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PubMed2000

The Adam and Eve story as exemplar of an early-life variant of the oedipus complex.

The Adam and Eve story is construed as having an organizing function that facilitates the analytic understanding of certain patients. In this interpretation, the story epitomizes a psychodynamic in which progressive growth, with separation and individuation, of the young is experienced as perilous--not only to them, but also correspondingly to their procreators. In the myth, the increasing psychic and physical maturation of Adam and Eve produced a crisis. Not only was divine authority flouted, but also apprehensions were aroused that God might be humbled or diminished. This threatened him, evoking his wrath and leading to the punishment by abandonment of his youthful wards. It is suggested that the story depicts an emotional complex of widespread application and is an archaic version of the oedipus complex, continuous with the oedipus complex proper, but from an earlier stage of development. This archaic complex is delineated with clinical vignettes, and a clinical explication of its various components is provided. Clinical management is considered, particularly with reference to the challenge that a closed-system perspective (Fairbairn 1958) presents to a patient's development.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Reproductive behavior after the flood disaster in Klodzko region--July 1997].

RATIONALE: Flood disasters destroy environment of many people by causing physical as well as psychological harm. This may affect procreational behavior of the victims. DESIGN: This study examines reproductive behavior (number of live births) among the survivors from the flood disaster in Klodzko Region which took place in July 1997. The observation period was three years (1998-2000). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The harmed population consisted of 3986 subjects. The population from Klodzko Region which was exposed to flood disaster in 1997 consisted of 107,032 people. Among the injured population there were 1037 women in reproductive age. This population was studied. RESULTS: The results show significantly higher number of live births per 1000 and birth-rate in studied women as compared to the total population of a district. Psychological background of an observed phenomenon was discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

[Perinatal health indicators in 2001 and its evolution since 1994. Results from the Audipog sentinel network].

The AUDIPOG association (Association of Users of Computerized Files in Perinatalogy, Obstetrics and Gynaecology) proposed in 1994 the setting up of the Sentinel Network, including voluntary public and private maternity units from all areas in France. Each year, every member sends individual data related to a sample of births to the AUDIPOG Network. Today, the common database comprises 95,000 births collected during one month by all members of the network. Thanks to a standardization procedure, the perinatal health indicators, obtained from the common database, are valid estimations at the national level. The results of a given year are published at the beginning of the following year, providing a continual survey of perinatal indicators in France. Since the regionalization of perinatal services, a common perinatal information system is of great importance for a continual survey of perinatal health indicators and assessment of medical practices. Among the most important results of this perinatal network, we observed an increase in the rate of multiple pregnancies from 3.5% of births in 1998 to 4.2% in 2001. The increase of multiple births seems to be related to a lower maternal age in case of procreative medical assistance. As a consequence, the rate of preterm births was also increased, resulting in 7.2% of all births. In another section a regular increase in the rate of cesarean sections, from 16.3% in 1999 to 17.6% was observed in 2001. Cesarean sections before labour are chiefly concerned. From 1999, each member of the AUDIPOG network is given access to the entire common database, on the Internet AUDIPOG site, in order to describe medical practices when faced with a particular clinical situation of interest. This access to the common database aids self-assessment of medical practices and quality improvement (http://audipog.inserm.fr).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Menopause: can a new myth replace an old one?].

The menopause was considered in the past as a critical age during which women who no more can procreate stop being a real female. Actually it is estimated as a situation of hormonal deficiency which should be heated with the well-known. But limitation of this period to exclusive hormonal went seems reducing. At the menopause women have to manage the bereaving a part of their peculiar identity, the real and imaginary fertility. That needs a mental reorganization which may be difficult to be faced and may be in origin of neurosis and various somatic events. Therapeutics are now able to approach this period in comfortable conditions as well on the somatic than the functional level. But it is undeniable that during the consultation something else than only the hormonal aspects of the woman's story is getting in stage.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sperm and HIV].

Screening and prevention are two major weapons in the fight against AIDS. Procreation of couples where the spouse is seropositive poses a serious ethical social and epidemiological problem. We have consequently established a list of the current biological data concerning HIV in the sperm at the level of non germinal cells, seminal plasma and spermatozoa and of the clinical data on the transmission of the virus during sexual intercourse and insemination. Finally, we have presented the results of the research on predictable factors of the infectiousness of sperm. After this analysis, we consider the possibilities open to the medical corps: dissuasion, ovulation monitoring, insemination with the husband sperm, IVF and insemination with hope to be able to participate in the debate which must lead to a clear concerted and coherent position on the part of the medical corps, at least on a national level.

HIV Infections↗
PubMed2002

Physiognomy, familism and consumerism: preferences among Jewish-Israeli recipients of donor insemination.

This paper examines the physiological preferences of Jewish-Israeli donor insemination (DI) recipients regarding the desirable donor. (1) By comparing recipients' own physiognomy with that of a hypothetical donor, we explore some of the social potentials of DI in its emerging democratized form. We examine prevailing notions regarding the 'natural family' and 'family resemblance' and query the relative weight of the natural vs. the consumer model as applied to one's own family through considerations regarding physical appearance. While examining the 'natural family' concept as a limit in the making of actual Israeli families, we consider the meanings of choice in the context of procreative technologies. The study may also provide practitioners with relevant information for donor matching. The paper is based on questionnaires delivered in four sperm banks during the years 1995-1998. It is important to note that the preferences we study are hypothetical, as in Israel no choice is offered and donor matching is performed exclusively by doctors. (2) Three comparisons serve as vehicles for characterizing the gaps between the natural and the consumer model: women's preferences regarding the donor's appearance vs. their male partners' appearance; men's preferences vs. their own features; single women's preferences vs. those of married ones. The paper ends with a discussion of the social implications of democratized DI on family, gender power relations and social hegemony.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Procreative beneficence and the prospective parent.

Julian Savulescu has given clear expression to a principle-that of "procreative beneficence"-which underlies the thought of many contemporary writers on bioethics. The principle of procreative beneficence (PPB) holds that parents or single reproducers are at least prima facie obliged to select the child, out of a range of possible children they might have, who will be likely to lead the best life. My aim in this paper is to argue that prospective parents, just by dint of their being prospective parents, are in fact not obliged to act on PPB. That is, there is something about their filling the role of prospective parents that exempts them from selecting the child with the best life. I urge that it is more realistic to view prospective parents as bound by a principle of acceptable outlook, which holds that they ought not to select children whose lives will contain an unacceptable amount of suffering.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1989

Donum Vitae on homologous interventions: is IVF-ET a less acceptable gift than "GIFT"?

Donum Vitae argues that, by failing to respect the connection between the conjugal act and procreation, in vitro fertilization-even in the homologous or "simple case", where both gametes come from a married couple and the resulting embryo is transferred to the wife-shows itself to be morally unacceptable. On the other hand, the document refers approvingly to other technological interventions which "facilitate" or "assist" the conjugal act in achieving its objective. Although none of the latter interventions are mentioned by name, the recently developed gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) and certain associated techniques have found favor with many orthodox Roman Catholic thinkers, as well with some church authorities. The present article explores this situation in the Catholic moral tradition, and offers reasons for believing that, given relevantly similar conditions, if GIFT is morally acceptable so also is homologous IVF-ET.

Catholicism↗
PubMed1999

[1998 french results on medically assisted reproduction with gamete cryopreservation and donation. French Federation of CECOS].

During the year 1998, the French Federation of CECOS recorded the results of the 23 CECOS centers and IFRAERES in Toulouse. 1,573 first demands of procreation with sperm donors were registed (versus 1,620 in 1997). From 9,339 cycles (AID or IVFD), 1351 pregnancies were obtained, scoring the identical amount in terms of pregnancies as in 1997 but with less 9% in terms of cycles. Ovulation monitoring and IVFD are more and more used. The analysis of the 1,169 deliveries of the 1997 pregnancies shows a malformation rate of 1.8%. 658 male volunteers came forward as semen donors (51% more than in 1997). In gamete autocryopreservation, the number of semen preservation is globaly increasing (16% more than in 1997), mainly due to the capacity of a better reutilisation with ICSI. At the end of 1998, 15 Centres was looking after 21,222 cryopreserved embryos, 25% in the aim of a near future use.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Unemployment during pregnancy: direct or indirect risk factor of prematurity and fetus hypotrophy?].

The question as to whether in a transitional phase in the political and socio-economic development in Poland, an increased threat of unemployment may also produce health effects manifested by an elevated risk for prematurity and fetus hypotrophy is one of important challenges. If the answer is positive then this issue should have much stronger impact on political and economic decisions. The data obtained from numerous studies carried out in countries of western Europe and the United States shows that the job performance during pregnancy under conditions free from occupational exposure and arduousness does not directly augment the risk of detrimental effect to the health of pregnant woman or her fetus. Just on the contrary, it was found that job performance during pregnancy, and strictly speaking steady employment during this period may somewhat become a 'protective factor'. In Poland, the highest rate of unemployment is observed among women in the 18-24 age group, that is at the age most suitable for procreation. Nowadays it is common that the decision on child-bearing is postponed until the economic status of the woman or her family comes to be more stable. On the other hand, in the population of women looking for a job but determined to set up a family prematurity is quite common that results only in part from an excessive effect of risk factors for this pathology very typical of this social group, like smoking, single parenthood, early or late child-bearing age. After adjusting these factors, the risk of prematurity decreased considerably but it was still high. It is thought that stress and the sense of threat and uncertainty is mostly responsible for this phenomenon. An increased risk of fetus hypotrophy among unemployed women after considering all confounding factors, was not observed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Care indicators for the body that procreates: nursing actions before, during and after delivery -- a contribution to obstetrical nursing practice].

This study results from dynamics seen as Scenes of Esthetical Production, which were accomplished with 28 nursing teaching and service professionals to answer the question: what is generated about the body in labor when we take care of it before, during and after delivery? A qualitative study was realized, which aimed to identify and discuss the actions accomplished at these moments during which the woman's body gives rise to another life. Three categories emerged: 1) The care of the body in labor: the (un)due invasion and concealed violence; 2) the (lack of) care for the body that (ex)pulses another body: the invasion and the expressed violence; 3) the (lack of) care for the empty body: "fatigue and solitude" "the violence of the abandonment". These categories indicated that there are forms of delivering care to this clientele's health, which should avoid violence against the woman's body in labor.

Female↗
PubMed2002

[The attitude of women in reproductive age toward breast self-examination].

The aim of the study was to answer the question--do women at procreative age practise breast self-examination, how often do they make such examination and what are the purposes? The study was carried out in 149 female students from the Faculty of Nursing and Health Studies at the University Medical School in Lublin. The study was carried out on the basis of author's questionnaire. The results showed that 79.9% of all respondents practise breast self-examination but not all of them regularly. Well-off women more often practise breast self-examination than the poor ones. Concern about their own health was the main cause for breast self-examination. Women who have not practiced this examination said they have not been doing it because they were afraid of noticing some changes.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Study of the health status of subjects born with medical-assisted reproduction: the connexion between epidemiology and bioethics].

The knowledge of the newborns' health status from medical assisted procreation techniques represents the main objective of public health in this field. It is not acceptable, in fact, the use of fertilisation and artificial insemination techniques without a correct evaluation of these newborns' health status. As probable risks exist in medical protocols of treatments (mothers' exposition to hormonal drugs, manipulations of gametes, embryo development in growing coculture with different animal cells, cryopreservation, lack of natural selection of spermatozoa in intracytoplasmatic sperm injection techniques), a check of the results of these techniques is extremely necessary. Newborns' health status must be detected not only at delivery time but also in the following period to evaluate the right physical and psychological development. To estimate infertility risk that these children might run after their mothers' hormonal treatment, it is necessary to follow these subjects till adult age.

Bioethics↗
PubMed1997

Prognostic value of objective semen parameters in an in vitro fertilization program.

PURPOSE: The basic semen parameters seem to have a limited predictive value in male fertility. Could other objective sperm analyses be helpful in the choice of the most adapted assisted procreation technique? METHODS: This study concerns 78 infertile couples with insemination failures. For each semen, 21 objective parameters are analyzed in fresh semen and after sperm selection procedure. The 78 couples are then included in an IVF protocol and classified into two groups: fertile (at least one cleaved embryo is obtained) and infertile. RESULTS: Using multiple variant discriminant factorial analysis, we have found nine nonconventional parameters which induce us to define two classes of semen. These two classes fit with the classification into fertile and infertile groups in 74.4% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS: So these parameters allow us to predict the chance of obtaining embryos during an IVF trial and to choose for each couple the most appropriate technique: IVF or ICSI.

Acrosin↗
PubMed1992

[The fourth centenary of Montaigne's death. February 28, 1533-- September 13, 1592. Mysteries of procreation].

During millennia, the mechanisms of procreation have constituted for man an unfathomable and irritating riddle. In the sixteenth century, mystery remained still untouched upon and Montaigne complained about it. The author assigns a place to his communication within the celebrations held this year to commemorate the fourth centenary of the writer's death. In the seventeenth century, De Graaf will establish the identity of ovarian follicles and Van Leeuwenhoek will discover spermatozoons, prominent strides, but their functions will remain mysterious. In the eighteenth century, Spallanzani will demonstrate the semen's fertility, but without linking the former discoveries. In the nineteenth century only, the mechanisms of fertilization will tell their secret, when the necessity of the union of the two gametes, indispensable condition so that the egg can divide by bipartition and give birth to an embryo which will have the double heredity of origin, will be shown up.

Female↗
PubMed1989

Assisted procreation in the presence of a positive direct mixed antiglobulin reaction test.

Twenty-five infertile couples in which the male had antisperm antibodies were treated by in vitro fertilization (IVF), zygote intrafallopian transfer, or gamete intrafallopian transfer in 38 cycles. In 10 females a tubal pathology was present, and in the normal female patients repeated intrauterine insemination with husband sperm had failed. The presence of an andrological factor in 17 male patients did not influence the fertilization and the cleavage of the retrieved oocytes. Although the fertilization rate of 45.8% was significantly lower than in patients with tubal pathology, the pregnancy rate was 34.2% per started cycle and 44.8% per replacement. Furthermore, the embryos were of lesser quality than in couples with tubal and idiopathic infertility. This study suggests that IVF could be considered as a useful therapeutic approach for couples with a positive direct mixed antiglobulin reaction test before advising them the use of heterologous sperm.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Procreative liberty, biological connections, and motherhood.

Given the complex and dramatic array of issues currently facing us in reproductive ethics, bioethicists working on the topic might be forgiven feelings of trepidation when they cast their minds toward the next century. Currently, technologies such as artificial insemination by donor (AID), once the source of intense controversy, are used on a routine basis; mainstream newspapers carry advertisements offering "excellent compensation" to ova "donors;" courts are arguing whether women who serve as gestational or "surrogate" mothers have any parental rights; and proposals resurface to jail pregnant women who take street drugs. Sorting out which developments are to be welcomed and which are to be resisted -- and why -- will require us not only to clarify some of our most basic value commitments, but also to reflect on our understanding of concepts, such as motherhood, that we previously had the luxury of thinking obvious. Let me highlight two issues I think we will be forced to confront as we try to navigate the ethics of reproduction into the twenty-first century -- namely, the value of biological connection and the meaning of motherhood.

Female↗
PubMed2003

[Smoking, fertility and very preterm birth].

In France, many couples in procreating age continue to smoke, despite recommendations to stop smoking before or during pregnancy. We reviewed the epidemiological associations between maternal or paternal smoking and both infertility and very preterm birth. It appears clearly that maternal smoking impairs natural and assisted fecundity. Furthermore, maternal smoking enhances the rate of ectopic pregnancies and spontaneous abortions. The role of maternal smoking on very preterm birth before 33 weeks of completed gestation appears in recent population based-study or case-control studies that include several hundred very preterm neonates. But the role of smoking on very preterm birth among hypertensive mothers and primiparae is still debated. The detrimental effect of smoking on fecundity appears to be reversible when the mother and father stop smoking. The real effect of interventions promoting cessation of smoking during pregnancy in reducing the rate of very preterm births remains to be studied.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗