vitro, when adding the microbe to Mucin medium. The morphology, Gram-positive cocci single or in short chains and the very weak biochemical activities allow us to place this strain in the species Peptostreptococcus micros.
Animals↗
Differential induction of major histocompatibility complex molecules on mouse intestine by bacterial colonization.
The aim of this study was to determine what factors induce major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the mouse small intestinal epithelium by using immunohistochemical methods. In germ-free mice, although MHC class I molecules such as H-2K and thymus leukemia antigen (TLa) were expressed on the small intestinal epithelium, class II molecules were absent. The introduction of microorganisms into germ-free mice induced characteristic MHC molecules on the small intestinal epithelial cells. The I-A molecule was induced on the villus tip and crypt epithelial cells 7 days after conventionalization, and the I-E molecule was induced on the mid villus and crypt epithelial cells 14 days after conventionalization. The staining intensity of the H-2K molecules was increased 4 days after conventionalization. In contrast, TLa did not change during conventionalization of germ-free mice. These results suggest that the expression of MHC molecules, except for the TLa, is greatly dependent on the presence of intestinal microorganisms.
Animals↗
[Ultrastructural changes in neutrophils and anaerobic microorganisms during their interactions in experimental acute intestinal obstruction].
The authors established that 12 h after development of acute obstructive ileus in inactive neutrophil granulocytes (NG), the anaerobic microorganisms were intact, or at the process of division; in the active NG, they were destroyed, or when forming "halo", might preserve and migrate in the matrix of NG. In interaction of NG with microorganisms, the numerous oval and roundish bacterial bodies with a diameter of 0.2-0.5 micron capable to penetrate into the non-phagocytic cells are formed. A function of the formations revealed is not studied.
Acute Disease↗
Bacteria, bile, and the small bowel.
Microbial populations of the small bowel and bile salt metabolism were studied in 15 patients with lesions of the stomach and small intestine. These types of microorganism could be correlated with the site and extent of stasis in the small bowel and the presence of a normally functioning stomach. The presence of obligate anaerobes (bacteroides) and free bile acids could be correlated with areas of stagnation. When these abnormalities were detected throughout the small bowel, steatorrhoea was also noted. However, bacteroides and free bile acids in localized regions of either proximal or distal small bowel were generally associated with normal faecal fat excretion. Vitamin B(12) malabsorption appeared to be related to the total number of bacteria colonizing the small bowel rather than to any specific type of microorganisms. The effect of antibiotics on intestinal function and bacteriology was studied in three patients. In one patient, the broad-spectrum antibiotic tetracycline was effective in eradicating an abnormal bacterial flora. In the other two, lincomycin, which is specifically effective in eradicating the anaerobic flora, restored intestinal function to normal.
Adult↗
[Biological properties of opportunistic microorganisms isolated from patients with acute intestinal diseases].
The comparative study of the incidence of the pathogenicity markers (DNAase, RNAase, phosphatase and hemolytic activity) in shigellae and salmonellae, acknowledged as the causative agents of intestinal infections, and in opportunistic bacteria isolated from the feces of patients with acute intestinal diseases and healthy persons has been made. The study has revealed that DNAase and RNAase activity occurs most frequently in Shigella flexneri, in salmonellae and in opportunistic enterobacteria isolated from the intestinal contents of patients with acute intestinal diseases. In this respect they essentially differ from the same species of opportunistic enterobacteria isolated from healthy persons.
Acute Disease↗
[Role of opportunistic microorganisms in the development of acute intestinal infections].
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Adolescent↗
[Opportunistic microorganisms: the causative agents of food toxicoinfections and acute intestinal diseases].
The analysis of sporadic morbidity due to acute intestinal infections and toxicoinfections caused by potentially pathogenic microorganisms is presented. The hypothesis stating that different pathogenic agents have different levels of pathogenic potential at a given stage of their evolution is proposed. Microorganisms with a low level of pathogenicity potential are characterized by the prevalence of the syndrome of toxicoinfection and by the rarity or absence of the syndrome of an acute intestinal disease. The prevalence of the latter is characteristic of potentially pathogenic microbes with a high level of pathogenicity potential making them similar to complete parasites.
Acute Disease↗
[Quantitative and species composition of conditionally-pathogenic microorganisms of the families Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae in healthy subjects and intestinal dysbacteriosis].
The spread and quantitative content of opportunistic microorganisms belonging to the families Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae in clinically healthy persons and in somatic patients with intestinal dysbacteriosis were studied. Opportunistic enterobacteria were shown to be widely spread in healthy persons (K. pneumoniae in 45%, Citrobacter in 44%, E. aerogenes in 17%, E. cloaceae in 11%). In clinically healthy persons most of these cultures (72.3%) were detected in an amount not exceeding 1 X 10(4) organisms per 1 g of feces, while in patients with intestinal dysbacteriosis opportunistic enterobacteria were detected in most cases (70.9%) in an amount of 1 X 10(5)--1 X 10(8) organisms per 1 g of feces. The results of this study suggest that the presence of the opportunistic enterobacteria K. pneumoniae, Citrobacter, E. aerogenes and E. cloaceae in an amount not exceeding 1 X 10(4) organisms per 1 g of feces is normal for healthy persons, while the increase of their presence in the intestine to 1 X 10(6)--1 X 10(8) is indicative of intestinal dysbacteriosis.
Abdomen↗
Effect of different complex carbon sources on growth and bacteriocin synthesis of Enterococcus faecium.
Different criteria are followed in order to select bacteria to be used in probiotic and symbiotic supplements. A new parameter to choose strains could be fermentation by intestinal bacteria of some complex carbohydrates because they are prebiotics and promote the development of beneficial microorganisms in the intestinal environment. An Enterococcus faecium strain, isolated from the crop of a free-range chicken, was assayed in order to determine the utilization of commercial sugars and/or crude carbohydrate samples from a sugar mill. The production of antimicrobial substances, under these conditions, was also considered. Ent. faecium CRL1385 grew well in the presence of complex carbohydrates and its ability to produce bacteriocin, active against poultry pathogens such as Ent. hirae, Salmonella pullorum and Listeria monocytogenes, was not significantly modified. These results are promising because the trend today is to employ eubiotic or symbiotic products and their use in the poultry industry could be a natural way to protect the flocks against potential pathogens.
Animals↗
Bacterial pollution indicators in the intestinal tract of various fish species living an Amir-Kolayeh lagoon.
In this study we have isolated fecal coliforms and streptococci from the water of the Amir-Kolayeh Lagoon and the intestine of 4 species of fishes captured. Since these bacteria do not constitute the normal flora of the intestinal tract of fish (VENKATARAMAN and SREENIVASAN 1953) so we may conclude that the presence of these microorganisms in the intestinal tract of these fishes is an indication of water pollution with fecal material of men and animals in the region.
Animals↗
Neuroimmunophysiology of the gastrointestinal mucosa: implications for inflammatory diseases.
In conclusion, studies of the neuroimmunophysiology of the intestinal mucosa of the past 5-8 years have demonstrated an important role for the immune system in modulating water and electrolyte transport as well as intestinal motility in the gut. Activation of mast cells and phagocytes leads to heightened Cl- and water secretion, as well as changes in intestinal motility which leads to diarrheal states. These diarrheal responses are self-protective; they rid the intestine of offending microorganisms and antigens. Our investigation of this response has uncovered a new immune accessory cell Cz, the intestinal myofibroblast. This cell seems to play an important role in amplifying the immune signal. This cell is probably also important for the secretion of growth factors onto the epithelium and also the secretion of collagen which results in fibrosis under diseased states. These intestinal myofibroblasts are prolific prostaglandin producers, an important finding because prostaglandin synthesis inhibition has been shown to decrease the development of neoplasia in the gut. Thus, these intestinal myofibroblasts may have other important roles in addition to just modulating water and electrolyte secretion or gut motility. Our laboratory is now engaged in studying these intestinal myofibroblasts in some detail hoping to better understand the biology of these interesting cells.
Animals↗
[The antibacterial properties of the intestinal microflora of healthy calves].
Antibacterial properties of bacteria of genera Escherichia, Enterococcus, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium isolated from different parts of gastro-intestinal tract of the healthy milk-fed and weanling calves were studied against test-bacteria, microorganisms of the Escherichia genus with and without pathogenic factors as well as the genera Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus, Salmonella, Staphylococcus representatives that had been isolated from healthy and sick calves. Certain tolerance was determined between the groups of bacteria under study and only some strains of lactobacteria and bifidobacteria showed selective antibacterial action on pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms, thus stabilizing intestinal microbiota in the gastro-enteric tract of calves.
Animals↗
[Acid oligosaccharides as the active principle of aqueous carrot extracts for prevention and therapy of gastrointestinal infections].
Adherence of microorganisms to the intestinal mucosa is an important and initial step in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal infections and mediated by carbohydrate structures on the cell surface. Adherence can be blocked by carbohydrate receptor analogues. Aqueous extracts from carrots (carrot soup) contain acidic oligosaccharides, which are able to block adherence of various enteropathogenic microorganisms to HEp-2 cells and human intestinal mucosa in vitro. Dependent on the grade of polymerisation the most potent blocking ability was seen for trigalacturonic acid. Clinical studies revealed, that aqueous carrot extracts are significantly superior to the basic glucose-electrolyt-solution for oral rehydration in acute gastrointestional infections of children.
Bacterial Adhesion↗
Zinc, copper, and metallothionein metabolism after jejunoileal bypass surgery or small bowel resection in rats.
Liver dysfunction is a frequent complication of jejunoileal bypass (JIB) surgery, a procedure commonly used until recently to treat morbid obesity. It has been suggested that liver failure in JIB patients is due to bacterial overgrowth and translocation from the bypassed intestine. Because invading microorganisms cause hepatic inflammation these experiments evaluated zinc, copper, and metallothionein (MT) in two experimental rat models of intestinal surgery to determine whether their distribution in plasma and tissues was similar to the highly characteristic pattern observed during an inflammatory response. In the JIB rat model 90 per cent of the small intestine was isolated from the flow of digesta but remained viable in the abdominal cavity. In the small bowel resection (SBR) model 90 per cent of the small intestine was removed and the remaining intestine was resected. Data collected 21 days after surgery showed decreased growth rate and plasma zinc in the SBR and JIB rats that was significantly improved by supplemental zinc. All other measures of zinc, copper, and MT metabolism in the SBR rats were similar to those of controls. In JIB rats, however, liver copper, MT protein, and MT mRNA were significantly elevated, and a high proportion of the intracellular zinc and copper was associated with MT. The pattern of zinc, copper, and MT distribution in systemic circulation and liver of JIB rats suggests hepatic inflammation superimposed on low zinc and copper status. Lack of a similar response in the SBR rats confirms the involvement of the bypassed intestinal segment and supports the hypothesis that bacterial overgrowth and translocation are responsible for liver inflammation and dysfunction in JIB patients.
Animals↗
Basic studies on ursodeoxycholyl-para-aminobenzoic acid for evaluation of intestinal microflora.
A newly synthesized conjugate of ursodeoxycholic acid with para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) was investigated to determine its suitability for evaluation of enteric bacteria. This compound, PABA-UDCA, was deconjugated by cholylglycine hydrolase to release free PABA, whereas it was completely resistant to deconjugation by pancreatic and intestinal mucosal enzymes. In bacteriologic experiments almost all the microorganisms that split glycocholic acid deconjugated PABA-UDCA. In rat experiments urinary excretions of PABA were measured during 6 h after oral administration of 10 mg PABA-UDCA (PABA-UDCA administration test). Ten control rats excreted 338.5 +/- 13.8 micrograms (mean +/- SE) of PABA; 10 rats with intestinal stagnant loop excreted more (673.6 +/- 70.2 micrograms; P less than 0.01); whereas 10 rats in each of 7 groups pretreated with oral administration of various antibiotics excreted less (P less than 0.001; polymixin B + tinidazole, 14.0 +/- 2.5 micrograms; polymixin B, 224.9 +/- 23.5 micrograms; tinidazole, 42.7 +/- 8.6 micrograms; kanamycin, 50.3 +/- 5.8 micrograms; clindamycin, 57.4 +/- 7.4 micrograms; vancomycin, 70.4 +/- 8.5 micrograms; and paromomycin, 160.4 +/- 16.4 micrograms). This result was reflected by the bacterial mean count of feces. In the PABA-UDCA administration test, after 2 months of feeding with different diets, rats with high-fiber diet (n = 10) excreted less PABA in urine (70.9 +/- 15.9 micrograms; P less than 0.001) than rats on a control diet (n = 10) and a high-protein-high-fat diet (n = 10) (288.9 +/- 34.5 micrograms and 386.7 +/- 61.2 micrograms, respectively). Fecal bacteriologic status was consistently altered. In human volunteers 250 mg PABA-UDCA was tested. Amounts of PABA excreted in urine during 6 h after dosing were 21.11 +/- 2.02 mg in controls (n = 5) and 12.20 +/- 1.01 mg in the group treated with polymixin B plus tinidazole (n = 5; P less than 0.01). No adverse effect was observed. These basic studies indicate that this compound is likely to offer a simple and rapid method for evaluation of the intestinal microorganisms without use of radioisotopes or expensive, special equipment.
4-Aminobenzoic Acid↗