Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “GANGLION”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Substance P: a neurotransmitter of amacrine and ganglion cells in the vertebrate retina.

A short history and summary of the occurrence of substance P in the vertebrate body is presented. Substance P is now generally accepted to be a neurotransmitter and can be visualized by immunocytochemistry to occur in various nerve cells in the CNS. In the retina, substance P-immunoreactivity (SP-IR) occurs in amacrine cell populations in all the species so far studied. In some vertebrates retinas SP is also apparent in one or more ganglion cell types. Anatomical investigations have revealed the morphology and connectivity of SP-IR amacrine cells: they branch in several strata of the inner plexiform layer receiving input from bipolar and amacrine cells and making synapses upon bipolar and ganglion cells. Most commonly SP-IR amacrines emit axon-like process that pass to both the outer plexiform layer and the ganglion cell and nerve fiber layers. These processes often end upon the retinal vasculature. SP-IR ganglion cells have been described in turtle, rabbit and human retinas. In turtle, intracellular dye injection has revealed the morphology of one type of SP-IR ganglion cell as being a large-field monostratified cell with a branches in the outer stratum of the inner plexiform layer. It may correspond to a "Dogiel cell" type. Intracellular investigation of SP-IR amacrine cells in turtle reveal their physiological responses to be ON-OFF in nature with some color-coding characteristics. In general SP acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter raising the spontaneous activity level of ganglion cell responses. The SP-IR ganglion cell is an OFF-center unit in the turtle retina and may be driven in the center of its receptive field by luminosity bipolar cells and in its surround by amacrine cells with color-opponent properties.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Study of central retinal ganglion cell loss in experimental glaucoma in monkey eyes.

PURPOSE: The objective of this research was to compare the loss of retinal ganglion cells subserving the fovea to that of the ganglion cells in the surrounding perifoveal region in eyes with experimental glaucoma. METHODS: Ganglion cell nucleoli were counted using light microscopy from vertically oriented retinal, strips and the cell density was calculated using the modified Abercombie formula. Percent ganglion cell loss in glaucomatous eyes from five monkeys was determined for each of up to five contiguous areas within the central 12 degrees of the retina by comparison to normal fellow eyes. RESULTS: Loss of central ganglion cells was present even in eyes with mild glaucomatous damage. The percent ganglion cell loss in glaucomatous eyes at five adjacent areas within the central 12 degrees of the retina did not differ significantly (ANOVA, p = 0.77, n = 8). Cell loss in areas nearest to the fovea was indistinguishable from that in more peripheral perifoveal areas. CONCLUSIONS: Foveal ganglion cells appear to be susceptible to experimental glaucoma injury. Psychophysical testing of foveal functions may deserve renewed attention in glaucoma diagnosis and follow-up.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1979

Alkaline phosphatase activity in the ganglion cells in and near the temporal bone.

The distribution pattern of alkaline phosphatase was studied in the ganglion cells in and near the temporal bone of some mammals. No or extremely weak activity of alkaline phosphatase was observed in or near the spiral and vestibular ganglion cells of the bat, rat, cat, and monkey. However, intense to moderate enzyme activity was noted exclusively in the peripheral areas of the spiral and vestibular ganglion cells of the guinea pig. The enzyme activity was also demonstrated in the nerve fibers at some distance from both axonal and dendritic processes of the spiral and vestibular ganglion cells of the guinea pig. Trigeminal and geniculate ganglion cells of all mammals examined showed intense to moderate enzyme activity in their capsular cells. There is a marked difference in the phosphate metabolism in the capsular tissues of the ganglion cells in or near the temporal bone of various mammals.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1996

Interneurons of the ganglionic layer in the mormyrid electrosensory lateral line lobe: morphology, immunohistochemistry, and synaptology.

This is the second paper in a series that describes the morphology, immunohistochemistry, and synaptology of the mormyrid electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL). The ELL is a highly laminated cerebellum-like structure in the rhombencephalon that subserves an active electric sense: Objects in the nearby environment of the fish are detected on the basis of changes in the reafferent electrosensory signals that are generated by the animal's own electric organ discharge. The present paper describes interneurons in the superficial (molecular, ganglionic, and plexiform) layers of the ELL cortex that were analyzed in the light and electron microscopes after Golgi impregnation, intracellular labeling, neuroanatomical tracing, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunohistochemistry. The most numerous interneurons in the ganglionic layer are GABAergic medium-sized ganglionic (MG) cells and small ganglionic (SG) cells. MG cells have 10-20 spiny apical dendrites in the molecular layer, a cell body of 10-12 microns diameter in the ganglionic layer, a single basal dendrite that gives rise to fine, beaded, axon-like branches in either the plexiform layer (MG1 subtype) or the deeper granular layer (MG2 subtype), and an axon that terminates in the plexiform layer. Their apical dendritic tree has 12,000-22,000 spines that are contacted by GABA-negative terminals, and it receives, 1,250-2,500 GABA-positive contacts on the smooth dendritic surface between the spines. The average ratio of GABA-negative to GABA-positive contacts on the interneuron apical dendrites (14:1) is significantly higher than that for the efferent projection cells that have been described previously (Grant et al. [1996] J. Comp. Neurol., this issue). The somata and basal dendrites of MG cells receive a low to moderate density of GABAergic synaptic input, and their axons make GABAergic synaptic contacts with the somata and cell bodies of MG as well as with large ganglionic (LG) cells. SG cells probably represent immature, growing MG cells. Other interneurons in the superficial ELL layers include GABAergic stellate cells in the molecular layer, two types of non-GABAergic cells with smooth dendrites in the deep molecular layer that are named thick-smooth dendrite cells and deep molecular layer cells, and horizontal cells that are encountered particularly in the plexiform layer. Comparison with the ELL of waveform gymnotiform fish, which is another group of active electrolocating teleosts that has been investigated thoroughly, shows striking differences. In these fish, no GABAergic interneurons are found in the ganglionic (pyramidal) layer of the ELL, and GABA-negative interneurons with smooth dendrites in the molecular layer also seem to be lacking. At present, the phylogenetic origin of the described superficial interneurons in the mormyrid ELL is uncertain.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Comparative study of the apical ganglion in planktotrophic caenogastropod larvae: ultrastructure and immunoreactivity to serotonin.

Previous research suggests that a major role of the apical ganglion (also called the apical or cephalic sensory organ) in gastropod larvae is detection and integration of sensory information and relay of motor signals to effectors in the velum. However, the relative impact of ancestry versus velum size and life history on characteristics of the apical ganglion is unresolved. We address this issue by contributing data on the apical ganglion and overlying epidermis in planktotrophic larvae of four caenogastropod species (Euspira [Polinices] lewisii, Lacuna vincta, Trichotropis cancellata, and Amphissa versicolor) derived from light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and immunohistochemical localization of serotonin-like antigenicity. Ultrastructure of the apical ganglion is similar in these caenogastropods, and the basic plan corresponds to previous descriptions of the apical ganglion in planktotrophic opisthobranch larvae (subgroup of Heterobranchia). The only identified structural feature that is unique to all these caenogastropods, relative to opisthobranchs, is modified ciliary axonemes for the ampullary cells, a distinctive type of sensory neuron. Like opisthobranch larvae, caenogastropod larvae have serotonin-immunoreactive neurons within the apical ganglion; the number ranges from three to six, but a lateral pair of serotonergic, nonsensory neurons is common to all species. The pattern of serotonergic neurons in E. lewisii, which develops large, subdivided velar lobes, is the same as that of opisthobranch larvae, which have a relatively small, unelaborated velum. These and other data suggest that common ancestry is a major determinant of overall structural design for the apical ganglion in caenogastropods and heterobranchs, which are sister groups within the Gastropoda. Velum size and life history strategy may account for some, but not all, cases of interspecific differences in the serotonergic component.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Developing vestibular ganglion neurons switch trophic sensitivity from BDNF to GDNF after target innervation.

Recent evidence showing a distinctive cell loss in vestibular and cochlear ganglia of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) versus neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) null mutant mice demonstrates that these neurotrophins play a critical role in inner ear development. In this study, biological functions of BDNF and NT-3 in the chick vestibular and cochlear ganglion development was assessed in vitro and compared to those of other neurotrophic factors. The embryonic day (E)8-12 vestibular ganglion neurons showed an extensive outgrowth in response to BDNF with less outgrowth to NT-3. In contrast, NT-3 had stronger neurotrophic effects on the E12 cochlear ganglion neurons compared to BDNF. These results support previous evidence that neurotrophins play important roles in the vestibular and cochlear ganglion neuron development. However, the responsiveness to the neurotrophins declined and became undetectable by E16. Unexpectedly, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) promoted neurite outgrowth from vestibular ganglia at E12-16, later than the stages at which BDNF had neurotrophic effects. The time of switching sensitivity of the vestibular ganglion neurons from BDNF to GDNF correlated with the time of completion of synaptogenesis on their peripheral and central targets. Furthermore, a factor released from E12 inner ears exerted neurotrophic effects on late-stage vestibular ganglion neurons that were not responsive to the E4 otocyst-derived factor. These results raise the possibility that the vestibular ganglion neurons become responsive to GDNF upon target innervation and that the changes in sensitivity are regulated by changes in available factors released from their peripheral targets, the inner ear epithelia.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The number and distribution of ganglion cells in the retina of the brush-tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula.

The distribution of ganglion cells in the retina of the adult brush-tailed possum was determined by light microscopy of Nissl stained retinal whole mounts. Qualitatively, the distribution in this marsupial retina shows features, such as an area centralis and a visual streak, which are found separately or together in eutherian mammals. The possum retina is avascular and the eye has a weak tapetum in the superior fundus.The retinal area is 260 mm2 and there are about 280,000 ganglion cells. The diameters of the ganglion cell somas range from 5 micrometer to 26 micrometer and the frequency distribution of soma size classes is skewed and unimodal (mean" 12.8 micrometer) with 62% of the cells falling in the class of diameters 7-13 micrometer. Maps of ganglion cell density were made for five retinae. These maps show that there is a band of high ganglion cell density (greater 2,000 cells mm-2) which extends across the retina about 0.6 mm above the optic disc in the tapetal region of the fundus and which lies in the plane of the animal's horizon when the eyes are in their primary position. By analogy with other species, this band is termed the visual streak. Near the temporal end of the visual streak, 2.9 mm from the optic disc, the ganglion cell density reaches a localized maximum of approximately 5,000 cells mm-2 thereby defining the centre of an area centralis (greater than 3,000 cells mm-2). The posterior nodal distance of the possum eye was estimated at 7.8 mm, which corresponds to a retinal magnification of 136 micrometer per degree of visual field. There are up to 30,000 glial cells which lie in, or slightly vitread to, the layer of the retinal ganglion cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The number and distribution of ganglion cells in the cat's retina.

The number of ganglion cells in the cat's retina, and the pattern of their distribution over the retina, have been reinvestigated. Criteria are presented for the identification of ganglion cells in Nissl-stained whole mounts, most particularly for the distinction between small ganglion cells and neuroglial cells, by reference to retinas with no ganglion cells (obtained by nerve section) and to areas to retina containing a population of only small ganglion cells (obtained by optic tract section). Using these criteria, the number of ganglion cells was counted in four retinas (mean total 116,250). The number of large or "giant" cells (presumably the somas of Y-cells and of alpha-cells) varied from 4,200 to 7,100. Overall these cells comprised 4.0-6.3% of the total ganglion cell population. Their distribution over the retina showed a concentration around the area centralis, with a localized minimum density at the area centralis, and a concentration in the visual streak. These concentrations of large cells were quantitatively less than the concentrations of smaller cells in the area centralis and visual streak, so that the relative frequency of large cells was minimal (mean 1.6%) at the area centralis and increased steadily up to 5.5-6.9% in peripheral retina. Their relative frequency was distinctly lower along the visual streak than in peripheral retina above or below the streak.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Population magnitudes and distribution of the major modal classes of cat retinal ganglion cell as estimated from HRP filling and a systematic survey of the soma diameter spectra for classical neurones.

A survey of diameter spectra in presented for classic neurones of the cat retinal ganglion cell layer. From these, with the aid of retrograde HRP filling for central retina, a set of density distribution maps has been prepared for each of the major modes of the neuronal diameter spectrum. The total population of classical neurones, the presumed ganglion cells of Hughes ('75), confirms published values with a minimum of some 207,000 comprised 5,600 cells in the alpha mode, 80,700 cells in the beta mode, and 120,700 cells in the gamma mode. A proportion of classical neurones in the gamma mode do not fill by retrograde transport of HRP from either optic nerve or superior colliculus. Their morphology is characteristic and includes a conspicuous basophilic nuclear bar or fold; they remain subsequent to ganglion cell retrograde degeneration and resemble some profiles of the amacrine layer. It is presumed that they represent a class of displaced amacrine cells. Estimates based on ganglion cell identification by HRP filling indicate populations of about 80,000 cells in both the gamma and the beta modes and a total count of about 170,000 ganglion cells; a good agreement with Hughes and Wässle's ('76) optic nerve fibre count, but lower than the classic neurone count. It is concluded that the distribution maps for ganglion cells in each of the three modes of the soma diameter spectra are similar in form and resemble that of the total neurone density map. The ganglion cell population of the gamma mode in the visual streak is not found to increase in proportion relative to that of the beta mode, as has been reported elsewhere.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Retinal ganglion cell projections to individual layers of the lateral geniculate body in Galago crassicaudatus.

The genus Galago provides an unique opportunity to study the relation between layers of the lateral geniculate body and classes of retinal ganglion cells. In the present experiments HRP was restricted to individual layers of the lateral geniculate body with the following results: After injections of the magnocellular layers, layers 1 and 2, labeled retinal ganglion cells ranged in size from 8 to 20 micrometers. After injections of the parvocellular layers, layers 3 and 6, labeled retinal ganglion cells ranged in size from 6 to 12 micrometers. After injections involving layers 4 and 5, which layers contain only very small, pale cells, labeled retinal ganglion cells ranged in size from 5 to 14 micrometers. Thus, the very largest ganglion cells were labeled only after injections of magnocellular layers 1 and 2, while small and medium retinal ganglion cells were labeled after HRP injections in every layers of the lateral geniculate body. Because the magnocellular layers actually contain a mixture of large, medium, and small-sized cells, we suggest that retinal ganglion cells of different size-classes project to geniculate relay cells of the corresponding size-class.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Distribution of modulatory inputs to the stomatogastric ganglion of the crab, Cancer borealis.

The pyloric and gastric mill neural networks in the crustacean stomatogastric ganglion receive modulatory inputs from more anteriorly located ganglia via the stomatogastric nerve. In this study we employed biocytin backfilling and immunostaining, as well as electron microscopy, to determine the origin of these inputs in the crab, Cancer borealis. Fiber counts from electron micrographs of sections through the stomatogastric nerve showed that this nerve contains 55-60 medium to large diameter fibers (1-13 microns). These fibers were individually wrapped by several layers of membrane, presumably glial in origin. There was also a single cluster of jointly wrapped, small diameter (< 1 micron) fibers that may originate from peripheral sensory somata. Biocytin backfills revealed that approximately two thirds of the individually wrapped fibers in this nerve originate from somata in the other three ganglia of the stomatogastric nervous system, including the paired commissural ganglia and the single oesophageal ganglion. There were approximately 20 biocytin-labeled somata in each commissural ganglion and 3 somata in the oesophageal ganglion. An additional ten somata were localized to the stomatogastric ganglion itself. This accounts for nearly all of the medium to large diameter fibers in the stomatogastric nerve. We used double-labeling with backfills and immunocytochemistry to determine that there are two proctolin-immunoreactive neurons and four FMRFamide-like immunoreactive neurons among the biocytin-labeled neurons in each commissural ganglion. Both peptides modulate neural network activity in the stomatogastric ganglion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Recovery of cholinesterases in soman-injected superior cervical ganglion of the rat in the presence and absence of innervation.

We have previously described the procedure for quantitative separation of extracellular and intracellular ChEs using mild treatment of rat superior cervical ganglion with papain. Here, this procedure was used in order to investigate the recovery of ChEs in the two pools after irreversible inhibition by soman which was directly injected into the ganglion. After such treatment only ganglion ChEs were totally inhibited, whereas the activity of ChEs in preganglionic neurons and their axons remained unaffected. Comparing in innervated and decentralized ganglia the pattern of recovery rate and ultrastructural reappearance of ChEs after local inhibition, with that reported after systemic ChEs inhibition, it was possible to distinguish between the indirect effects of innervation on the recovery rate and pattern of ChEs of ganglion origin and the direct contribution to the total ganglion enzyme activity of ChEs originating in the preganglionic elements. The absence of nerve contracts affects mostly extracellular activity, particularly AChE, whereas the intracellular activity of AChE was only slightly decreased and the activity of nsChE was somewhat increased. This increase coincides with the enhanced cytochemical reaction of nsChE in some nonneuronal cells in the ganglion. Actinomycyn D decreased the rate of initial rapid phase of recovery of intracellular ChEs when injected in the ganglion daily for three days, whereas the recovery of extracellular ChEs was already decreased the first day of Actinomycyn D application. This indicates that the externalization of the enzyme is more affected than its synthesis by inhibition the translation step.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Morphology of the accessory ciliary ganglion of the cat.

A microdissection of the orbital nerves of the cat was made paying particular attention to the accessory ciliary ganglion. The structures were studied with the light microscope by histological and histochemical techniques. The accessory ciliary ganglion consisted of cells similar to those in the main ganglion. The neurons of the accessory ciliary and those of the main ciliary ganglion emitted no specific fluorescence for catecholamines. After injection of horseradish peroxidase-wheat germ agglutinin conjugates into the chambers of the eye, most ganglion cells of the accessory and main ciliary ganglia were labeled. A few labeled ectopic cells were also found in proximity of the accessory ganglion in the lateral short ciliary nerve or in the communicating branch from the trigeminal nerve. The present results indicate that the accessory ciliary and ectopic ganglion cells are parasympathetic in nature and may innervate the intrinsic eye musculatures.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Immunohistochemical findings in the vestibular ganglion from a patient with Menière's disease.

Immunofluorescent staining techniques were performed on a series of cryostat sections of the vestibular ganglion taken during ganglionectomy from a patient with Menière's disease. The direct technique using FITC-labelled antiserum proved the presence of immunoglobulins in the patient's blood vessels and endoneural connective tissue. Preincubation with unlabelled antiserum blocked this reaction. An additional positive reaction of ganglion cells was demonstrated by incubating tissue with the patient's serum. These findings prove antibodies in the patient's serum against the autologous ganglion cells. The vestibular ganglion from a patient with dizziness following a skull base fracture served as a control specimen. No autoimmune reaction was found in the ganglion cells when incubation was carried out with the patient's serum. A positive reaction in the blood vessels and connective tissue was less pronounced. The findings of the present study underline the occurrence of immunological reactions in the vestibular ganglion of patients with Menière's disease. A subsequent degeneration of ganglion cells could provoke clinical Menière's attacks.

Antigen-Antibody Complex↗
PubMed1981

Embryonic chick retinal ganglion cells identified "in vitro". Their survival is dependent on a factor from the optic tectum.

When HRP is injected into the optic tecta of embryonic or newly hatched chicks, the ganglion cells in the contralateral retina can be successfully dissociated into culture and identified at any time by appropriate histochemical staining. Histological examination of whole mounts of retinae both ipsilateral and contralateral to an injection site indicated that no HRP diffused out of an injected tectum, and that the only reaction product that could be visualized was restricted to the ganglion cell layer of the contralateral eye. Because retinal ganglion cells are the only retinal neurons to project to the optic tectum, the intraxonal retrograde transport of HRP to these cells allows their unequivocal identification from amongst the heterogeneous population of retinal neurons present after dispersal into single cells in monolayer culture. The presence of HRP in the cell bodies did not appear to impair their ability to survive, grow or express neurites. Counts of labeled cells from progressively aged birds confirmed that the peak number of generated ganglion cells occurs on embryonic day 10,and that is a 40% decline in the number these neurons over the following 3 days. However, when labelled ganglion cells from 10 day embryos were grown in culture with optic tectum, all the ganglion cells survived over the following 4 days, including those destined to die in vivo. This trophic effect cannot be induced by cerebellum, but is partly induced by media first conditioned over tectal cells. The trophic effect exerted by optic tectum appears therefore to be specific and chemically mediated. We suggest that the death of retinal ganglion cells in vivo may be a consequence of the inability of some cells to establish adequate supplies of a growth factor from the optic tectum.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The distribution of ipsilaterally and contralaterally projecting ganglion cells in the retina of the pigmented rabbit.

The retinal distribution of ipsilaterally and contralaterally projecting ganglion cells has been determined in the rabbit using both degeneration and horseradish peroxidase tracing techniques. Contralaterally projecting ganglion cells are present throughout the retinas, while ipsilaterally projecting ganglion cells are confined to a 3.0-3.5 mm wide strip adjacent to the temporal retinal margin. Thus, in this temporal strip both ipsilaterally and contralaterally projecting cells intermingle, while at more nasal locations all ganglion cells project contralaterally. Each of the contra- and ipsilaterally projecting populations comprises ganglion cells with soma diameters representing the full range present in the rabbit retina. However, a relatively large proportion of the ipsilaterally projecting ganglion cells have large somata (greater than or equal to 20 micrometer). Large ganglion cells are most numerous in the rabbit's temporal retina and have previously been described as reaching their peak density at the large cell node, just above the temporal end of the visual streak (Provis 1979). The large cell node lies immediately temporal to the nasal border of the strip of retina in which ipsilaterally projecting cells are located. It is possible that this specialization in the region of retina which observes the binocular visual field plays a particular role in binocular vision for the rabbit.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1992

Distribution of enteric nerve cells that project to the coeliac ganglion of the guinea-pig.

The digestive tract of the guinea-pig, from the esophagus to the rectum, was examined in detail to determine the distribution and relative abundances of neurons in these organs that project to the coeliac ganglion and the routes by which their axons reach the ganglion. A retrogradely transported neuronal marker, Fast Blue, was injected into the coeliac ganglion. The esophagus, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, duodenum, small intestine, caecum, proximal colon, distal colon and rectum were analysed for labelled neurons. Retrogradely labelled neurons were found only in the myenteric plexus of these organs, and in the pancreas. No labelled neurons were found in the gallbladder or the fundus of the stomach, or in the submucous plexus of any region. A small number of labelled neurons was found in the gastric antrum. An increasing density of labelled neurons was found along the duodenum. Similarly, an increasing density of labelled neurons was found from proximal to distal along the jejuno-ileum. However, the greatest densities of labelled neurons were in the large intestine. Many labelled neurons were found in the caecum, including a high density underneath its taeniae. An increasing density of labelled neurons was found along the length of the proximal colon, and labelled neurons were found in the distal colon and rectum. In total, more labelled cell bodies occurred in the large intestine than in the small intestine. The routes taken by the axons of viscerofugal neurons were ascertained by lesioning the nerve bundles which accompany vessels supplying regions of the digestive tract. Viscerofugal neurons of the caecum project to the coeliac ganglion via the ileocaeco-colic nerves; neurons in the proximal colon project to the ganglion via the right colic nerves, and neurons in the distal colon project to the ganglion via the mid colic and intermesenteric nerves. Neurons in the rectum project to the coeliac ganglion via the intermesenteric nerves. These nerves (except for the intermesenterics) all join nerve bundles from the small intestine that follow the superior mesenteric artery. All viscerofugal neurons of the caecum were calbindin-immunoreactive (calb-IR) and 94% were immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP-IR). In the proximal colon, 49% of labelled neurons were calb-IR and 85% were VIP-IR. In the distal colon, 80% of labelled neurons were calb-IR and 71% were VIP-IR.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[A comparative ultrastructural-morphometric study of the cochlear spiral ganglion in rats and guinea pigs (author's transl)].

The cochlear spiral ganglion of rats consists of 61.8% granular ganglion cells, 22.4% satellite cells and Schwann cells, 9.3% extracellular space, 4.8% myelinated nerve fibers and 1.4% filamentous ganglion cells. The granular ganglion cells consist of 76% cytoplasmic components and 24% nuclei. Their cytoplasm contains 66.3% hyaloplasm, 11.4% mitochondria, 11% free ribosomes, 7.8% rough endoplasmic reticulum, 2.7% Golgi apparatus and 0.8% lysosomes. Comparing with morphometric data in guinea pigs, granular spiral ganglion cells in rats show some species dependent differences in their quantitative cytoarchitecture. They don't differ in their principal architectural pattern, especially in regard to the metabolism for energy and cell performance. The spiral ganglion cells of rats in contrast to those of guinea pigs do not show viral particles. Since it is impossible to evaluate with certainty the influence of viruses on the metabolism of infected cells, in our opinon rats are more suitable experimental animals for morphometric investigations of spiral ganglions.

Animals↗