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PubMed2005

Dairy augmentation of total and central fat loss in obese subjects.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We have previously demonstrated an antiobesity effect of dietary Ca; this is largely mediated by Ca suppression of calcitriol levels, resulting in reduced adipocyte intracellular Ca2+ and, consequently, a coordinated increase in lipid utilization and decrease in lipogenesis. Notably, dairy Ca is markedly more effective than other Ca sources. DESIGN: Obese subjects were placed on balanced deficit (-500 kcal/day) diets and randomized to control (400-500 mg Ca/day; n = 16) or yogurt (1100 mg Ca/day; n = 18) treatments for 12 weeks. Dietary macronutrients and fiber were held constant at the US average. MEASUREMENTS: Body weight, body fat and fat distribution (by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), blood pressure and circulating lipids were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. RESULTS: Fat loss was markedly increased on the yogurt diet (-4.43+/-0.47 vs -2.75+/-0.73 kg in yogurt and control groups; P<0.005) while lean tissue loss was reduced by 31% on the yogurt diet. Trunk fat loss was augmented by 81% on the yogurt vs control diet (P<0.001), and this was reflected in a markedly greater reduction in waist circumference (-3.99+/-0.48 vs -0.58+/-1.04 cm, P<0.001). Further, the fraction of fat lost from the trunk was higher on the yogurt diet vs control (P<0.005). CONCLUSION: Isocaloric substitution of yogurt for other foods significantly augments fat loss and reduces central adiposity during energy restriction..

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Treatment of dyslipidaemia with a simple low fat diet and with a combination of a low fat diet and a formulation containing soybean protein.

The first approach to treatment of dyslipidaemia is with diet. Currently, modified soybean protein is often included in the diet. A study was made of 32 patients with types IIa and IIb dyslipidaemia to see what changes in blood lipids could be induced by a simple low fat diet and a diet with modified soybean protein substituted for part of the animal protein. After six weeks on the initial low fat diet, all of the patients had lower total cholesterol and triglyceride levels, but there were no significant changes in the high density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels. The same diet was continued for eight weeks by 19 of the patients, who continued to improve. The 13 patients who had shown the least response to the initial simple low protein diet were given a diet in which the animal protein was partially replaced with modified soybean protein. This diet further decreased the total cholesterol.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Dietary fats rich in saturated fatty acids (12:0, 14:0, and 16:0) enhance gallstone formation relative to monounsaturated fat (18:1) in cholesterol-fed hamsters.

To test the possibility that dietary palmitic acid (16:0) may be lithogenic, different fats were blended to exchange 18:1 in olive oil with either 16:0 in palm stearin, 12:0 + 14:0 in coconut oil, or 14:0 + 16:0 in butterfat. Dietary 18:2 was held constant at 1.2% energy (en) (with extra safflower oil as needed) in these four purified diets containing low fat (11% of total energy) and 0.4% cholesterol. A fifth, high-fat diet provided 40% of the total energy as the 16:0-rich blend. All hamsters fed the low-fat 16:0-rich blend for six weeks developed cholesterol gallstones (8/8). Although the gallstone incidence was lower for the 12:0 + 14:0-rich diet (5/8), the severity of stone formation in affected hamsters was equal to that in the low-fat, 16:0-rich group. Mucin accumulation in gallbladder bile was often associated with cholesterol gallstones in diets containing 16:0, but was minimal in 18:1-rich and 12:0 + 14:0-rich groups. Neither the lithogenic index (all > 1.0), plasma lipids, nor liver cholesterol was a selective predictor of stone formation. The high-fat, 16:0-rich diet actually decreased cholesterol stone incidence (3/8) and severity, but yielded a high incidence of pigment stones (5/8). Thus, saturated fat and 16:0 per se were not responsible for the exaggerated lithogenesis. Because the antilithogenic 18:1-rich diet also normalized the 18:2 intake (1.2% en) relative to previous butter diets (0.3% en), the potential importance of essential fatty acids (EFA) deficiency in the model was tested in a second study by feeding graded amounts of 18:2 (0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2% en) as safflower oil in four low-fat, butter-rich diets (11% en as fat) without alleviating gallstone incidence or severity. These studies indicate that substitution of 18:1 for saturated fatty acids in low-fat diets reduces gallstone formation without affecting the lithogenic index. Furthermore, intake of 18:2 at or below the EFA requirement does not appear to be a major factor in this model.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Experiments to optimize enzyme substitution therapy in pancreatic duct-ligated pigs.

Ligation of the pancreatic duct in pigs leads to severe maldigestion and malabsorption of crude nutrients. Supplementation with 24 capsules of Creon (Solvay Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Hannover, Germany) per meal led to an increased digestibility of crude nutrients. With regard to optimization of the treatment of EPI no essential improvements can be achieved by adding omeprazol or lecithin to the diet. In pancreatic duct-ligated pigs the isolated addition of omeprazol led to an increase of the pre-caecal digestibility of crude fat and organic matter. With additional enzyme substitution, the application of omeprazol did not result in an improved fat digestibility. Isolated addition of lecithin to the diet resulted in a reduced total digestibility of crude fat. Offering the diet twice a day and using a higher frequency of enzyme applications (four or six instead of only two applications) had no effects on the digestibilty of crude fat or organic matter. According to the observations in pancreatic duct-ligated pigs, the addition of missing enzymes to the diet led to the best treatment results in EPI. Administration of omeprazol or a higher feeding frequency as well as the application of enzymes in small proportion of the whole meal or dosages given consecutively over the day showed no advantages. Furthermore, the present study suggests that the addition of lecithin cannot be recommended in EPI, when given diets with butter as the predominant fat source as in human dietetics.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1993

Decreased glucose oxidation in preterm infants fed a formula containing medium-chain triglycerides.

Several formulas for preterm infants contain medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) to enhance fat absorption. Although fat absorption with MCT was slightly higher in several studies in preterm infants, a beneficial effect on growth has only been reported in one publication. We hypothesized that when part of the fat blend of preterm formula is substituted by MCT oil, this might lead to a different metabolic pattern in which, due to the preferential oxidation of MCT, an increase in lipogenesis from glucose could lead to an increase in metabolic rate. To study the impact of MCT on glucose metabolism, 18 preterm infants were randomized to receive either an MCT or an LCT formula containing 38- and 6%-by-weight medium-chain fatty acids, respectively, in their fat blend. At 4 wk of age, the metabolic rate, substrate utilization, glucose kinetics, and oxidation were measured by indirect respiratory calorimetry in combination with a constant-rate oral infusion of [U-13C]glucose. The "true" rate of appearance of glucose (Ra "true") was measured from the dilution of the uniformly labeled (m + 6) species of infused tracer, whereas "apparent" rate of appearance of glucose (Ra "apparent") was measured from the dilution of infused tracer C (carbon). The latter was measured by an on-line combustion method using a gas chromatograph-isotope ratio mass spectrometer. At a carbohydrate intake of 8.4 mg.kg-1.min-1, total utilization of carbohydrate was equal in both groups at 7.6 mg.kg-1.min-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Dietary Carbohydrates↗
PubMed2000

Effect of apolipoprotein A-IV genotype and dietary fat on cholesterol absorption in humans.

We investigated the effect of the A-IV-2 allele, which encodes a Q360H substitution in apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV, and dietary fat on cholesterol absorption in humans. In three separate studies we compared fractional intestinal cholesterol absorption between groups of subjects heterozygous for the A-IV-2 allele (1/2) and homozygous for the common allele (1/1) receiving high cholesterol ( approximately 800 mg/day) diets with different fatty acid compositions. All subjects had the apoE 3/3 genotype. There was no difference in cholesterol absorption between the two genotype groups receiving a high saturated fat diet (33% of total energy as fat; 18% saturated, 3% polyunsaturated, 12% monounsaturated) or a low fat diet (22% of total energy as fat; 7% saturated, 7% polyunsaturated, 8% monounsaturated) diet. However, on a high polyunsaturated fat diet (32% of total energy as fat; 7% saturated, 13% polyunsaturated, 12% monounsaturated) mean fractional cholesterol absorption was 56. 7% +/- 1.9 in 1/1 subjects versus 47.5% +/- 2.1 in 1/2 subjects (P = 0.004). A post hoc analysis of the effect of the apoA-IV T347S polymorphism across all diets revealed a Q360H x T347S interaction on cholesterol absorption, and suggested that the A-IV-2 allele lowers cholesterol only in subjects with the 347 T/T genotype. We conclude that a complex interaction between apoA-IV genotype and dietary fatty acid composition modulates fractional intestinal cholesterol absorption in humans.

Apolipoproteins A↗
PubMed2006

[Congenital intestinal lymphangiectasia: a rare differential diagnosis in hypoproteinemia in infants].

BACKGROUND: Congenital intestinal lymphangiectasia is a rare disease in childhood, which may already cause protein-losing enteropathy in newborns. PATIENT, METHODS AND RESULTS: This is a case report of an infant with generalized edema and protein-losing enteropathy, in whom intestinal lymphangiectasia was diagnosed at the age of two months. Following repetitive intravenous albumin und gamma globulin infusions, the elimination of long-chain fats from the diet and the substitution with medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) led to an improvement of the protein-losing enteropathy. CONCLUSION: In newborns with low level of serum protein and edema protein-losing enteropathy caused by congenital lymphangiectasia might be considered as a differential diagnosis.

Biopsy↗
PubMed2005

Effect of the porcine IGF2-intron3-G3072A substitution in an outbred Large White population and in an Iberian x Landrace cross.

The IGF2-intron3-G3072A substitution has been recently described as the causal factor of the imprinted QTL for fat deposition and muscle growth detected within the porcine IGF2 region. The objective of this study was to investigate the IGF2 substitution effect in a Large White outbred population and in an Iberian x Landrace F2 cross. The results showed that the substitution has significant effects on fatness, growth, and shape traits with estimated effects in the expected direction. These results agree with those obtained in the F2 cross, where the IGF2-intron3-G3072A substitution is segregating only in a small family. In addition, a QTL scan has been performed in the F2 population for the traits used in the IGF2 substitution effect validation. Results of this study demonstrated that there are QTL segregating in swine chromosome 2 other than the IGF2 substitution for carcass weight, LM area, and pH measured at 24 h after slaughter. The results confirm the relevance of the IGF2 substitution, but they also show that there are still valuable mutations to be revealed in this chromosome.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1997

One size fits all: implications for assessing dietary behavior.

Accurate assessment of dietary behavior is central to the design, implementation, and evaluation of intervention programs aimed at behavior change, and use of an Eating Behaviors Questionnaire (EBQ) has been suggested for measuring dimensions of dietary fat behavior. The EBQ has proven useful in characterizing fat-related dietary patterns among middle-class, highly educated, highly motivated white women. To investigate the generalizability of the instrument, we provide findings from a community-based sample of 235 African-Americans in Maywood, Illinois, a middle-class working community outside Chicago. The sample consisted of 159 women and 76 men with an average age of 47.4 +/- 13.8 years for women and 48.1 +/- 12.1 years for men (mean +/- standard deviation; range, 18 to 87 years). The EBQ is based on four broad behavioral domains (ie, avoidance, modification, substitution, and replacement) associated with fat-related eating patterns. These behavioral domains are composed of specific dietary behaviors (factors). Using a scoring system that allowed all participants to be included in all analyses, we identified a set of factors characterizing eating patterns in our sample that differed from those reported previously. When the factors were converted to scales using unit scoring, the average value suggested a tendency toward a higher fat eating pattern. Results indicate that although behavioral domains appear to be constant across populations, fat-related eating patterns are not. These observations have implications for understanding the diversity of fat-related dietary patterns across groups and for planning appropriate behavior change strategies.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

A behavioral economic analysis of fat appetite in rats.

A behavioral economic analysis of rats' consumption of various fat and sweet solutions was conducted in order to assess whether rats' fat appetite is readily modifiable. According to economic demand theory, changes in the price of a reinforcer will produce substantial changes in its consumption under conditions in which a substitutable reinforcer is available. Results from income-compensated price changes revealed that sucrose, mineral oil and saccharin solutions substituted for a corn oil solution: increases in the price of the corn oil led to large decreases in its consumption and sizable increases in consumption of these alternatives. On the other hand, plain water did not substitute for the corn oil solution: increasing the price of the corn oil did not result in nearly as marked a change in its consumption nor in consumption of the water. Neither the strength of preference for the corn oil under baseline conditions nor the caloric content of the alternative solution predicted whether the alternative reinforcer substituted for the corn oil. Rather, palatability appeared to be a dimension along which substitution was based. These results suggest that fat appetite is modified when palatable alternatives are available, independent of how strongly the fat is preferred.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Sensory assessment of fat content: effect of emulsion and subject characteristics.

This work examines some of the fundamental stimulus properties contributing to the perception and discrimination of fat content in foods. In an initial experiment, oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions were prepared with 0, 5, 10, ..., 40, 45, and 50% sunflower oil (SUN) and homogenized at pressures of 100 and 300 bar. These were rated for "fat content" and "smoothness" on 9-point category scales. There were significant effects of fat concentration and processing pressure. Higher pressures, associated with a decreased fat particle size/number ratio, generated a slightly enhanced perception of fat content. In a second experiment, O/W emulsions were prepared with 0, 12, 24, 36, and 48% fat at 100 and 300 bar, from two oils differing in fat saturation: SUN and Hycoa 5 (HY5, a highly saturated commercial cocoa butter substitute). The results indicate significant main and interactive effects of fat type and concentration, but no significant effect of processing pressure were seen in this experiment. HY5 emulsions had a substantially greater measured viscosity and were judged higher in fat content than those prepared from SUN, particularly at higher fat levels. Analyses indicate a significant independent contribution of fat concentration to perceived fat content, beyond increased viscosity. There were no consistent main or interactive effects of subject age or body composition on judgments of fat content.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Can you have your low-fat cake and eat it too? The role of fat-modified products.

The American public, along with the medical and scientific communities, has certain expectations about the consumption of fat-modified foods; specifically, that such consumption will result in positive health benefits for both the individual and the population. Initial attempts by consumers to reduce fat intake required elimination of favorite foods or substitution of those foods with less palatable offerings. The food industry now has developed more than 5,600 reduced-fat products of varying palatability. However, recent questions have arisen regarding the potential use and anticipated health benefits of these products. This commentary explores the underlying assumptions and expectations surrounding the use of fat-modified products, examines current usage rates of these products, and reviews the reported impact of these products on overall diet by relating these issues to two theoretic frameworks (Diffusion of Innovations and Stages of Change). Finally, some suggestions regarding realistic expectations for these products in the context of an overall diet are presented.

Diet, Fat-Restricted↗
PubMed1977

Hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-a reductase of rats fed semipurified and stock diets.

Rat hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) was found to be lower in rats fed a semipurified diet of sucrose, casein, and cellulose with a mixture of safflower oil and stripped lard than those fed a stock diet: 0.115 versus 0.447 nmoles mevalonic acid formed/minute/mg microsomal protein. Efforts were made to find the substances in the stock diet responsible for the higher enzyme activity. Neither the addition of small amounts of cholesterol or plant sterols to the semipurified diet, nor the substitution of corn oil or the lipids extracted from the stock diet for the safflower oil-stipped lard mixture, significantly raised the enzyme level. Replacement of sucrose by starch also had no effect on the enzyme activity. The substitution of soybean protein for the casein did increase the specific activity of the enzyme from 0.115 to 0.247, still well below the 0.447 level response to stock rat diet ingestion. Substitution of the safflower oil-stripped lard fat mixture for the extracted fat of the stock feed had no significant effect on the response of the rats to the stock feed. However, substitution of part of the cellulose in the semi-purified diet with citrus pectin resulted in HMG-CoA levels of 0.553, approximately equal to that produced by the stock diet. In the latter study, the total fecal bile acids of the rat fed the stock, semipurified-cellulose, and semipurified-pectin diets were 2.34, 1.28, and 2.22 mg/g feces respectively, and the total fecal neutral sterols 1.86, 1.50, and 2.42 mg/g feces. Thus, the constituent nonutritive fiber appears responsible for differences in steroid excretion and elevated hepatic HMG-CoA levels, possibly by binding bile acids and increasing the turnover rate of blood and liver cholesterol.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1997

Satiety power of dietary fat: a new appraisal.

Accumulating evidence suggest that a good way to compare the satiety power of meals with different compositions or energy contents is to measure the onset latency of the next meal when freely requested by subjects deprived of any time cues. This study was performed in normal-weight young men (aged 19-24 y) isolated from time cues. At sessions 1 and 2, we studied the effects of two high-carbohydrate pasta lunchs with either 50 g low-energy butter substitute (lunch A) or 50 g butter (lunch B) on hunger ratings, on the latency of the dinner request, and on energy and nutrient intakes at the offered ad libitum dinner. Sessions 3 and 4 were designed to examine the effects of the two lunchs on the postlunch and predinner profiles of plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, and lipids; consequences on the metabolic and hormonal responses to the fixed dinner offered on request also were tested. The addition of 1588 kJ butter to the pasta lunch compared with the addition of 67 kJ butter substitute had no effect on hunger ratings but significantly delayed the onset of dinner by approximately 38 min; however, neither energy intake nor nutrient intakes were different. The high-fat lunch led to a slightly different postlunch plasma glucose concentration profile but, as expected, to higher plasma triacylglycerol and fatty acid concentrations. The high-fat lunch also led to postdinner glucose intolerance with normal insulin and high fatty acid concentrations that may help explain the partial and delayed adjustment in energy intake after a high-fat meal as reported by some studies.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Dietary and physical activity counselling on type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance by physicians and nurses in primary healthcare in Finland.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the initiation of dietary and physical activity counselling and the arguments used when discussing physical activity and the type and consumption of dietary fats, during nurse-patient and physician-patient diabetic lifestyle counselling. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: This study is a part of a larger follow-up research project focusing on diabetes counselling. The data include 129 videotaped counselling sessions between 17 patients and their physicians and nurses. Content analysis was carried out by identifying the verbal comments and reactions of participants concerning both physical activity and the type and consumption of dietary fats. RESULTS: The physicians and nurses spent little time on dietary and physical activity counselling. The counselling sessions consisted mainly of short questions with minimal feedback from either party. The beginning of the sessions concentrated on blood cholesterol levels and the extent of physical activity. The health professionals failed to emphasize the roles of reduced dietary fats and increased physical activity in substituting for or supplementing diabetes care. Although the patients communicated the factors that encouraged or discouraged physical activity the subject was generally not pursued by the health professionals. CONCLUSION: Within primary care there is a need for methods that would facilitate the discussion of health behaviour changes. In healthcare settings, education and training are required to develop the communication skills of health professionals in all aspects of preventive medicine.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Energy density of foods: effects on energy intake.

This article examines the importance of dietary energy density (ED) as a major factor that may influence human appetite and energy intake (EI). The article examines whether the effects of diet composition on appetite and EI can be explained in terms of ED. There is clear evidence that dietary macronutrients exert differential effects on energy intake (EI), both in the laboratory and in real life. Under normal conditions where fat contributes disproportionately to ED, protein, carbohydrate, and fat exert hierarchical effects on satiety in the order protein >carbohydrate > fat. Alcohol appears to stimulate EI. In human appetite studies the main effect of controlling ED is to diminish the impact of differences in the satiating effects of fat and carbohydrate. ED exerts profound effects in constraining EI in short-to-medium term studies. Subjects behave differently in longer term interventions. In short-to-medium term laboratory studies, increases in ED are more effective at increasing EI than at decreasing food intake. In longer term and cross-sectional studies conducted in naturalistic environments, increased ED appears more effective at decreasing food intake and less effective at elevating EI. The available evidence suggests that we should be evolving more complex, multifactor models to account for the observations that both macronutrients and ED affect EI rather than substituting one simplistic model with another.

Air↗
PubMed1992

Effects on plasma lipoproteins and endogenous sex hormones of substituting lean white fish for other animal-protein sources in diets of postmenopausal women.

A crossover 8-wk study was conducted to compare the effects on plasma lipoproteins and endogenous sex hormones of lean white fish (LWF) and of beef, pork, egg, and milk (BPEM) within a prudent diet in postmenopausal women. Diets provided 8050 kJ as 19% proteins, 52% carbohydrates, 29% lipids (P/M/S (proportion of polyunsaturated, monounsaturated, and saturated fatty acids, 1.1:1:1) and approximately 210 mg cholesterol/d. The LWF diet compared with the BPEM diet significantly induced higher concentrations of plasma cholesterol, LDL-apo B, HDL-C, and HDL3-C, indicating that incorporation of LWF as a substitute for BPEM in a low-fat, high-P:S diet offers little benefit with regard to plasma cholesterol and LDL-apoB in postmenopausal women. Moreover, the LWF diet significantly increased plasma SHBG, suggesting that the divergent effects of substituting LWF for other animal-protein sources on plasma cholesterol and lipoproteins may be partly mediated by variations in plasma sex-hormone status.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

Comparative studies in obese subjects fed carbohydrate-restricted and high carbohydrate 1,000-calorie formula diets.

45 obese subjects were fed a high-carbohydrate, relatively low-fat, or a low-carbohydrate, relatively high-fat 1,000-calorie (4.14MJ) formula diet. The diet provided for an isoenergetic substitution of 170 g of carbohydrates for 75 g of fat. Weight reduction up to day 30 was significantly higher in the subjects on the carbohydrate-restricted diet. There were no significant differences between the water and electrolyte balances. The mean total weight reduction achieved on the high-carbohydrate diet was 9.8 +/- 4.5kg with a mean daily weight loss of 298 +/- 80g, while the corresponding values on the carbohydrate-restricted diet were 14 +/- 7.2 kg and 362 +/- 91 g/day, respectively.

Adult↗