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Community participation in national family planning programs: some organizational issues.

Increasing the involvement of communities in implementing national family planning programs has been advocated as a means of increasing the acceptability, availability, and sustainability of services provided. This article reviews the nature and extent of community participation in the national programs of Bangladesh, China, the Republic of Korea, the Philippines, and Thailand by analyzing the structures and processes through which participation is organized. Across all five countries a similar pattern of participation has emerged in which a community-based delivery system is supported by the involvement of community leaders in activities that promote family planning. Active participation in planning and management functions is, however, virtually nonexistent. This limited form of participation is attributed to the bureaucratic organization of national family planning programs that seek to implement policies with explicit demographic goals. Given these goals and organizational structures, however, the pattern of organizing participation observed is probably the most appropriate. Consequently, policymakers should be wary of expecting greater involvement by community members in program implementation activities or in contributing resources unless consideration is given to reorienting the goals and organizing programs that meet needs that are directly relevant to families and communities.

Attitude↗

Characteristics of contraceptive acceptors in Lusaka, Zambia.

This paper reports on a study conducted in Lusaka, Zambia in which 2,912 client records were examined in 22 randomly selected clinics throughout Lusaka Province. The purpose of the study was to assist the government and the local family planning association in targeting future efforts to extend services to underserved populations. Among newly enrolled acceptors in 1984, the study revealed a surprisingly low median age of 24 and a median parity of 3. The majority were married, had some secondary education, were unemployed housewives, and were breastfeeding at the time of the first visit. Nearly half had used contraceptives before. Over three-fourths of the clients received contraceptive pills when they enrolled. They returned to the clinic an average of 2.4 times during the first year, but only 24 percent were still active after 12 months. The availability of recently released census data allowed a comparison of contraceptive acceptors with women in the general Lusaka population. Data from urban clinics and smaller clinics in rural parts of the province revealed few significant rural-urban differences. Finally, the study examined trends in age, parity, and education of contraceptive users over a ten-year period.

Adult↗

Utilisation of family planning services at the teaching hospital in Blantyre, Malawi.

In the whole of 1993, there were a total of 1533 new clients who attended the family planning clinic at the Queen Elizabeth Central Teaching Hospital in Blantyre, Malawi. They formed 23.0% of the total client-visits for the year. 305 women had surgical contraception (bilateral tubal ligation) for various reasons, but mainly on request for family limitation. The ages of the new clients ranged from 15 to 49 years. Adolescents (< 20 years old) formed only 9.0%, while those aged > 35 years formed 22.0%. Their parity ranged from 0 to 11, with 58.0% of them being para 1 to 4. The grandmultiparae (para > 5) formed 31.0%. The oral pill was the most favoured method (42.0%), followed by depo-provera (31.0%) and sterilisation (21.0%). Though the majority of the clients who chose the oral pill were aged less than 30 years, about 6.0% were aged > 35 years. Likewise about 15.0% of those who took oral pills were para > 5, i.e. grandmultiparae. These are women who should have either stopped producing a long time back or been counselled to have tubal ligation rather than these temporary methods, when seen in the clinic then. Amongst all the client-visits for the year, oral pill and depo-provera were the two most popular methods, 42.0% and 41.0%, respectively. The ratio, between the clients who discontinued the method they were on and the new clients was 1:6.8, and that of drop-out/new clients was 1:2.4, which are quite high. The rate of absenteeism was also high at 29.0% of the total client-visits.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗