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PubMed2000

Bereavement support. The occupational health nurse's role when death comes to work.

1. Providing bereavement support for grieving employees can positively impact their adjustment and productivity. 2. Good bereavement care follows the nursing process approach: assessment, analysis, planning (goal setting), intervention/implementation, and evaluation. It acknowledges the five dimension of optimal health, and incorporates them into the nursing process. 3. The occupational health nurse, as clinician and advisor, can provide care to the bereaved individual and guidance to the manager and coworkers about the grief process and how to interact with the grieving employee. 4. Grief work is necessary for healing. The occupational health nurse can play a valuable role in facilitating the work by offering clinical support, a "safe" place for the grieving employee to talk about the death, referrals to the Employee Assistance Program or other professional support, and education about the process.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

Extending the Benefits of Recategorization: Evaluations, Self-Disclosure, and Helping

The Common Ingroup Identity Model proposes that if members of different groups conceive of themselves more as a single group rather than as two separate groups, intergroup bias will be reduced through processes involving pro-ingroup favoritism. The present research extended work on this model by investigating the effects of recategorization on intergroup behavior, specifically helping and self-disclosure, as well as evaluations. Participants first worked as members of two three-person groups, and then the two groups interacted under conditions designed to enhance a two-group representation or recategorization with an inclusive one-group representation. As expected, the manipulation of the intergroup contact situation that created stronger impressions of one group reduced intergroup bias in evaluations, self-disclosure, and helping. Furthermore, ratings of the extent to which the six participants felt like one group mediated the reduction in bias, particularly for evaluative bias. Conditions facilitating the generalization of the benefits of recategorization to group members not present and to other groups are considered.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1992

[Behavioral disorders in infants and young children: a contribution to psychopathology of early childhood].

In a study on the psychological development of children born at biological and psychosocial risk adverse temperamental characteristics and psychopathological symptoms of 362 children were determined at the ages of 3 and 24 months. Adverse temperamental characteristics were measured with the help of behavioral observations in standardized situations. Symptoms were assessed in a highly structured parent interview. The results showed a higher-than-average rate of disturbed children, which increased from 15.5% at the age of 3 months to 19.5% at two years. Hyperkinesis was the most prevalent disturbance. Whereas no sex effect was found among infants, the 2-year-old boys manifested more symptoms and had more adverse temperamental characteristics than the 2-year-old girl. Sex differences in symptom patterns were similar to those seen in later childhood. The course of early disturbances was characterized by low persistence and stability. Four fifths of all infant disturbances had remitted by the age of two years. A small number of early problems (i.e. eating disorders) turned out to be predictive of later disorders.

Child Behavior Disorders↗

PubMed1987

Attitudes and behavior toward students with handicaps by their nonhandicapped peers.

The theory of reasoned action (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1973) was used to examine the relationship between attitudes toward becoming a peer tutor for a student with handicaps and actually volunteering to become a peer tutor. This model suggests that intention is the best predictor of behavior and that intention consists of an attitudinal component (attitudes toward the behavior) and a normative component (perceptions of what other people think you should do). Subjects were 125 students in Grades 5 through 7 who were told about peer tutoring and asked to volunteer. Results showed that this model can be used to predict behavior of nonhandicapped students toward their handicapped peers in an educational setting. The importance and implications of these findings were discussed.

Attitude↗

PubMed2006

Social and health behaviors in youth of the streets of Ibadan, Nigeria.

OBJECTIVES: This study documents the extent and impact of perceived patterns of behavior in a sample of youths of the streets of Ibadan, Nigeria, with the purpose of implementing a Life Skills Educational (LSE) intervention. METHOD: The study uses both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection. Qualitatively, two Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and two in-depth interviews (IDI) with 20 boys and 2 community leaders were conducted on separate occasions for the purpose of eliciting commonly exhibited behaviors and patterns of street youth. Quantitatively, 169 youths (89.3% male) were consecutively interviewed from five subcultural areas in Ibadan, Nigeria. Street youths were accessed through a snowballing technique made possible by "Area boys" (AB, adults, who serve as a symbol of authority for street children). RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 18.4 years. The majority was on the street for financial reasons, had been on the street for more than 1 year, and had not completed their primary schooling. While youths of the street were economically viable, 69% had a history of alcohol abuse, 14% of drug abuse, and 24% operated as drug couriers; 46% reported school refusal, 27% school suspension, and 47% school truancy. Forty-nine percent admitted to being sex workers and 11% had been raped and were, therefore, at risk of contacting sexually transmitted diseases (STD). One-third of youths had been arrested for various offenses, including street fighting and drug use. While females were in the minority, they were more likely to engage in antisocial behaviors compared with boys. CONCLUSIONS: Although many youths of the street display antisocial behaviors, they also are an economically viable group. Some of their antisocial behaviors may have been exhibited within the context of economic survival. Implementing a life skill program to address these antisocial behaviors may help to increase the well being of street youths in developing countries in Africa.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Self-care behaviors among patients with heart failure.

BACKGROUND: One way to prevent frequent hospitalizations and promote positive health outcomes among patients with heart failure (HF) is to ensure that the amount and quality of self-care used is appropriate to the patient's situation. OBJECTIVES: The following are the purposes of this study: (a) examine the frequency of performance of self-care behaviors, (b) describe personal and environmental factors (basic conditioning factors [BCFs]) that affect self-care behaviors, and (c) describe the relationship between the level of knowledge patients have to empower their performance of self-care and the actual performance of self-care behaviors. METHODS: This descriptive correlational study was guided by Orem's theory of self-care. One hundred ten participants, predominantly African Americans, who were outpatients or inpatients ready for hospital discharge, 18 years or older, and diagnosed with HF that was confirmed by an ejection fraction of 40% or less were conveniently selected from 1 of 2 sites. Data were collected with 2 investigator-developed instruments: the Revised Heart Failure Self-Care Behavior Scale and the Heart Failure Knowledge Test. Descriptive statistics, correlational analyses, and t tests for independent samples were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Three of the top 5 most frequently performed self-care behaviors were related to taking prescribed medications, and the 5 least frequently performed self-care behaviors were concerned with symptom monitoring or management. There were no significant relationships between the total self-care behavior score and any of the BCFs; however, a number of significant relationships between BCFs and individual self-care behaviors were observed. There was a significant relationship between the mean total knowledge score and the total mean self-care score (r = 0.21, P =.026). CONCLUSION: Detailed information about the influence of BCFs on the performance of specific HF self-care behaviors can help nurses tailor interventions to the patient's situation.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Associations of race, education, and patterns of preventive service use with stage of cancer at time of diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE: To go beyond the documentation of disparities by race and SES by analyzing health behaviors regarding preventive and cancer screening services and determining if these behaviors are associated with stage of cancer when first diagnosed. DATA: Stage of cancer for Medicare patients diagnosed in 1995 with breast, colorectal, uterine, ovarian, prostate, bladder, or stomach cancer; and use of influenza and pneumonia immunization, mammography, pap smear, colon cancer screening, and the prostate specific antigen test during the two years preceding diagnosis of cancer. STUDY DESIGN: Hypothesis tested: health behaviors regarding use of preventive and cancer screening services are associated with stage of cancer when first diagnosed. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: Information was extracted from the database formed by the linkage of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer registries with Medicare files. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Black and white patients (of higher and lower SES) who used more of the preventive and cancer screening services were at a lower risk of having late stage cancer for six cancers studied (breast, colorectal [male and female], prostate, uterine, and male bladder cancer) than their counterparts who used fewer of these services. CONCLUSIONS: The use of preventive and cancer screening services is a health behavior associated with better health outcomes for the elderly diagnosed with cancer. The lack of preventive service use can serve as a marker for identifying persons at risk of late stage cancer when first diagnosed. Strategies that encourage the use of preventive services by low users of these services are likely to reinforce a range of healthy behaviors that help to ameliorate disparities in health outcomes.

Black or African American↗

PubMed1998

Associations among economic need, self-esteem, and Israeli Arab women's attitudes toward and use of professional services.

This study examines the effects of economic need and self-esteem on the attitudes toward and use of professional (instrumental and psychotherapeutic) services by Arab women living in the mixed Arab-Jewish town of Jaffa, Israel. Findings show that self-esteem was associated with the women's help-seeking behavior but not their attitudes only when economic need was not taken into account. When economic need was included in the analyses, the effect of self-esteem disappeared altogether. These findings point to the importance of economic need in actual help seeking and cast doubt on the adequacy of the "threat to self-esteem" model to explain underutilization of professional services.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

The voices of battered women in India.

This study endeavors to give voice to marginalized, understudied women who were abused in India. The study included 90 women who were abused who were seeking help to address violence perpetrated against them by their husbands. A semistructured interview was used to collect data on abuse characteristics, consequences of abuse, and help-seeking behavior. Findings reveal that the vast majority of participants experienced daily abuse that was extremely severe, with 70% reporting they lived under the threat of murder. More than 85% reported needing medical care for their injuries. Respondents in this study sought help from a range of sources; the most effective help was provided by counseling centers and women's shelters. These findings have important implications for clinical practice and social policy.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Self-injurious behavior: a review of the behavior and biology of self-mutilation.

OBJECTIVE: The authors describe the clinical characteristics of self-injurious behavior, giving special emphasis to self-injurious behavior occurring among individuals with character disorders. DATA COLLECTION: They review data suggesting the involvement of serotonergic, dopaminergic, and opiate neurotransmitter systems in the expression of self-injurious behavior. FINDINGS: Self-injurious behavior occurs among mentally retarded individuals, psychotic patients, prison populations, and individuals with severe character disorders. Although theoretical psychological models of self-injurious behavior are helpful in understanding the patient's experience of self-injury, no generally useful therapeutic approach has yet evolved from these models. Data derived from animal models and treatment studies suggest the involvement of opiatergic and dopaminergic mechanisms in self-injury among the mentally retarded. Serotonergic influences on self-injurious behavior may be present in varying forms of this behavior. The scientific literature on the benefits of pharmacological agents for mentally retarded individuals is beset with a number of problems. Support is emerging, however, for the use of lithium and carbamazepine with self-injuring mentally retarded patients, and some behavioral interventions appear to be successful for mentally retarded individuals. Self-injuring patients with borderline personality disorder may benefit from milieu treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Although no form of treatment has yet been demonstrated to be of general benefit, the literature suggests that therapeutic trials with dopamine antagonists, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and opiate antagonists may be of value.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

The Assessment of Adult Health Care Orientations: Development and Preliminary Validation of the Multidimensional Health Profile-Health Functioning Index (MHP-H) in a National Sample.

This paper describes the development and preliminary validation of the Multidimensional Health Profile-Health Functioning Index (MHP-H), a 69-item self-report instrument designed to assess a variety of behaviors, perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs presumed to influence health status and the pursuit of lay and professional health care. The MHP-H briefly measures adult health history, health habits, health care utilization, health beliefs and attitudes, and response to illness (help-seeking behaviors). A national sample of adults (N = 673) was assessed, comprising 3 age groupings (18-32, 33-50, and 51-89) crossed with gender and then further subdivided into several subsamples for purposes of reliability and validity assessment. In addition, a group of spouse "key informants" was also recruited. Preliminary validation of single-item indicators as well as confirmatory factor analyses of multi-item scales was achieved. The present findings support the psychometric and practical utility of the MHP-H and warrant its use by health psychologists in a variety of research and applied settings.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Peer support relationships: an unexplored interpersonal process in mental health.

Consumer-survivors (C/Ss) identify peer support as a resource that facilitates their recovery. However, little is known about the factors that influence or how the peer support relationship (PSR) develops/deteriorates. The purpose of the study was to explore and describe the PSR within the subculture of mental health. Using an ethnonursing method, the study focused on informants from two C/S organizations who received peer support (n = 14). Findings revealed that the PSRs may develop or deteriorate through three, overlapping phases. Contextual factors that influenced the development/deterioration of the PSR are discussed. Understanding the processes and factors that contribute to the development/deterioration of PSRs will enable clinicians and C/Ss to assess and promote the development of healthy, supportive PSRs in mental health.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Social and professional support needs of families after perinatal loss.

Perinatal loss has been associated with depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, suicide, marital conflict, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Nurses may provide professional support through teaching, role modeling, encouragement, counseling, problem solving, and other interventions. Nurses also may encourage more effective social support by helping significant others to provide willing, well-intentioned action that will produce a positive response in the bereaved couple. Interventions to increase professional and social support after perinatal loss are described.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A review and synthesis of the literature: the use of presence in the nursing care of families.

With the current emphasis on cost-consciousness in health care, nurses must re-examine resources that may already exist yet are underutilized in the provision of care for patients. Two such resources, the nurse's use of her or his presence as a therapeutic process in stimulating patients' healing and the contributions of patients' families to care delivery, are frequently overlooked. This paper critically reviews the literature regarding presence with a focus on the relevance of this caring behavior to family-centered nursing. Conceptual and practice knowledge gaps are identified and implications for future research are indicated.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Managing the reemergence of anguish: pregnancy after a loss due to anomalies.

OBJECTIVE: To explore and describe parents' experiences and feelings when faced with a pregnancy subsequent to a pregnancy in which they had to choose whether or not to terminate following the diagnosis of a fetal abnormality. DESIGN AND METHOD: Exploratory/descriptive study, using the grounded theory method. SETTING: Participants were recruited through physicians in northeastern Florida and throughout the United States via an Internet support network. PARTICIPANTS: Participants included a registered nurse, a physician, and 22 parents (13 women and 9 partners) who were interviewed during a subsequent pregnancy. RESULTS: Mental anguish resulted after a loss due to fetal anomalies. Such parents felt a loss of innocence and a sense of devastation and experienced changes in spousal relationships, fear of hope, isolation, and stigma. This anguish reemerged during a subsequent pregnancy. The parents managed by developing emotional armor, limiting disclosure of the previous and present pregnancy, delaying attachment to the baby, and forming a strong attachment to health care professionals and other people with similar experiences. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding how parents manage the reemergence of mental anguish during a subsequent pregnancy permits health care professionals to assist these parents. Facilitating parents' efforts to develop emotional armor, limit disclosure, delay attachment to the baby, and attach to health care professionals and support groups can mitigate social and psychologic discomfort for these parents.

Abortion, Therapeutic↗

PubMed1996

Client self-determination and professional intervention: striking a balance.

Social workers find themselves caught in the cross fire between two imperatives: (1) outcome-oriented and competency-based practice requisites and (2) the principle of client self-determination. In this context, the authors hypothesize that social workers use a wide range of gradations along a continuum of practice directiveness. Furthermore, there is ethical justification for this diverse role repertoire. Directiveness modalities are influenced by specific conditional factors that guide practitioner behavior. A study is described that empirically explores and amplifies these hypotheses.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Behavioral organization is independent of locomotor activity in 129 and C57 mouse strains.

Assessing locomotor behavior is a standard methodology to characterize the behavioral phenotype of a genetic manipulation. Typically, levels of locomotor activity are measured using various methods that are based on the frequency of photobeam breaks or distance traveled as assessed by video-tracking systems. Locomotor behavior, however, is multi-dimensional and reflects the combined influences of multiple processes. Here, we examine the number of independent dimensions of locomotor behavior in mice based on measures derived from a video-tracking system. In addition, we test the hypothesis that locomotor behavior varies substantially across mouse strains. 84 mice were tested for 30 min in a 41 x 41 cm enclosure. Based on previous investigations in rats, we also assessed the spatial and dynamical aspects of locomotor behavior using the spatial scaling exponent, d, and the dynamical entropy, h. A principal component analysis and a one-way repeated measure ANOVA were conducted. C57 mouse strains differ substantially from 129 mouse strains on almost all measures of locomotor behavior. The principal component analysis revealed that two independent factors influence this set of measures. The first factor reflects the amount or level of locomotor activity, the second factor quantifies the degree of spatial and dynamical organization of behavior. These strain differences and the existence of at least two independent dimensions when measuring locomotor behavior may help to parse the effects of gene manipulations relative to strain differences in mutant mice.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1994

Minor depression in a cohort of young adults in Israel.

BACKGROUND: A diagnosis of minor depression was considered for DSM-IV. Mild depression is thought to be common in primary care settings and the community, but studies of the validity of minor depression as a separate diagnostic category are few. METHODS: Minor depression as defined by Research Diagnostic Criteria was assessed by psychiatrists using a modified Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime version in a cohort of 5200 young adults in Israel. Subjects with year-prevalent minor depression were compared with subjects with major depression or generalized anxiety disorder and with controls on aspects of psychopathologic condition, psychosocial functioning, help-seeking behaviors, and demographic correlates. RESULTS: Symptomatically, minor depression appeared to be a mild version of major depression. Minor depression was associated with good teenage and general social functioning, but also with absence from work, separation or divorce, recent impairment in overall functioning, and help-seeking. CONCLUSIONS: The results lend support for including minor depression or expanding severity modifiers in future classifications to better capture the phenomenon of subthreshold depression.

Adult↗