Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “GENITALS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Anogenital bacteriology in non-abused preschool children: a descriptive study of the aerobic genital flora and the isolation of anogenital Gardnerella vaginalis.

The purpose of the study is to describe the genital aerobic bacterial flora including Gardnerella vaginalis in girls and the occurrence of anal G. vaginalis in both genders. From a group of 3773 children, 278 (99 boys and 179 girls) with a mean age of 5.63 y (range: 5.13-6.73) were recruited. Inclusion in the study was based on self-selection, whereby parents who did not suspect any occurrence of sexual abuse of their child gave informed consent to participate. Several mechanisms were undertaken to exclude abused children. At least one bacterial species was isolated from the genitals of 59 (33.9%) girls. Most isolates (39 out of 99) were bacteria representing skin flora (staphylococci and coryneform organisms), with viridans streptococci and related organisms as the second most common group of isolates (31 out of 99). S. anginosus was the single most frequent bacterial species identified (17 isolates). Streptococcus pyogenes was isolated from the genitals of two girls, Streptococcus pneumoniae from one girl and Haemophilus influenzae from eight girls. G. vaginalis was not isolated from the genitals in any girl, but the organism was isolated from the anal canal in three children.

Anal Canal↗
PubMed2026

Comparing Clinical and Cytokine Profiling of Genital Inflammation as Predictors of HIV Acquisition in Women.

BACKGROUND: Inflammation in the female genital tract is a key risk factor for HIV acquisition, but it remains unclear whether clinical or immunological measures best predict risk. We aimed to compare HIV acquisition among women with clinically and/or immunologically defined inflammation. SETTING: HIV-uninfected women enrolled in the CAPRISA 004 tenofovir gel randomized controlled trial in South Africa were followed for up to 34 months. METHODS: We analyzed data from 889 women, with cytokine measurements available for 774 participants. Clinical genital abnormalities were assessed at scheduled visits, and 9 cytokines were measured in cervicovaginal lavage samples. HIV incidence was compared across categories of clinical and immunological inflammation using time varying Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for relevant covariates. RESULTS: Immunological inflammation, defined as ≥9 elevated cytokines, was present in 18% (140/774) of women. Among specific clinical signs, abnormal genital discharge (adjusted hazard ratio: 2.67, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14 to 6.23, P = 0.024) and cervicitis (adjusted hazard ratio: 10.34, 95% CI: 2.46 to 43.65, P = 0.001) were significantly associated with increased HIV acquisition. Women with both clinical and immunological inflammation had the highest risk of HIV acquisition, with adjusted hazard ratios of 2.08 (95% CI: 1.10 to 3.91, P = 0.022) and 2.46 (95% CI: 1.21 to 5.03, P = 0.013), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical and immunological definitions of inflammation were each independently associated with increased HIV acquisition risk and combined, they reflected greater susceptibility. These findings highlight the important role of genital inflammation in women's HIV susceptibility, suggesting that clinical signs may provide practical early indicators of risk even as cytokine profiles provide more sensitive measures of underlying inflammation.

Humans↗
PubMed1973

Direct immunofluorescence test for the diagnosis of genital herpesvirus infections.

Herpetic lesions of the genitalia may be confused clinically with other ulcerative, genital lesions. Direct immunofluorescence (FA) provides a rapid method of diagnosis, and the utility of this method for the diagnosis of genital ulcers was examined. One hundred and ten patients with genital lesions were examined by darkfield for syphilis and by FA and culture for herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections. Satisfactory samples were obtained from 102 patients, of which 81 were clinically suspected cases of HSV. Acetone-fixed slides of scrapings of ulcerative lesions were stained with conjugated antiserum prepared in rabbits against HSV type 2. HSV was isolated from 73% of specimens of suspected herpetic lesions, and 77% of these specimens were positive by FA. Nine percent were positive by FA only and these were not thought to represent false positives. Five percent were positive by culture only. A comparison of clinical diagnoses with laboratory findings revealed that 4% of the cases were misdiagnosed when only the clinical evaluation was considered. The data suggest that the inclusion of a diagnostic FA test for HSV along with the darkfield examination may be useful for differentiating the etiological agents of ulcerative, genital lesions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Comparison of viral isolation, direct immunofluorescence, and indirect immunoperoxidase techniques for detection of genital herpes simplex virus infection.

Seventy-six consecutive patients presenting to a genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) clinic were enrolled in a study comparing viral isolation (VI), indirect immunoperoxidase (indirect IP), and direct immunofluorescence (direct FA) techniques for the detection of HSV antigen. Of the 76 patients, 61 (80%) demonstrated HSV by VI, compared with 66% by indirect IP and 55% by direct FA (P less than 0.05). Genital lesions from nine patients demonstrated HSV antigen by direct FA or indirect IP but were VI negative; eight of nine patients had subsequent episodes of genital HSV confirmed by VI. During the vesicular-pustular stage of the disease, VI was positive in 90%, indirect IP was positive in 76%, and direct FA was positive in 71% of the lesions, whereas with ulcerative lesions, VI was positive in 72%, indirect IP was positive in 55%, and direct FA was positive in 38%. These commercially available rapid viral diagnostic techniques are specific and useful, if adequate specimens are obtained from early genital lesions.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed2001

Six-year study of the incidence of herpes in genital and nongenital cultures in a central Kentucky medical center patient population.

Herpes infections are among the most common sexually transmitted diseases and are the most common cause of genital ulcer disease in the United States. This study addresses the changing distribution of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 in patients presenting for evaluation of herpetic infections. Viral culture results from the University of Kentucky Clinical Microbiology Laboratory were reviewed for a 6-year period (1994 through 1999). Data were collected on patient sex, site of culture, and culture result. These data were analyzed statistically to identify yearly trends. Of the 4,498 cultures analyzed, nearly equal proportions of HSV-1 (13.3%) and HSV-2 (12.0%) were detected for an overall culture positivity rate of 25.3%. Approximately two-thirds of all positive cultures were from women. Although HSV-2 remained the predominant type of genital herpes, over the 6-year span of this study, there was a trend toward increasing proportions of HSV-1 genitalis, with 31.8% of male patients and 44.8% of female patients demonstrating HSV-1 genitalis by 1999. The majority of patients with HSV in nongenital sites grew HSV-1. Although there was significant yearly variation, HSV-2 was isolated from only 9.4% of patients with nongenital HSV for the entire 6-year period. This study therefore concludes that HSV-2 remains primarily a genital pathogen, while HSV-1 is taking on an increasingly important role in causing genital ulcer disease in addition to being the primary nongenital HSV.

Cell Line↗
PubMed1981

Isolation of adenovirus type 19 from the male and female genital tracts.

During routine screening for genital herpes simplex virus infection in patients attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic adenovirus type 19 was isolated from both men and women. Peak incidences of genital infection with adenovirus type 19 corresponded with those of eye infection with the same virus in the general community. Thus, the relationship between genital and eye infection with adenovirus, the part played by genital infection in its dissemination, and the clinical symptoms it may produce need further study.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMed1982

Chlamydial genital infection in Ibadan, Nigeria. A seroepidemiological survey.

Sera from patients attending a sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinic, a family planning clinic, and an antenatal clinic in Ibadan, Nigeria, as well as from male blood donors from the same area were tested for the presence of type specific antichlamydial antibodies using a modified micro-immunofluorescence test. Among men and women attending the STD clinic the exposure rates to Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes D to K (genital pathogens) were 18.7% and 26.7% respectively. Antibody titres suggesting active disease in these men and women were found in 11.8% and 22.7% respectively. The highest rate of exposure (35%) was among women attending the family planning clinic; of these women 25% had antibody suggesting active disease. Titres of IgG antibody in this study were similar to those found among men and women with chlamydial genital infections in the United Kingdom. Antibodies to serotypes D to K were also detected in 10.3% of women attending an antenatal clinic and in 9.9% of male blood donors. The prevalence of antibodies to C trachomatis serotypes A to C and lymphogranuloma venereum serotypes was low. These results suggest that the prevalence of chlamydial genital infections in Ibadan, both among STD patients and especially among those individuals not seeking treatment (family planning and antenatal clinic patients), is high. Since serious sequelae can follow chlamydial genital infections it is imperative to carry out further investigations in this area.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1982

Pathogenic microbial flora of genital ulcers in Sheffield with particular reference to herpes simplex virus and Haemophilus ducreyi.

The pathogenic microbial flora of genital ulcers in 161 (80 men and 81 women) unselected patients was studied prospectively. In only one case was Treponema pallidum responsible whereas herpes simplex virus was considered to be the cause of 130 (80.8%) genital ulcers. H ducreyi was isolated from 46 (28.6%) patients, most commonly as a secondary pathogen in herpetic lesions. Two or more pathogens were isolated from the ulcers in 67 (41.6%) patients, and in 21 (13%) patients no pathogens were isolated. Our results indicate an urgent need for antiviral treatment to reduce the local reservoir of genital herpes, challenge traditional concepts about the prevalence of H ducreyi in Britain, and call for a reappraisal of its role in the causation of genital ulcers.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1984

Thymus derived lymphocytes (T cells) in patients with genital warts.

Thymus derived lymphocytes (T cells) were counted in the peripheral blood of 30 patients with genital warts and in 20 healthy controls. The control group was made up of 10 healthy patients with no history of warts and 10 who had been cured of warts for at least 12 months. We found that patients with genital warts had a significantly lower number of T cells despite an adequate number of circulating lymphocytes in the peripheral blood. We therefore suggest that a functional defect of lymphocytes ("dyslymphocytosis") could be the cause of genital warts either in their primary or recurrent form. These abnormal lymphocytes return to their normal function after the disappearance of genital warts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Immunotherapy of genital warts with inosine pranobex (Imunovir): preliminary study.

One hundred and sixty five heterosexual men and women with genital warts were treated with inosine pranobex (Imunovir) or conventional treatment, or both. Inosine pranobex was found to be more effective in lesions of longer duration, whereas conventional treatment was more effective in genital warts of a shorter duration. Supplementation of conventional treatment with inosine pranobex increased the success rate from 41% to 94%. Immunological studies in 134 patients with genital warts showed an increased number of B cells in 21% of peripheral blood samples. Absence of major defects among circulating lymphocytes suggested that patients with genital warts may have a local immune reaction.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1995

Nonoxynol-9 use, genital ulcers, and HIV infection in a cohort of sex workers.

OBJECTIVES: To measure the associations between use of nonoxynol-9 (N-9) and incidence of genital ulcers, and incident ulcers and HIV seroconversion. METHODS: In a study of barrier contraceptive use and HIV infection, 273 female sex workers used condoms and 100 mg N-9 suppositories, and recorded sexual activity on coital logs. Genital ulcers were diagnosed clinically at monthly clinic visits. HIV infection was diagnosed by ELISA and Western blot. We calculated ulcer incidence rates by level of N-9 use. A nested matched case-control analysis assessed the effect of ulcers on HIV acquisition. RESULTS: More frequent N-9 use was not associated with genital ulcers and may have been protective against the lesions. Ulceration was not a strong risk factor for HIV acquisition in this study (odds ratio 1.1; 95% confidence interval 0.3-3.5). CONCLUSIONS: Frequent use of N-9 can cause genital irritation and ulceration. Ulcers, in turn, may be risk factors for HIV acquisition. This study, however, did not find an association between N-9 use and ulcers, nor between ulcers and HIV. There is probably a threshold of N-9 use frequency or dose below which the risk of ulceration is minimal. Ulcers due to infectious causes may have been prevented by N-9 use in this cohort.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Genital ulcers, stigma, HIV, and STI control in sub-Saharan Africa.

HIV associated stigma is still prevalent throughout Africa despite the spread of the epidemic. Stigma is also attached to sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Despite the importance of STIs, particularly genital ulceration in facilitating heterosexual HIV transmission, policymakers continue to focus mainly on other priorities. It would appear that this lack of public health initiative in tackling genital ulcers is itself an example of stigmatisation. Possible explanations for this include geographical variation in the data and a perception that genital ulcers are not a topic that can be discussed freely and openly. HIV policymakers in countries worst affected by HIV in Africa should examine their own opinions for bias when determining public health priorities for HIV prevention. The importance of genital ulcers should be reassessed and publicised.

Africa South of the Sahara↗
PubMed1990

Clinical and laboratory study of first episode genital herpes in Singapore.

A prospective study of the epidemiology, clinical aspects and laboratory features of first episode genital herpes was carried out in Middle Road Hospital, Singapore between June 1986 and December 1987. A total of 68 patients were studied. There were more women than men in the study population with a female to male ratio of 7.5 to 1. The peak incidence of first episode genital herpes was between 20 and 29 years of age. Specimens from 63 patients yielded positive culture for herpes simplex virus (HSV). HSV-1 was isolated from 21 patients (30.9%), HSV-2 from 41 patients (60.3%) and untyped HSV from one patient (1.5%). True primary genital herpes was diagnosed in 43 patients (68.3%) using a test for complement fixing antibodies to HSV. HSV-1 was found to be the causative agent in 18 (41.9%) of the true primary infections, HSV-2 in 24 (55.8%) and untyped HSV in one (2.3%). In comparison, HSV-1 was isolated in only 2 (10%) of the 20 patients with non-primary first episode genital herpes; HSV-2 was found in 13 patients (65%) and the culture was negative in 5 (25%).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Chronic genital ulcerations and HIV infection: 29 cases].

Genital ulcers are common manifestations of infectious disease. The incidence of genital ulcers featuring a chronic course has increased since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic. The purpose of this 18-month cross-sectional study was to determine the main infectious causes of chronic genital ulcers (CGU) and their correlation with HIV infection. A total of 29 patients with CGU defined as an ulcer showing no sign of healing after more than one month were studied. Mean age ranged from 24 to 54 years. The male-to-female sex ratio was 1:5. The etiology was herpes in 19 cases (65.5 p. 100), chancroid in 6 cases (20.6 p. 100), streptococcal infection in 2 cases (6.8 p. 100), Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in 1 case (3.4 p. 100) and cutaneous amibiasis in 1 case (3.4 p. 100). Twenty-two patients (75.8 p. 100) presented HIV infection including 16 with HIV1 and 6 with HIV1 and HIV2. All patients with herpes were HIV-positive. Eighteen of these patients were in stage C3 of HIV infection. Genital herpes was the main etiology of UGC in patients with HIV infection (p < 0.001). Conversely chancroid was the main etiology in patients without HIV infection (p < 0.05). This finding suggests that herpetic CGU is highly suggestive of AIDS whereas chancroid CGU is not. Although syphilis is widespread in Africa, it was not a cause of CGU in this study. Search for herpes simplex virus or Haemophilus ducreyi in patients with CGU is an important criteria for presumptive diagnosis of AIDS in Africa.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

HPV genital infections and contraception.

Human Papilloma Virus genital infections are, especially during fertile age, a very common finding in performing PAP smear and colposcopy. The interest in these infections arises from their frequent association with dysplasia and their possible role in the etiology of carcinoma of the lower genital tract. The natural history of HPV infections is not very well known and foreseen. Epidemiological studies indicate that the progression, regression or stability of induced HPV lesions are correlated with cofactors which are considered risk factors in carcinoma of the lower genital tract. The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of estroprogestinic contraception and other methods on the evolution of the HPV genital infections.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Treatment of genital Papillomavirus lesions].

Genital Papillomavirus infection has now reached epidemic size. Several techniques may be used to treat genital condylomas, but none of them is 100 percent effective. At the first consultation for external genital condylomas, the choice of treatment is determined by the size, location, number and histology of the lesions. Typical condyloma acuminata that are present in small number and have a less than 5 mm base of implantation are treated by cryotherapy or trichloracetic acid. Podophyllin should be reserved for patients with diffuse lesions. When one or several lesions do not regress after 3 to 4 weeks of treatment, surgical procedures (electrocautery, CO2 laser) must preferably be used. Condylomas that have a base of implantation wider than 5 mm are directly destroyed by surgical excision, as are dysplastic lesions. Post-treatment cure of external genital lesions must be confirmed by a negative acetic acid test. Patients should be advised to utilize condoms throughout the duration of treatment.

Condylomata Acuminata↗
PubMed1990

Molecular pathology of the lower female genital tract. The papillomavirus model.

Papillomavirus-related genital neoplasms are one area where molecular biology has had an impact at many levels. Studies of cell transformation, gene expression, and genome organization have linked papillomaviruses to neoplasia; they have also provided data suggesting potential pathways by which the papillomaviral genome exerts its effect on cells. Molecular epidemiological studies using clinical material have identified specific HPV types with neoplasia, profiled the populations at risk for these infections, and supported the emerging concept of latent infection. Studies using in situ hybridization have confirmed the close relationship of neoplastic change with certain infections (such as HPV-16), and have detailed the transcription patterns of the papillomavirus genome in warts, precancers, and carcinomas. The technology of in situ hybridization has facilitated the evaluation of archive material; using this material, the close relationship between HPV type 18 and adenocarcinomas and small-cell carcinomas has been described. Methods for expressing HPV proteins in bacteria have produced a spectrum of antisera to specific gene products, which in turn will facilitate mapping their distribution in tissues, determining their biological significance, and clarifying the host immune response to genital papillomavirus infections. Although these multidisciplinary approaches help to promote an understanding of genital HPV infections and their related neoplasms as well as clarifying the role of HPV in the evolution of genital neoplasia, the clinical utility of this information has not yet been established.

DNA, Viral↗
PubMed1990

The association of genital ulcer disease and HIV infection at a dermatology-STD clinic in Uganda.

At Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda, 270 consecutive patients at the dermatology and sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic were enrolled in a study to evaluate the association of clinical STD syndromes and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Female patients became sexually active earlier than male patients and were younger at marriage. Persons with a history of an STD during the preceding 5 years were more likely to be HIV infected (43%) than those without such a history (26%; OR 2.08, 95% C.I. 1.17, 3.73). Examination at the time of the visit demonstrated an association between genital ulcers and HIV infection in male and female patients (OR 2.21, 95% C.I. 1.08, 4.53, and OR 8.54, 95% C.I. 1.45, 87.55, respectively) but no association between HIV and urethritis or vaginal discharge. The etiologic fraction for HIV infection of genital ulcers was 0.218. Men with a history of contact with prostitutes were more likely to be HIV infected than those without contact (50% versus 28%, p less than 0.05), but once controlled for STDs, this relationship was no longer significant. This study confirms other studies from East Africa that have shown a relationship between genital ulcers and HIV infection. This finding, in the presence of no association between other STD syndromes and HIV infection, suggests that genital ulcers may be truly associated with HIV infection rather than a marker of high-risk activities.

Adolescent↗