SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Food, Formulated”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources

PubMed1986

Effects of food on the bioavailability of theophylline from controlled-release products in adults.

A variety of formulation-dependent food-induced absorption changes ("food effect") occur with controlled-release formulations of theophylline. These changes are found in formulations with either pH-dependent or pH-independent in vitro dissolution characteristics. They include decreases in the rate or extent, increases in the rate and extent, and more erratic or variable theophylline absorption. In evaluating food effects from a test formulation, it is essential to standardize the meal composition (fat content) and dosing time relative to meal intake. For those formulations that exhibit pronounced food effect, drug dosing relative to meal intake should be made part of product labeling to assure consistent absorption.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Compliance with safe practices for preparing parenteral nutrition formulations.

Compliance with the guidelines of the National Advisory Group on Standards and Practice Guidelines for Parenteral Nutrition (NAG) was studied. A questionnaire based on the NAG guidelines was developed to identify common practices used in the preparation of parenteral nutrition formulations in a variety of health care settings. The questionnaire was mailed in January 2000 to a national sample of 1445 pharmacists. There were a total of 633 usable responses, for a net response rate of 45.2% (based on 1400 deliverable surveys). Almost 80% of the respondents were employed in an urban setting, and 64.3% worked in hospitals. Relatively high compliance was reported for guidelines related to filtration (86.9% and 85.9%), verification of product stability and compatibility by a pharmacist or computer program (86.4%), evaluation of the aseptic technique of persons preparing sterile products (81.4%), and having a pharmacist assess formulations to determine whether the contents are within acceptable standard ranges (78.8%). Low compliance was reported for guidelines related to the inclusion of dosing weight on the label (15.4%), the use of amount per day as the unit of measure for labeling ingredients (26.1%), direct pharmacist-to-pharmacist communication about prescriptions when patients are transferred among health settings (33.4%), and daily in-process or end-product quality assurance testing of formulations. The NAG guidelines on parenteral nutrition formulations with which pharmacists' practice was most discrepant were the use of amount per day as the unit of measure for labeling ingredients, inclusion of the patient's dosing weight on the label, direct pharmacist-to-pharmacist communication when patients are transferred, and daily quality assurance testing.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Simple and rapid analysis of endocrine disruptors in liquid medicines and intravenous injection solutions by automated in-tube solid-phase microextraction/high performance liquid chromatography.

A simple and rapid method was developed for analyzing contamination of endocrine disruptors in liquid medicines and intravenous injection solutions. Endocrine disrupting compounds such as bisphenol A (BPA), alkylphenols and phthalates were quantitated by on-line in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography (in-tube SPME/HPLC) with UV detection. The liquid medicines and intravenous injection solutions could be used directly without any pretreatment, and the BPA, alkylphenols and phthalates in these solutions were automatically analyzed. The limits of quantification for these compounds were 1-10 ng/ml. Recoveries of these compounds spiked to the intravenous injection solutions was over 80%, except for some phthalates. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) was detected at a concentration of 7-60 ng/ml in most intravenous injection solutions in plastic containers, but it was not detected in solutions in glass bottles. Diethyl phthalate, di-n-propyl phthalate, DBP and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were also detected in syrup, lotion and eye drops in plastic containers. On the other hand, BPA and alkylphenols were not detected at all in these solutions. DEHP contamination from an administration set increased when total vitamin formulation was added to the infusion solution. DEHP was easily leached from polyvinyl chloride tubing by polysorbate 80. The in-tube SPME/HPLC method is simple, rapid and automatic, and it provides a useful tool for the screening and determination of endocrine disruptor contamination in liquid medicines and intravenous injection solutions.

Autoanalysis↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of resting energy expenditures and caloric intake in children with severe burns.

Nutritional support is provided to children after severe burn injuries in amounts derived from empirical formulas or measurements of resting energy expenditure. To scrutinize these methods, indirect calorimetry measurements were performed on 74 survivors of burns (greater than or equal to 40% total body surface area) and compared to their actual caloric intake, percent weight change, and optimal caloric requirements formulated from the Curreri and Shriners' equations. These parameters showed that in spite of an initial deficit in actual caloric intake as compared to formulated goals, weight was maintained, whereas resting energy expenditures ranged from 30% to 40% below the actual caloric intake. Furthermore, a subgroup of patients (n = 42) who met +/- 20% of their formulated needs were stratified by extent of burn; this illustrated a significant weight gain in the more severely burned children. In conclusion, nutritional formulas in popular use overestimate caloric requirements in severe burns, whereas resting energy expenditure measurements require an additional factor of 30% to maintain body weight.

Body Weight↗

PubMed1991

[Obtaining condensed milk from a mixture of hydrosoluble extract of soybean powder and cow's milk].

Three formulations of mix concentrated milk with hydrosolubles extract of soybean powder and cow's milk were prepared. The products were condensed up to 31% and 33.65% of solids in a vacuum evaporator at temperature of 45 degrees and 58 degrees C with a vacuum pressure of 540 mmHg. The products obtained were compared with standard concentrated milk through sensory evaluation showing satisfactory characteristics.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Carbohydrate and alcohol content of 200 oral liquid medications for use in patients receiving ketogenic diets.

OBJECTIVE: The ketogenic diet is used in patients with intractable seizure disorders. To maintain a ketotic state, patients on this diet must maintain a strict low-carbohydrate intake. Because these patients often require medication, and because many pharmaceutical products (especially liquid formulations) contain significant quantities of carbohydrates, it is important that each drug product be evaluated before proceeding with the ketogenic diet. The purpose of this study was to compile the carbohydrate content of oral liquid products for patients on or considering a ketogenic diet. METHODS: A list of 200 oral liquid drug products and their manufacturers was compiled using the Children's Health Care-Minneapolis pharmacy purchasing database, the Physicians' Desk Reference, and previously published lists of oral liquid medications. Manufacturers were contacted either by telephone or by letter and asked specifically about the sucrose, fructose, sorbitol, glycerin, and alcohol content of these liquid formulations. RESULTS: The carbohydrate and alcohol content of 200 oral liquid products was determined and shown in an accompanying table. CONCLUSIONS: Many oral liquid medications contain significant amounts of carbohydrate. Tablet and capsule formulations are preferred when possible. To date, it has been difficult to quantify the carbohydrate content of liquid medications because of unavailability of this information. The carbohydrate content of 200 oral liquid medications is provided here to assist health care practitioners, patients, and care givers in designing drug regimens low in carbohydrates for patients on or considering a ketogenic diet.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1986

Parenteral nutrition in obstetrics and gynecology.

Parenteral nutrition is required to maintain and restore an anabolic state when oral or enteral routes are not feasible. Despite 16 years of parenteral nutrition availability, reports about parenteral therapy in gynecologic patients or during pregnancy have not been published until relatively recently. Most information is anecdotal but suggests that this mode of therapy is safe, effective, and occasionally life-saving. Parenteral nutrition is used most commonly in women with gynecologic malignancies who are unable to obtain adequate nourishment either during or after surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy. Parenteral alimentation during pregnancy has been used mostly to provide adequate nutrition for those who suffer from prolonged hyperemesis or when there is difficulty in absorption of adequate nutrients. The proper selection and administration of dextrose, fat, protein, vitamins, trace elements, and electrolytes for pregnant women has been associated with apparent favorable perinatal outcomes. Preterm deliveries and intrauterine fetal growth retardation are relatively common and relate to the preexisting or a coexisting medical or obstetric complication. Nutritional assessment before therapy should include a detailed diet history and establishment of baseline clinical and laboratory parameters. Oral or enteral feedings should be attempted beforehand if possible to conserve high costs and potential complications. Parenteral requirements are extrapolated from recommended daily allowances for oral intake, allowing for adjustments in variable absorption. Standardized formulations and fat emulsions are available at pharmacies in many hospitals, making ordering of complex solutions easier, more efficient, and cost effective. Metabolic and septic complications occur infrequently with close monitoring. Few women require intravenous therapy for very long, and home parenteral nutrition is rarely necessary.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Development of low erosive carbonated fruit drinks. 1. Evaluation of two experimental orange drinks in vitro and in situ.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the in vitro erosive potential and in situ erosive effect of two new formulation low calorie carbonated orange drinks with that of two conventional diet products and water. METHODS: In the in vitro study, six specimens of deciduous and permanent enamel were randomly allocated to each of the five products and a '4h' protocol employed. In the in situ study, 15 healthy volunteers participated in a single centre, single blind, 5-phase crossover study, conducted according to Good Clinical Practice, and employing a validated model. RESULTS: The in vitro erosive potential of the experimental formulations was less than that of the comparators at all time points. Conversely, the observed erosive potential of both experimental formulations was greater than that of the control. Consistent statistically significant differences were found in relation to permanent enamel only. Unfortunately, the in situ study did not produce results entirely consistent with those of the in vitro study. Notably, a generally progressive loss of enamel was observed in specimens exposed to the control. CONCLUSIONS: The data from the in vitro study show the experimental formulations to have low comparative erosivity. However, the methodologies in vitro and in situ somewhat unusually do not correlate in ranking the erosivity of drinks. The results of this study should therefore be viewed with caution, further research being clearly warranted.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Osmolalities of selected enteral products and carbohydrate modules used to treat inherited metabolic disorders.

Osmolalities of selected defined-formula products for use in treatment of inherited disorders of amino acid metabolism were measured at 12 energy concentrations. Osmotic behaviors of six carbohydrate modules as components of L-amino acid formulas were also studied. Osmolality measurements were made using a Wescor vapor pressure depression osmometer (model 5100 C). Phenyl-Free at concentrations greater than 10 kcal/oz yielded high osmolalities that exceeded the recommended level for infants. Lofenalac, Low Phe/Tyr Diet Powder, and MSUD Diet Powder at concentrations up to but no greater than 20 kcal/oz exerted osmolalities acceptable for use with infants. Low Methionine Diet Powder produced the lowest osmolality of the products tested. Differences among products can be explained by the formulations of the products, with sources of nitrogen and carbohydrate and percents of protein, carbohydrate, and fat considered. Carbohydrate type significantly affected formula osmolality; differences among carbohydrate sources can be attributed to their molecular sizes. Formulas that contained glucose exerted the highest osmolalities, while those with corn syrup or sucrose yielded the next highest. Protein Free Diet Powder, Polycose, and Moducal exerted reasonably low osmolalities.

Dietary Carbohydrates↗

PubMed2000

[Optimization of formulations for dietetic pastry products].

Optimized formulations of dietetic pastry products such as cake and sponge cake premixes were formulated using the surface response methodology. % Emulsifier agent and baking time were the selected independent variables for cake, as well as % emulsifier agent % chlorinated flour the variables selected for sponge cake. Three different level of each variable summing up thirteen experimental formulae of each product were assessed to optimize the variables that could have some influence in the sensory characteristics of these dietetic products. The total sensory quality was determined for both dietetic products using the composite scoring test and a panel of 18 trained judges. Looking at the contour graphic and considering economic aspects the best combination of variables for cake formulation was 2% emulsifier agent and 48 minutes for baking time, With respect to sponge cake, the best combination was 6% emulsifier agent and 48% chlorinated flour. Shelf life studies showed that both dietetic formulations remained stable during storage conditions of 75 days at 30 degrees C. During this period, significant differences in sensory characteristics were not found (p < 0.05). Data of peroxide values were kept under the critical value reported for detection of organoleptic rancidity. Reported values of hedonic test showed that these dietetics pastry products had good acceptability, and open up marketing opportunities for new products with potential health benefits to consumers.

Food Preservation↗

PubMed1991

[Obtaining macaroni-type spaghetti from a mixture of wheat flour and corn flour].

Pasta products were formulated using 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% substitution of wheat flour with pre-gelatinized corn flour. Products were submitted to evaluation tests by comparing their main characteristics with those of the pattern, such as humidity, cooking time, water absorption, solubility in cooking water, texture, color, appearance and yield. The products obtained were economically available with good acceptability in relation to color, appearance and other characteristics evaluated.

Flour↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Supplementation of total parenteral nutrition solutions with ferrous citrate.

Daily infusion of a total parenteral nutrition (TPN) formulation containing 1 liter of 5.5% Travasol provides less than 0.1 milligrams of iron. By comparison, a formulation which includes a liter of 10% Travamin provides 2 milligrams of iron per day. To meet iron requirements in patients infusing formulations containing Travasol, iron was added as ferrous citrate. In in virto experiments, 74% of this iron was available to transferrin. In seven patients in whom in vivo availability was tested by red cell incorporation, the mean availability was 81%. Ferrous citrate is recommended as a safe, effective additive to TPN solutions for adult patients requiring iron supplements.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

The influence of different formula diets and different pharmaceutical formulations on the systemic availability of paracetamol, gallbladder size, and plasma glucose.

The influence of two liquid formula diets on the systemic availability of paracetamol was investigated in 12 healthy normal volunteers using a liquid and a solid paracetamol dosage form. The diets contained the same balanced amounts, but different patterns of nutrients and different amounts of dietary fiber. Plasma glucose and gallbladder response to the standard meal were used as indicators of gastric emptying. Paracetamol plasma concentrations following application of the liquid dosage form also served as a marker for the gastroduodenal transport of liquid gastric contents. For the liquid dosage form, the plasma concentration time curves did not vary with diet composition. However, with the tablets, a differential effect was observed. Following coingestion with the fiber depleted diet, the rate of systemic availability was reduced more than with the liquid preparation. A further delay was obvious, when the tablets were combined with the meal enriched in dietary fiber. Plasma glucose and gallbladder response did not vary with diet composition. Variations of gastric emptying are unlikely to account for the variability of food effects. Consequently our results illustrate that an interaction of certain meal components with a particular drug dosage form determines the rate of intragastric release of the active compound. This could be shown due to a high standardization of nutrition by using liquid formula diets. Because of the variation of drug release, paracetamol cannot be used as a marker of gastric emptying without taking into account the vehicle necessary for drug application. In contrast to previous studies, our data provide evidence that even balanced test meals retard paracetamol absorption.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acetaminophen↗

PubMed2000

Microbiological quality of reconstituted enteral formulations used in hospitals.

Contamination of enteral feeds may occur during preparation, storage, decanting, and administration to patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the microbiological quality of reconstituted enteral feeds, residual feeds from feed delivery systems, and the water used to reconstitute powdered feeds in hospital. Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) system was implemented to control microbiological contamination of the enteral feeding formulations. Before the implementation of the HACCP system microbiological analyses of feeds showed the presence of indicator organisms such as coliforms and Enterococcus spp. and unacceptably high levels of mesophilic aerobic microorganisms (>10(4) cfu/mL). After the implementation of the HACCP, the microbial quality of the feeds improved significantly, with counts of <10(1) cfu/mL. Blenders used in reconstituting feeds were found to be the main source of bacterial contamination.

Bacillus cereus↗

PubMed1994

Laying hen production responses to least cost rations formulated with stochastic programming or linear programming with a margin of safety.

An experiment with 480 DeKalb DK laying hens was conducted to study the effect of rations formulated with stochastic programming (STCH) or linear programming with a margin of safety (LPMS) over 12, 28-d periods. Rations were formulated to guarantee the requirement of methionine and lysine > or = 69%, in all rations, and Ca and P > or = either 69 or 90%. The four rations were: LPMS69 with Ca and P > or = 69%, LPMS90 with Ca and P > or = 90%, STCH69 with Ca and P > or = 69%, and STCH90 with Ca and P > or = 90%. Rations formulated with STCH were lower in cost than LPMS rations for respective probability levels. Costs per metric ton for LPMS69, LPMS90, STCH69, and STCH90 were $155.70, $157.71, $155.00, and $156.30, respectively. Compared to STCH rations, LPMS rations were overformulated in nutrients. There was no difference (P > .05) in performance for hen-housed egg production, hen-day egg production, feed per dozen eggs, mortality, egg weight, or eggshell percentage.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

[Optimization of a spaghetti formula enriched with dietary fiber and micronutrients for elderly people].

Several studies have demonstrated low dietary fiber intake in elderly people, which increases the risk of diseases such as constipation, colon cancer and diverticulosis. A spaghetti formula enriched with lupin fibre was developed to increase the dietary fibre intake in elderly people, as spaghetti are frequently consumed in this age group. Sweet lupin bran (Vitafiber) was used as fibre source and gluten was used as improving additive. Response surface methodology with a two variable composite rotatable design was applied to optimize the formulations. The independent variables were lupin bran (7.14-14.29%) and gluten Vital (0.1-2.0%). The dependent variables were the responses of a trained 10-member sensory panel who evaluated the sensory quality parameters color, shape, aroma, flavor and texture by the Karlsruhe 9-point test. The optimized formula was prepared with 66.7% semoline, 7.14% lupin bran, 1.05% gluten and 24.7% water, enriched with 0.019% of a vitamin premix (A. E, D, B2, B12 and folic acid) and with 0.41% of a mineral premix (Ca, Fe, Zn), in order to meet 30% of the RDA for the elderly per 100 g dry spaghetti. The dietary fibre content of the optimized product was 11.05 g/100 g. The study showed that fibre-enriched spaghetti formula is a good way to increase dietary fibre intake in elderly people, as it is a common food, simple to prepare and easy to eat.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Hepatoprotective effects of whey protein on D-galactosamine-induced hepatitis and liver fibrosis in rats.

The hepatoprotective effects of whey protein on two injections of D-galactosamine (300 mg/kg, i.p.) were investigated in rats fed a modified AIN-93M diet formulated with a protein source of casein or whey for 16 d. The whey protein-containing diet clearly suppressed an increase in plasma alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activity, lactate dehydrogenase and bilirubin, which are hepatitis markers, and also hyaluronic acid, a fibrosis marker. In addition, it suppressed histopathological signs of portal fibrosis, bile duct proliferation, and perivenular sclerosis. These results suggest that supplementation with whey protein can help prevent the development of hepatitis and portal fibrosis.

Alanine↗

PubMed1991

High-moisture diet for laboratory rats: complete blood counts, serum biochemical values, and intestinal enzyme activity.

Rats were fed an irradiated high-moisture diet (KSC-25) with or without access to a water bottle. Physiologic values were compared between these two groups and a group of rats fed a purified diet. Hematologic and serum biochemical values, urine specific gravity, and intestinal enzyme activities were determined from samples collected from the three groups of rats. Sprague Dawley rats (n = 32) fed the irradiated high-moisture diet with or without a water bottle were the test animals. Rats (n = 16) fed an irradiated purified diet and water provided via a water bottle were the control group. The purified diet formulation modified AIN-76A, is a commonly used purified diet for laboratory rodents. All rats remained alert and healthy throughout the study. A comparison of the physiologic values of rats in this study with reported normal values indicated that all of the rats in the study were in good health. Significant differences (P less than 0.05) of the physiologic values from each rat group are reported.

Animal Feed↗