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PubMed1976

Changes in the activities, functions, and roles of public health educators.

Accounts of early activities of public health educators, statements of the American Public Health Association on the qualifications and functions of these educators, and studies concerned with their responsbiliities, functions, work, or roles are reviewed. These point up the three major foci in public health education over time in the U.S., viz, dissemination of information, community organization, and health behavior and program planning. Functions of public health educators in emerging settings for practice are presented and the implications of this movement (i.e., movement of health educators into non-traditional settings) for public health education profession are discussed.

Health Education↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Factors related to the health education practice for primary care physicians in Galicia, Spain].

BACKGROUND: Health education on the part of primary care physicians has been shown to improve the health of the population, but, generally speaking, physicians are not pursuing this to the recommended degree. The end purpose of this study is that of ascertaining what factors have an influence on health education being carried out by primary care physicians in Galicia (Spain), how they perceive their training in this regard, what obstacles they encounter as regards to providing this education and how the existence of unhealthy habits on the part of the physician has a bearing on carrying out this activity. METHODS: A cross-sectional study has been conducted. A previously-tested, self-answer mail-out questionnaire was sent to a random sample stratified by provinces of 420 primary care physicians from the "Servicio Galego de Saúde" (Galician Health Care Service). A comparative analysis was made with those who failed to reply. The main analysis of the data was conducted by means of a multivariate (logic regression) analysis. RESULTS: Seventy-three percent (73%) of the replies were valid, without any differences among strata. Sixty-four percent (64%) of the physicians surveyed considered their training in health education to be insufficient, being better among family doctors and among those who had taken courses specifically devoted to this subject. The main obstacle reported was the lack of time. 38.4% of the physicians reported that they carry out health education, an activity related to the female gender (Odds Ratio 1.70), better training concerning this subject (Odds Ratio 2.20) and a better personally perceived ability to carry out the same (Odds Ratio 1.32). No relationship was found to exist between the carrying out of health education and the existence of unhealthy habits. CONCLUSIONS: Being female, feeling efficient at providing health education and considering oneself to be well-trained regarding this subject being related positively to this activity being carried out by primary care physicians, solely one third of whom report doing so.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Does dental health education affect inequalities in dental health?

The aim of the study was to evaluate the Lothian 1991 dental health campaigns on 5-year-old schoolchildren's oral hygiene and gingival health in relation to deprivation. A stratified random sample of 486 children was selected from 92 primary schools in the city of Edinburgh. Clinical examinations took place immediately before (T1), a month after (T2) and 4 months after the campaign (T3). A total of 342 (70 per cent) children received all 3 examinations. Oral hygiene and gingival health were examined using a modified Silness and Löe and the Ainamo and Bay Index. Toothbrushes and take-home materials were distributed to all children. Dental officers provided 20 minute information sessions for each class and encouraged teachers to continue dental health activities within the classes. For the purpose of the evaluation, schools were categorised as deprived and non-deprived according to established social indicators. The results showed a statistically significant improvement in plaque scores at T2 and T3 (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Also gingival health improved at T2 and T3 (P < 0.01, P = 0.001). However, the improvements took place only in the non-deprived schools. Thirty-one per cent of children in non-deprived schools and 18 per cent in deprived schools had a total plaque score of 0 at T1 and 41 per cent and 19 per cent respectively at T3. The differences in gingival health scores between deprived and non-deprived schools were statistically significant at T2 and T3 but not at T1. The campaign was therefore successful when evaluating the population as a whole.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed2003

Illuminating the MPH health educator workforce: results and implications of an employer survey.

The public health workforce has been studied, but not health educators specifically. The development of a Master of Public Health (MPH) in community health education inspired research to illuminate the San Francisco MPH health educator labor market. A time-series survey of an employer panel was conducted between 1995 and 1999 regarding the number of MPH health educators on staff, hiring projections, and importance of selected competencies. In the San Francisco Bay Area, there were 4 MPH health educators per 100,000 persons in 1999. The majority worked in local health departments and community-based organizations. Although hiring was largely replacement in the late 1990s, employers anticipated an increase in hiring from 2000 to 2004. Employers reported that educational preparation was adequate, although preparation in specific competencies, such as bilingual competence, was lacking. These results suggest a favorable labor market for MPH health educators in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Education, Graduate↗
PubMed1995

[Child development related health education--a responsibility of the public health service].

The Public Health Service is in a unique position with regard to the access to all socioeconomic groups including those who lack the alertness to make use of our health care system. This highlights it as a key factor in primary prevention. Interventions must focus on the individual situation of the addresses in order to motivate them to healthy behaviour. Health promotion for girls needs more attention, their knowledge and behaviour are decisive for the next generation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Patterns of information transfer in health education: a bibliometric analysis of the research literature.

The purpose of this study is to examine the extent to which health education has become a distinctly separate field of inquiry as evidenced by the patterns of information transfer in the health education research literature. Bibliometric analysis is used to determine: (1) if health education has an identifiable core of journals, (2) the extent to which health education research is derivative of research from other disciplines and (3) the extent to which research from other disciplines draws upon research published in health education journals. The results suggest that there is an identifiable core of journals that serve to characterize health education as a distinct field of inquiry. However, health education research is found to be more derivative of research from other fields than are the other comparative fields in the sample. Moreover, researchers in other disciplines use health education research less than half as often as health education uses its own research. Differences in citing patterns in journals dedicated to health education and by researchers publishing on health education topics in research journals of other areas seem to indicate that health education research is not one unified undertaking.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed1995

Afghan Health Education Project: a community survey.

This study assessed the health concerns and needs for health education in the Afghan refugee and immigrant community of the San Francisco Bay Area. The study used a telephone survey, seven community meetings and a survey administered to 196 Afghan families through face-to-face interviews. Data were analyzed qualitatively and statistically. Health problems of most concern are mental health problems and stress related to past refugee trauma and loss, current occupational and economic problems, and culture conflict. Physical health problems include heart disease, diabetes and dental problems. Needed health education topics include dealing with stress, heart health, nutrition, raising children in the United States (particularly adolescents), aging in the United States, and diabetes. Using coalition building and involving Afghans in their community assessment, we found that the Afghan community is eager for culture- and language-appropriate health education programs through videos, television, lectures, and written materials. Brief health education talks in community meetings and a health fair revealed enthusiasm and willingness to consider health promotion and disease-prevention practices.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2000

Keynote speech: health education and promotion programmes--the accountability aspect.

In the early days of health education, people depended on health education specialists to provide information about diseases and their prevention. The differentiation between health promotion and health education, and the emphasis on the settings approach have resulted in the inclusion of a wide range of people and professions into these activities. This has raised the question of the protection of consumers, and the issue of accountability has become a major focus. This paper briefly traces the history of health education and promotion, with particular emphasis on the way people have dealt with accountability in the past as a platform for the future. The Polish model of hepatitis B vaccination is used to illustrate these developments.

Health Education↗
PubMed1988

Training of personnel in schools to make health education programs efficient.

For health education to become efficient, it is necessary to improve the adult environment in school. This contributes positively to the school health environment. To achieve this goal, the consciousness and knowledge of the needs of children must be improved, broadened and deepened. A school pediatrician must use his knowledge and the advantage of being a part of the school to develop courses for the school personnel to support health services in school. In the municipality of Ostersund, Sweden, we have developed five courses for school personnel concerning children and health. We find this to be one good way of interpreting the aims of school health service: to support the development of the pupils, to preserve and improve their mental and bodily health and to work for healthy life habits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Health education needs assessment in an HMO: a case study.

Potential health education services for HMO subscribers are numerous and varied, ranging across the entire wellness to sickness spectrum. Because of cost consciousness and limited educational resources, careful needs assessment and selection of priorities are vital to the success of HMO health education efforts. The results of utilizing six needs assessment methodologies are presented in this case study. Consumer and provider involvement in the needs assessment process revealed five top priority health problems or opportunities for health education: membership education needs; overweight/obesity; self-care needs; hypertension; and smoking. These recommendations did not include perinatal and pediatric health education services as top priority needs, an outcome at variance with the results of the other needs assessment methodologies. This variance emphasizes the importance of employing multiple techniques in the needs assessment process. Problems in implementing various needs assessment methodologies are discussed as well as implications for health education practice.

Health Education↗
PubMed1984

A survey of elementary school health education in West Virginia.

The Elementary School Health Education Survey was conducted to determine the health knowledge, health practices, and awareness of the consequences of health behavior of selected elementary school students in West Virginia. An 80-item, multiple-choice inventory was developed to collect student data, and a questionnaire-checklist was employed for each classroom teacher whose students participated in the survey. The survey involved 1,441 students from 85 classrooms in 35 schools. The results indicated a need for mandated health instruction as part of the elementary school curriculum and a need for graduate course work in Health Education for elementary school teachers.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Have the focus and sophistication of research in health education changed?

This study assessed the types of research and the statistical methods used in three representative health education journals from 1994 through 2003. Editorials, commentaries, program/practice notes, and perspectives represent 17.6% of the journals' content. The most common types of articles are cross-sectional studies (27.5%), reviews (23.2%), and analytic studies (i.e., case-control, cohort, and experimental studies) (18.4%). The estimated annual percentage change across the study period in these types of articles was 3.3, -9.3, and 5.5, respectively. A significant increase was observed in use of descriptive statistics (estimated annual percentage change = 2.4), parametric test statistics (4.4), nonparametric test statistics (3.5), epidemiologic statistics (10.3), generalized linear models (6.8), validation statistics (6.7), and other statistics (8.2). Movement toward increasing use of cross-sectional studies, analytic study designs, and statistical methods--representing greater emphasis on needs assessment for health education, health education program development, and program evaluation--indicates the need for better quantitatively trained health educators.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed1991

Student attrition. A challenge for allied health education programs.

The Committee on Allied Health Education and Accreditation (CAHEA) attrition data, collected annually by the American Medical Association (AMA), are nationally representative and constitute the largest source of information on attrition and retention in allied health education. These data provide a cornerstone for education and manpower planning. Consistent with previous years, men who were enrolled in CAHEA-accredited allied health education programs for the 1989-1990 academic year were significantly more likely to be lost to attrition than were women. When compared with all other categories of race and ethnic origin, black students not of Hispanic origin showed a significantly higher attrition rate (25.4%), while students designated as Asian or Pacific Islander showed a significantly lower rate (13%). Congruent with attrition data documented in the literature, CAHEA attrition data show wide variances across 26 allied health occupations and within the three disciplinary groupings that comprise approximately 75% of all CAHEA-accredited programs. Attrition rates measured by the type of sponsoring institution range from 7.1% (academic health centers and medical schools) to 24.3% (vocational and technical schools). Programs sponsored by for-profit institutions and federal government-owned institutions report substantially higher attrition rates, 25.1% and 21.1%, respectively.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2003

Health educators are leaders: meeting the leadership challenge.

Each of the certified health education specialist responsibilities and competencies for health educators has a leadership element. Health educators demonstrate leadership in a variety of roles with individuals, organizations, and programs. In this article, transformational and transactional leadership qualities are presented as reflection points on leadership for health educators.

Health Educators↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Providing health education to Appalachia populations.

Since the 1980s, theorists have posited that health education that reflects the cultural realities of communities that health educators targeted for behavioral interventions would be more successful than interventions that are not culturally sensitive. Between 1997 and 2002, 52 focus groups of youth, women, and men were conducted in the Appalachian portions of 10 states to discern cultural themes relevant to health education in Appalachia. Groups occurred within the context of 5 studies funded by institutes within the National Institutes of Health. Findings suggest that an emphasis on family shows immense promise as a culturally sensitive approach to health education. Interventions that use the central role of women in the health of their families may be useful. The study results also suggest that one-on-one approaches to health education may prove a promising technique, attacks on individuals and institutions are not useful strategies, and a preference for realism or "the facts" may be a good way to present information.

Appalachian Region↗