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At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Evaluation of a Swedish version of the Hearing Disabilities and Handicaps Scale, based on a clinical sample of 101 men with noise-induced hearing loss.

The aim of this study was to evaluate, in terms of descriptive statistics, factor analysis, corrected item-total correlations, and internal consistency reliability, a Swedish translation of the Hearing Disabilities and Handicaps Scale (HDHS). The HDHS is shortened and modified version of the Hearing Measurement Scale. Data from 101 men having noise-induced hearing loss, with the pure-tone audiometric data showing a median value of 53.3 dBHL (R = 81.6; Q = 12.5) over the frequencies 3, 4, and 6 kHz better ear, were assessed at the Department of Audiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg. A principal component analysis followed by a varimax rotation was conducted giving four emerging factors, accounting for 64.6% of the variance. Two of the factors, "speech perception" (alpha = 0.89) and "non-speech sounds" (alpha = 0.85), appear to measure perceived disability, whereas two factors, "interpersonal distress" (alpha = 0.79) and "threat to self-image" (alpha = 0.84), appear to measure dimensions related to the process of creating a handicap. The four-factor HDHS needs to be further tested in order to find out its usefulness for clinical assessment of perceived disability and handicap.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Educational rehabilitation of mentally and physically handicapped children in Benin City, Nigeria.

Handicapping diseases have remained major problems associated with immense suffering and superstition in the African setting. There are no accurate vital statistics of the incidence of mental and physical retardation in children in Nigeria, but it is presumed to be higher than in the U.S.A. or Europe. This study shows that provision for education and rehabilitation for handicapped children, such as school accommodation, transportation, teaching aids, specialist teachers etc., attract low priority in the minds of the education planners. In developing countries, the efforts of voluntary organizations to supplement government efforts should be encouraged by the Government and by the public. Intensive health education is needed for the public and also for the teachers who come in contact with handicapped children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Long-term consequences of spinal cord injury on social participation: the occurrence of handicap situations.

PURPOSE: Handicap situations in daily life of persons with Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is rarely evaluated in spite of their impact on long-term health. The purpose of the present study was to identify the occurrence of potential handicap situations in individuals with SCI and to determine the potential associations between the level of social participation and some characteristics of the person. METHODS: Four hundred and eighty-two individuals completed a mailed questionnaire that comprised the 'assessment of life habits', a tool developed to assess social participation in persons with disabilities. RESULTS: Significant disruptions were particularly observed in home maintenance, participation in recreational and physical activities as well as in productive activities and the achievement of sexual relations. However, many individuals successfully achieved various social roles despite the presence of disabilities. No indications of a potential impact of premature ageing on the accomplishment of life habits were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The severity of injury seems to significantly increase the occurrence of handicap situations as the individuals with tetraplegia reported carrying out their life habits with much more difficulty or requiring more assistance than those with a less severe impairment.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2000

A comparison of the responsiveness of the Nottingham extended activities of daily living scale, London handicap scale and SF-36.

PURPOSE: Clinical trials require scales which are sensitive to the effects of intervention. This study examined the sensitivity to change of three generic health status measurement scales commonly used in evaluations of interventions in chronic, disabling disease. METHODS: Questionnaires comprising the SF-36, London Handicap Scale and Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living scale were administered to 81 patients before and after hip replacement. Changes were quantified as 'effect sizes'. RESULTS: Eighty nine per cent of patients reported improvements three months after surgery. The largest changes were seen on the SF-36 pain scale (effect size 1.2 at three months, 1.5 at 6-12 months), physical function (1.1, 1.3) and role limitation--physical (0.8, 1.2) scales. The London Handicap Scale also measured large changes (effect sizes 0.6, 0.9), but the Extended Activities of Daily Living scale was insensitive to change (effect sizes 0.1, 0.2). CONCLUSIONS: Some of the SF-36 dimensions were very sensitive to change. The London Handicap Scale was also reasonably responsive, and has the advantage of being a single, utility-based, score. The simpler Extended ADL score was poorly responsive.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2003

Long-term disabilities and handicaps following sports injuries: outcome after outpatient treatment.

PURPOSE: The aim was to investigate whether long-term disabilities and handicaps arise from a sports injury requiring outpatient treatment and to identify the potential risk factors. METHOD: A representative sample was taken from a population of patients treated as outpatients due to a sports injury. The selected patients were sent a questionnaire, 2-5 years after the injury. RESULT: Thirty-nine percent of the patients studied were unable to work for up to 1 month after the injury, 19% were not able to work for up to 3 months and another 5% could not work for a maximum of 8 months. Participation in sporting activities was hampered for up to 1 year in 76% of the patients and 11% had not resumed sports participation at all. In addition, 20% of the population stated that they still suffered from disabilities and handicaps following the sports injury. The outcome of the SIP68 underlines these results. Nine percent of the patients had a sumscore larger than 0. The variables which could be identified as risk factors were the body region: knee and sex: female. CONCLUSIONS: Sports injuries requiring outpatient treatment can lead to long-term disabilities and handicaps, especially in patients with knee injuries and injuries in women. On average these consequences are less severe than those associated with inpatients; however, this finding is of great value since the number of outpatients is much higher than in patients admitted to a hospital.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1987

The influence of habitat on the prevalence of mental handicap.

The influence of habitat on the frequency and characteristics of mental handicap in Galicia (NW Spain) has been studied by means of a survey of registered mentally handicapped people. Higher prevalence is observed in rural, inland, mountainous, isolated and socioeconomically and culturally depressed areas with low population density, high migration rates and a high degree of endogamy. In these areas the prevalence of severe deficiency among the mentally handicapped is also higher due to CNS infections, cranial traumatisms and goitre and to the infrequent use of birth control methods. The expectation of rehabilitation in these areas is nil, though in some cases occupational adaptation is possible.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

Disadvantage as a measure of handicap: a paired sibling study of disabled adults in Lebanon.

In 1980 WHO defined disability as a functional limitation due to impairment, and handicap as the psychosocial disadvantage consequent to disability. This study was designed to investigate the advent of handicap in a group of adults physically disabled by poliomyelitis in childhood by comparing them to their age- and sex-matched siblings. An area survey was conducted in West Beirut and its Southern Suburb and 240 such disabled people and their siblings were identified and interviewed. Handicap was defined as disadvantage in six areas, namely, education, work, income, marital status, housing, and mental well-being. The differences between each disabled person and his/her sex-matched sibling were assessed. Significant differences were noted in employment (Odds ratio (OR) = 4.20, confidence interval (CI): 1.38-15.26), social class (OR = 2.67, CI: 1.11-6.79), income (OR = 2.88, CI: 5.57-113.3) and marital status for both the disabled people compared with their elder siblings (OR = 20.00, CI: 5.57-113.30) and for those disabled compared with their younger siblings (OR = 4.60, CI: 1.53-16.55). Multivariate analyses of the explanatory factors for each of these six areas of disadvantage among the disabled group showed that educational discrepancies cut across social class differences (OR = 1.90, CI: 1.00-3.61), income differences (OR = 1.44, CI: 0.97-2.14), and symptoms of depression (OR = 2.33, CI: 1.42-3.84). Marital-status disadvantage was related to lower income groups and disabled women (OR = 1.66, CI: 1.10-2.49; OR = 1.60, CI: 1.07-2.39).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Children with physical handicaps and their mothers: the interrelation of social support, maternal adjustment, and child adjustment.

Examined the interrelation of maternal adjustment, mother-child interaction, and child adjustment in 29 families of children with spina bifida and without mental retardation and in 28 families of children without handicaps. A multivariate, ecological model proposed that adjustment of mother and child depends on the adaptiveness of maternal response to the stress of the physical handicap and on the ability of mothers to create an optimal caregiving environment through mother-child interaction. Analyses examining the relationships among maternal social support, maternal psychological adjustment, and child adjustment are reported. Social support was found to be related to higher maternal psychological adjustment and to higher child adjustment, and maternal psychological adjustment was related positively to child adjustment in both groups. No significant differences were found between groups in the examined relationships or in the levels of resources and adjustment. Results underscore strengths of families of children with spina bifida in their adaptation to the stress of the handicap.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Characteristics of handicap for patients with recent onset rheumatoid arthritis: the validity of the Disease Repercussion Profile.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the applicability of the Disease Repercussion Profile (DRP) in the assessment of people with recently diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis. Previous research using this instrument has been confined to chronic samples. METHODS: Fifty-three patients with recent onset rheumatoid arthritis completed the DRP and other commonly used clinical outcome measures. RESULTS: The life areas of the DRP were highly interrelated, with the exception of finance. The total DRP score was associated with joint function, disability, subjective pain and coping, but was most highly associated with emotional disturbance, particularly depressive symptoms. No associations were found between measures of disease or demographic variables and DRP subscales. Activity was the area most often affected, with social life, emotions and appearance all more strongly endorsed than finances and relationships. However, whenever any of the areas was endorsed as affected, its impact was inevitably rated as very important. The pattern of self-perceived handicap was different from that reported in people with chronic arthritis. CONCLUSIONS: These results offer evidence that the DRP provides a valid measure of handicap for patients with early illness even with relatively low levels of disability. However, handicap in early rheumatoid arthritis may be more highly associated with psychological distress than in later stages of the illness.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Reducing level of handicap in traumatic brain injury: an environmentally based model of treatment.

A treatment model is described that has as its primary focus reducing the level of handicap of individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) by addressing the interaction between critical environmental variables and areas of deficit. The model focuses on two primary environmental variables-degree of distraction tolerated and degree of structure required by each individual to function optimally. These variables are systematically addressed in treatment through environmental simulations within the clinic. An outcome measurement system (Pate Environmentally Relevant Program Outcome System [PERPOS]) is presented that quantifies the level of handicap throughout treatment and at discharge as a function of the interplay between deficit and environment. Data are provided that validate the PERPOS scores through comparison with qualitative descriptors of day-to-day functioning in several domains. Outcome data indicate the participants in this treatment model made significant gains with regard to reduction of handicap.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1978

Pediatric residents and young handicapped children: curriculum evaluation.

The systematic evaluation of a curriculum designed to improve the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and clinical judgment of pediatric residents with regard to young handicapped children and their families is described. Residents were assigned to experimental and control groups, and changes were analyzed across several dimensions. The results revealed a number of significant changes due to the implementation of the curriculum. In particular, knowledge of various aspects of handicapping conditions increased as did the tendency to characterize the behavior of handicapped children in a positive manner. In addition, an experimental design is presented that is uniquely compatible with scheduling factors during residency training.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Short form of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory: construction and validation through Rasch analysis.

A new item response scale is presented, which measures the severity of self-reported balance deficits. The scale, DHIsf, is a short form of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory. The scale was constructed and validated by Rasch analysis. Rasch analysis was applied to rescore or remove any items misfitting, redundant, or off-target, until an optimal instrument was obtained. The 25-item, 3-level Dizziness Handicap Inventory was, thus, reduced to the 13-item, 2-level DHIsf. The retained items explore the domains of eye/head movements, full body activities, and mood alterations. Data were collected from 55 outpatients (63 +/- 13 yr; 43 females) attending otoneurological rehabilitation referral at a general hospital because of complaints of dizziness or imbalance. They were fully independent in ambulation and showed no evidence of major neurological or orthopedic diseases. Objective tests included brain computed tomography, sovraaorctic Doppler sonography, craniocorpography, static posturography, and nystagmography. The findings were categorized as pathologic, borderline, or normal. At least one examination was borderline or abnormal in 42 patients. The DHIsf was well targeted on this sample, with a mean score of 5.7/13 (standard deviation, 2.8; median, 5; range, 1-13). The Rasch statistics showed that the 13 items evenly fitted a hierarchy of difficulty within a homogeneous construct. A moderate but significant variance explanation of DHIsf measures was provided by a two-way analysis of variance model, with craniocorpography and nystagmography as independent categorical variables (r2 = 0.15; P = 0.018). When the clinical tests were individually taken into account, their outcome (dichotomized as abnormal v borderline or normal) could not be predicted by either of the DHIsf measures or raw scores (logistic regression). The DHIsf compares favorably with the original Dizziness Handicap Inventory, shows some consistency with the instrumental findings, and provides original information on the severity of imbalance syndromes, as it is seen from the patient's perspective.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1994

Applying Benner's model to school nursing of multiple handicapped children.

The role of the school health nurse has become more complex in recent years due to public policy changes. The focus of this article is on changes in school health nursing since enactment of Public Law 94-142, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, which places medically complex and multiply handicapped children in the public school system. The changing character of school health nursing increases the need for the advanced practice nurse (APN) to use nursing theories to guide nursing decisions. In this article, Benner's Model of Expert Practice is used by the APN in the challenging setting of school health nursing. A case study is included to describe how an APN can use this model to promote optimal functioning in a child with multiple handicaps while helping the child and family transition through developmental stages.

Child↗
PubMed1990

The Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults: psychometric adequacy and audiometric correlates.

The Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly (HHIE) was modified for use with younger hearing-impaired adults (less than 65 years of age). Similar to the HHIE, the Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults (HHIA), is a 25-item self-assessment scale composed of two subscales (emotional and social/situational). Replacement questions from the HHIE which form the HHIA focus on the occupational effects of hearing loss. For 67 hearing-impaired adults, the HHIA demonstrated high internal consistency reliability and a low standard error of measurement. Audiometric correlates of the HHIA revealed weak, yet statistically significant relationships with pure-tone sensitivity and supra-threshold word recognition ability. These findings support the use of self-report handicap measures with adults in that audiometric measures alone are insufficient in describing a patient's reaction to their hearing loss.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The psychometric properties of a tinnitus handicap questionnaire.

The psychometric properties of a tinnitus handicap questionnaire are reported. There were two phases in this study. In Phase I, 87 questions were administered to 100 tinnitus patients. From their responses, 59 items that were either redundant, insensitive, or had low item-total correlations were eliminated. In Phase II, the resulting 27-item questionnaire was administered to 319 patients. Fifty-three of these patients also completed psychological and psychophysical measures that were used to validate the questionnaire. A factor analysis of patients' responses revealed a three-factor structure. These three factors appeared to reflect the physical, emotional, and social consequences of tinnitus (Factor 1), hearing ability of the patient (Factor 2), and the patients' view of tinnitus (Factor 3). Although the 27-item questionnaire had high internal consistency reliability and validity as reflected by correlations with life satisfaction and depression scales, it is recommended that only the items on the Factor 1 and the Factor 2 subscales be scored because of the low internal consistency reliability of the Factor 3 subscale. This questionnaire can be used to compare a patient's tinnitus handicap with the norm, identify specific areas of handicaps, and to monitor a patient's progress with particular treatment programs.

Female↗
PubMed1993

Development of a hearing test protocol for profoundly involved multi-handicapped children.

The purpose of the present study was to develop a protocol for use in testing the hearing of profoundly involved multi-handicapped children. Behavioral observation audiometry, visual reinforcement audiometry, auditory brain stem response (ABR), and noise-tone-difference tests were administered to 156 children with multiple handicaps. Eighty-three percent of the children with normal middle ear function were estimated to have normal hearing or, at worst, a mild hearing loss, by one or more of the tests. ABR was the single best test, followed by behavioral observation audiometry and noise-tone-difference. However, only 65% of the children would have passed had they only been tested with ABR. If agreement among two of the tests had been required, hearing loss would have been ruled out in only 34% of the children. A factor analysis revealed that the various hearing tests were associated with different medical and physical conditions which might influence threshold estimation for multi-handicapped children. These results support use of a series-positive test battery protocol in which individual tests are used sequentially with the purpose of ruling out moderate-profound sensorineural hearing loss.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1981

The recreational pursuits of mentally handicapped adults.

The parents or care-givers of over 200 mentally handicapped adults, living at home in the city of Dublin, were interviewed as to how their son or daughter spent their leisure time. The picture that emerged was of a sheltered existence within the community. Mostly their activities were passive and solitary in nature - watching T. V.; listening to radio or records. Nearly half of the sample did not take part in any activity outside of the family; only one third took part in the community activity and only one fifth were reported to have non-handicapped friends. It would appear that parents are willing for this to continue, in that they had few suggestions for new activities; they felt their son or daughter was not interested and most thought that recreational activities should be supervised. It is argued that services should teach leisure skills in the same systematic and structured way as for other areas of the curriculum. This should reassure parents and help to ensure that mentally handicapped people not only live in the community but that they can participate in community activities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Effects of a physical training program on physical efficiency, work capacity and classroom-attention of handicapped children.

In the present study the effects of a ten-week physical training program on physical efficiency, work capacity and classroom-attention of 11 motorically handicapped children (between 8 and 14 years old) were examined. A physical training program for the children in the experimental group (n = 6) consisted of an intensification of the activities (assessed by means of heart rate recordings) of the scheduled physical education lessons, while the control group (n = 5) followed the same lessons without the intensity of the activities being changed. During all the lessons, the experimental group was required to achieve a minimum heart rate value of 160 beats X min-1. Physical efficiency and physical work capacity scores were calculated from the obtained relationships of respectively oxygen uptake versus workload and of oxygen uptake versus heart rate, determined during a submaximal bicycle ergometer test. Attention in the classroom was measured by means of a previously developed observation instrument. At the end of the ten-week training program a significant increase in physical efficiency and classroom-attention scores was demonstrated for the children in the experimental group. Such effects could not be demonstrated for the children in the control group. The implication that can be drawn from this finding is that the motorically handicapped children in the experimental group after having received special physical training can perform the same amount of external work with less energy expenditure. Further, their attention behaviour in the classroom situation appears to be facilitated. A follow-up study, carried out some months after the end of the training program, showed for both groups a deterioration in physical efficiency scores, while the experimental group also deteriotated in terms of their attention scores. It is suggested that an intensification of activities during the scheduled physical education lesson can have positive effects both physical and psychological on motorically handicapped children.

Adolescent↗