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At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Influence of pinealectomy and pineal stalk deflection on circadian gastrointestinal tract melatonin rhythms in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata).

The authors examined levels of melatonin in the plasma and various tissues in intact, pinealectomized, and pineal stalk-deflected zebra finches kept under 12:12 LD to determine if the melatonin found in the gastrointestinal tract is secreted in a circadian manner. In intact and pineal stalk-deflected birds, there is a clear day-night rhythm in melatonin content of the plasma, pineal gland, eyes, proventriculus, crop, duodenum, jejunum/ileum, colon, heart, and liver. In contrast, pinealectomy abolished the day-night rhythm. These results indicate that most of the melatonin present in the gastrointestinal tract of zebra finches is of pineal origin. However, some melatonin remained. This suggests that this melatonin may be locally synthesized and has paracrine and/or autocrine functions. Nonetheless, the results do not lend support to the contention that this putative melatonin secretion by the gastrointestinal tract is circadian.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Substance P levels in peripheral nerve, skin, atrial myocardium and gastrointestinal tract of rats with long-term diabetes mellitus. Effects of aldose reductase inhibition.

This study measured the content of substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) in peripheral nervous tissue (lumbar dorsal root ganglia, sciatic nerve), skin (snout, foot), gastrointestinal tract (stomach, terminal ileum) and in the atria of the heart. Animals studied were long-term (11 months) streptozotocin-diabetic rats compared with age-matched control rats. All diabetic rats were given a very long acting insulin preparation twice weekly to reduce morbidity. Half of the diabetic rats were given the aldose reductase inhibitor, sorbinil (mean dose 30 mg/kg/day body weight by dietary admixture) over the entire protocol. Diabetic rats (given insulin only) showed marked accumulation of sorbitol and fructose together with myo-inositol depletion in their sciatic nerves. The sciatic nerves of the sorbinil-treated diabetic rats contained amounts of sorbitol, fructose and myo-inositol which were similar to those of non-diabetic rats, in spite of large amounts of nerve glucose in the sorbinil-treated animals. Thus, the inhibition of aldose reductase was successful. The L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia of the diabetic rats showed reduced SPLI (63% and 72% respectively of control ganglia; P less than 0.05). There was also numerical reduction in sciatic nerve SPLI (84% of control nerve). There were no effects of sorbinil treatment on the reduced SPLI levels in ganglia or sciatic nerve. In the gastrointestinal tract the levels of SPLI were reduced in diabetic rats even when data were adjusted to take account of tissue hypertrophy (diabetic SPLI/whole stomach was 60% controls, P less than 0.01 and SPLI/cm ileum was 78%, though the latter did not attain statistical significance). In skin SPLI/unit area was raised in the diabetic rats to 145% of controls for foot skin and 151% for snout skin. Changes in SPLI content of gastrointestinal tract were unaffected by sorbinil treatment; in the skin the elevations were enhanced to 188% and 270% of respective control values for foot and snout skin. The SPLI content of the atria was unaffected by diabetes or sorbinil. These data are not consistent with a generalised impairment of delivery of substance P by axonal transport in experimental diabetes; special factors appear to influence the levels in neurones innervating different tissues. Exaggerated flux through the polyol pathway appears to be uninvolved.

Aldehyde Reductase↗
PubMed1980

Significance of the gastrointestinal tract in the in vivo metabolism of ethanol in the rat.

The rate of ethanol metabolism and the extrapolated zero time blood ethanol concentration (C0) were compared in naive and ethanol-fed rats following intracardiac or ingastric administration of a test dose of ethanol (3 g/kg). If the gastrointestinal tract is involved in the disposition of ethanol, intragastric administration should result in a lower C0 and a faster overall rate of metabolism than intracardiac administration, since part of the dose would be metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract without having been absorbed and thereby entering the blood. However, no significant differences were observed in C0. The rate of metabolism was substantially higher in the ethanol-fed rats, but was uninfluenced by route of administration. Thus, the gastrointestinal tract plays no significant role in the metabolism of ethanol.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2000

Microsatellite instability in patients with multiple primary cancers of the gastrointestinal tract.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the genetic alterations in multiple primary cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. Microsatellite instability (MSI) is frequently observed in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), and multiple primary cancers is a feature of this syndrome. AIMS: To identify MSI incidence, target gene mutation, and mismatch repair (MMR) protein status in patients with multiple primary cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. SUBJECTS: Fifty seven cancers from 22 Japanese patients with multiple primary cancers of the stomach, duodenum, colon, and rectum. METHODS: MSI was examined at 5-7 microsatellite loci. Mutation analysis for TGFbetaRII, IGFIIR, and BAX was performed in cancers with MSI. MMR protein status was examined by immunohistochemical analysis using a monoclonal antibody against hMSH2 and hMLH1. RESULTS: MSI was observed in 16 of 22 patients (73%) and in 29 of 57 lesions (51%). High frequency MSI (MSI-H) was found often in patients with multiple cancers in the same organ (p = 0.042), especially in multiple gastric cancer patients (p = 0.038). In contrast, patients with multiple cancers in different organs had a tendency to show low frequency MSI (MSI-L) or microsatellite stable (MSS) phenotype. Both target gene mutation and decreased expression of MMR protein were found only in seven lesions of three patients with MSI at more than four microsatellite loci. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that genetic instability may play an important role in the development of multiple gastrointestinal cancers but there may be different genetic alterations between multiple gastrointestinal cancers of the same and different organs.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Ecological determinants in microbial colonization of the murine gastrointestinal tract: adherence of Torulopsis pintolopesii to epithelial surfaces.

Torulopsis pintolopesii is a yeast indigenous to the gastrointestinal tracts of conventional mice and rats from many colonies. In such natively colonized animals, the organism forms layers on the surface of the epithelium in the secreting portion of the stomach and can be cultured from all areas of the gastrointestinal tract. When given in water or food to germfree mice or specific pathogen-free mice possessing an indigenous microbiota free of yeast, T. pintolopesii also can be cultured from all areas of the tract at population levels ranging from 10(5) to 10(8) cells per g (wet weight). Likewise, as in its native hosts, the organism forms layers on gastric surfaces in the associated animals. The layers form on the secreting surface in both the specific pathogen-free and monoassociated ex-germfree mice. In the latter animal, however, a layer of yeast also forms on the nonsecreting gastric surface. In tests of its capacity to adhere to gastrointestinal surfaces in vitro, the organism adheres to epithelia from all areas of the mouse tract. These findings support an hypothesis that the capacity of T. pintolopesii to adhere to epithelial surfaces may be only one determinant influencing it to form layers on the gastric secreting surface in its native hosts.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

'Senescence-associated' beta-galactosidase activity in the upper gastrointestinal tract.

Beta-galactosidase activity at pH 6 is associated in vitro with senescence and cellular death, but in vivo data are sparse. This study undertook firstly to map 'senescence-associated' beta-galactosidase activity (SAbetaG) at pH 6 in normal epithelia and mucosae of the upper gastrointestinal tract. As escape from senescence confers a proliferative advantage, a reduction in SAbetaG activity might be predicted in neoplasia and their precursors in vivo. This prediction was tested in metaplastic, dysplastic, and neoplastic epithelium of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Histochemical staining for SAbetaG was performed at pH 6 on cryostat sections of 350 endoscopic biopsies from sites including oesophagus, stomach, and duodenum of 46 patients: 28 with Barrett's oesophagus (two with adenocarcinoma), 15 with gastric adenocarcinoma, and three with oesophageal squamous cancer. A staining score (range 0-6) was assigned to epithelial cells in all mucosae and scores were calculated for surface (luminal), intermediate, and deep (basal) layers. The strongest SAbetaG activity was in surface luminal cells of normal duodenal mucosa (mean score 3.6+/-0.5; n=19), 'specialized' Barrett's mucosa (mean 2.2+/-0.12; n=105), and intestinal metaplasia in the stomach (mean 2.4+/-0.40; n=16). Squamous epithelium was consistently negative for SAbetaG activity. Low- and high-grade Barrett's dysplasia showed no decrease in SAbetaG activity, but reduced activity was seen in gastric and oesophageal adenocarcinomas (mean 1.24+/-0.29; n=17; p=0.012). In six gastric adenocarcinomas, there was no detectable activity. Whether SAbetaG is truly a marker of cellular senescence in vivo remains to be determined. Activity is low in mucosal proliferation compartments and increases with cellular differentiation, especially in native or metaplastic intestinal mucosae. SAbetaG activity persists in dysplastic mucosae but may show some reduction or loss in adenocarcinomas (p=0.0012). Loss of SAbetaG activity is not, therefore, an early event in glandular dysplasia-neoplasia of the upper gastrointestinal tract.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1986

Endosonographic evaluation of mural abnormalities of the upper gastrointestinal tract.

An end-viewing fiberoptic gastroscope was modified to incorporate a high-resolution linear array real-time ultrasound transducer 7 cm proximal to the flexible tip of the instrument. This endoscope was used to evaluate 20 patients suspected of having mural disease of the upper gastrointestinal tract and five normal subjects. The endosonographic examination defined esophageal, stomach, and duodenal wall thickness in normal subjects. In patients with pathological findings, both diffuse and acoustically focal lesions were demonstrated, and the extent of these lesions were outlined. With focal masses, endosonographic findings also demonstrated echogenic differences between various submucosal tumors reflecting their differing etiology. The extent of invasion and adenopathy were identified in a patient with gastric carcinoma. With diffuse lesions, the depth of involvement could be outlined sonographically, but etiologic diagnosis depended on biopsy. Extrinsic masses with secondary invasion of the wall of the upper gastrointestinal tract were defined in six patients. It is suggested that endosonography may prove to be a useful technique for evaluation of mural, invasive extramural, and diffuse lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Foreign bodies in the gastrointestinal tract.

Management of foreign bodies of the gastrointestinal tract is not standardized among the various specialties and subspecialties of physicians who care for these patients. This article gives a true emergency department approach to the patient with an ingested or inserted gastrointestinal foreign body. Evaluation and management of the foreign body by location are presented. Controversial issues such as Foley catheter removal of esophageal foreign bodies, management of sharp objects in the stomach, and management of body packers and body stuffers are discussed. Examples of foreign bodies encountered by the typical emergency physician are demonstrated.

Catheterization↗
PubMed2002

Role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.

The pathological association between leucocytes and gastrointestinal diseases has long been recognized. Chemokines are a large family of chemotactic cytokines whose fundamental role is the recruitment of leucocytes to tissues. Although chemokines and their receptors are considered to be mediators of inflammation and tissue injury in several inflammatory diseases, their precise role in the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal diseases remains incompletely understood. Nonetheless, by virtue of their expression and localization at sites of gastrointestinal tissue injury and inflammation, a number of investigators have suggested a vital role for chemokines and their receptors in the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal diseases. This short review examines the role of chemokines and their receptors in the gastrointestinal tract with an emphasis on their involvement in the regulation of intestinal and hepatic inflammation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Preservation of the enzyme activity of horseradish peroxidase administered into the gastrointestinal tract of adult dogs and rats].

Enzymatic activity of horse radish peroxidase administered to the gastrointestinal tract of adult dogs and rats was assessed. It was discovered that in adult dogs, 30% of the protein reached the distal parts of the small intestine in a non-splitted form. As early as two hours after administering horse radish peroxidase over 15% of active enzyme was detectable in the gastrointestinal tract of adult rats. 0.5% of non-splitted enzyme was found in the rat large intestine.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Pharmacokinetics of Lactobacillus plantarum NCIMB 8826, Lactobacillus fermentum KLD, and Lactococcus lactis MG 1363 in the human gastrointestinal tract.

OBJECTIVES: Genetically modified lactic acid bacteria may be a way to deliver vaccinal epitopes in the gastrointestinal tract. AIM: Three strains of lactic acid bacteria were studied for their pharmacokinetics in the human gastrointestinal tract. METHODS: The survival of the strains was studied up to the ileum in six subjects each, after ingestion of 150 g of fermented milk. The strains and their concentrations in the products were Lactobacillus fermentum KLD (107 cfu/g), Lactobacillus plantarum NCIMB 8826 (108 cfu/g), and Lactococcus lactis MG 1363 (108 cfu/g). Ileal fluid was aspirated by intestinal intubation and immediately cultured. L. plantarum NCIMB 8826, which was found in high concentrations in the ileum, was studied for its survival in the faeces after consumption of 150 g of fermented milk three times daily for 7 days. Faecal samples were collected for culture. RESULTS: The concentration of L. plantarum NCIMB 8826 in the ileum reached 108 cfu/mL after a single dose, with a survival of 7%. L. fermentum KLD and Lc. lactis MG 1363 had lower (0.5 and 1.0%, respectively) and shorter (4 h) survival in the ileum. During the 7-day ingestion period, L. plantarum NCIMB 8826 reached high concentrations (108 cfu/g) in the faeces, with a survival of 25 +/- 29%. None of the strains colonized. CONCLUSIONS: L. plantarum NCIMB 8826 has a promising pharmacokinetic profile as a candidate vaccine vehicle.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diagnosis of submucosal lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract by endoscopic ultrasonography.

The use of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in the diagnosis of submucosal upper gastrointestinal tract lesions was examined in 308 patients. Two-hundred ten submucosal tumors, 89 cases of esophagogastric varices, and 9 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were found. EUS images were interpreted based upon a five-layer EUS structure of the normal gastrointestinal wall. A characteristic EUS image was seen with leiomyoma, cysts, lipoma, and varices. EUS had an accuracy of 80% in staging nine cases of lymphoma. EUS is a valuable technique for the evaluation and diagnosis of submucosal upper gastrointestinal tract lesions.

Esophageal and Gastric Varices↗
PubMed2004

A rare case of idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome involving the oral cavity associated with the esophagus and gastrointestinal tract.

We report the rare case of HES involving oral cavity associated with esophagus, and gastrointestinal tract, which we succeeded in diagnosing precisely through a biopsy specimen obtained from the lip. A 64-year-old man had dysphagia, swelling of the oral mucosa and the posterior cervical muscles, accompanied by an abdominal pain and diarrhea. Peripheral blood cell count showed marked eosinophilia. Computed tomography showed thickening of posterior wall of the pharynx, esophagus, and gastrointestinal tract. Histologic specimen obtained from the lower lip demonstrated a moderate infiltration of eosinophils. His clinical condition was improved by oral prednisolone therapy.

Deglutition Disorders↗
PubMed1988

Retrograde intraoperative gastroscopy in obscure bleeding of the gastrointestinal tract.

Intraoperative endoscopic localization of the lesions responsible for the bleeding in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract that escape detection in the preoperative period is an attractive alternative to the blind exploratory duodenogastrostomy. The retrograde technique described herein may be superior to the oral antegrade intraoperative method advocated by some authors. Large clots obscuring clear viewing are rapidly removed by way of the small gastrotomy, and the proximal hidden corners of the stomach are readily visualized even by a surgeon who lacks previous experience with endoscopic techniques. We suggest this to be the method of choice for localization of the obscure point of bleeding during emergent operations for bleeding of the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract.

Emergencies↗
PubMed2004

Cloacal exstrophy: morbidity associated with abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract and spine.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to review the management of the gastrointestinal tract in cloacal exstrophy and to assess the effect of spinal dysraphism on nutritional outcome. METHODS: Twenty-two patients with cloacal exstrophy were reviewed retrospectively. Gastrointestinal and spinal anomalies were documented. The need for nutritional supplementation was recorded. Weights at 1 and 5 years of age were used to assess growth in childhood. RESULTS: Ten patients were treated initially with ileostomy, 7 with colostomy, and 3 without stoma. Two patients died before surgical reconstruction. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was utilized in 8 infants for a median of 10 days (range, 5 to 200). Three patients had complications with colostomies requiring conversion to ileostomy. Patients with an ileostomy required more nutritional supplementation compared with patients with a colostomy (50% v 28%). High-output stoma losses were more common in patients with an ileostomy (40% v 14%). Fourteen patients (67%) with spinal dysraphism had a higher incidence of failure to thrive in the first year of life (69% v 26%) and multiple episodes of enteritis (40% v 25%). Two neonates with duodenal atresia and small bowel deletion died within the first month of life. One patient with short bowel syndrome died of TPN-associated liver disease at 6 months of age. There were no other deaths. CONCLUSIONS: The gastrointestinal tract contributes significantly to the morbidity and mortality in cloacal exstrophy. Nutritional supplementation is more frequently required in patients with an ileostomy. Stoma complications were higher in those with a colostomy. Morbidity is high in patients with spinal dysraphism.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1990

Endoscopy of the lower gastrointestinal tract.

Colonoscopy is an extremely valuable diagnostic technique. It allows the veterinarian to visualize the lower gastrointestinal tract and obtain tissue for a definitive diagnosis with a noninvasive approach. This article reviews the indications, contraindications, instrumentation, and technique of endoscopy of the lower gastrointestinal tract.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Transabdominal sonography of the gastrointestinal tract.

Like other cross-sectional imaging methods, transabdominal sonography is increasingly used for evaluation of gastrointestinal diseases. The potentials and limitations of sonography in evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract are discussed. Transabdominal sonography proved to be of clinical value in assessment of appendicitis, diverticulitis, bowel obstruction, chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, intussusception and infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. The sonographic morphology of the most common gastrointestinal diseases is discussed. In experienced hands sonography can be used as primary imaging in several gastrointestinal diseases. The gastrointestinal tract should be included in the sonographic examination of the abdomen, especially if symptoms could be related to the intestine.

Digestive System↗