Assessment of inflammation and nutrition in patients with end-stage renal disease.
Malnutrition commonly occurs in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and hypoalbuminemia is considered the best clinical marker of malnutrition and mortality in this population. Recently, it has been recognized that a substantial number of patients with ESRD have serologic evidence of an augmented inflammatory response and moreover, inflammation may be as or more important than protein intake in causing hypoalbuminemia. In addition, the presence of inflammation may be a more powerful predictor of mortality than dietary protein intake. The presence of inflammation is often subtle and is detected by increased levels of the positive acute phase proteins, most notably C-reactive protein. The causes of the stimulation of the systemic inflammatory response may include reaction to dialyzer membranes, increased production of advanced glycosylated end-products, oxidative stress of uremia and overt and occult infections, especially unrecognized arteriovenous graft infections. There is a complex relationship between inflammation and nutritional status. Inflammation can cause both anorexia with protein-calorie malnutrition as well as wasting through mechanisms mediated by cytokines. Novel therapies will need to be developed to counter this systemic inflammation since it appears to be a major cause of mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease.