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Results for “FATTY ACIDS, ESSENTIAL”

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PubMed1992

Reduction of eicosanoid production by essential fatty acid depletion does not attenuate the inflammatory response induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia in rat lung.

Sipid mediators of inflammation have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) related pulmonary damage in patients with cystic fibrosis. We studied the role of these mediators in a rat model of PA endobronchitis using essential fatty acid deficient (EFAD) animals. Whole blood from EFAD animals produced significantly less leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid when stimulated ex vivo than did whole blood from control animals (p less than 0.005). Similarly, lung lavage fluid from EFAD animals infected with PA contained less LTB4 and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) than that from control animals. Despite these differences, cellular infiltration of airways in response to PA infection was virtually identical in animals from the regular diet and the EFAD groups. Both EFAD and control animals had a significant increase in white blood cells (WBC) in lung lavage fluid at 1, 3 and 6 days following infection with PA when compared to animals receiving sterile beads. Localized areas of consolidation and nodularity were grossly evident in the lungs of all PA infected animals irrespective of their ability to generate the lipid inflammatory mediators. Microscopic examination of lung sections demonstrated similar changes in all infected animals. We conclude that LTB4 and TXB2 production occurs early in the course of PA pulmonary infection in rats. This early rise in lipid mediators is temporally associated with an influx of WBC into the airways. However, attenuation of eicosanoid production by use of an EFAD diet does not lead to a reduction in the inflammatory response to PA infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Dietary essential fatty acid supplementation, urinary calcium excretion and reproductive performance in the diabetic pregnant rat.

Hypercalciuria may be a contributory factor to the disturbed calcium homoeostasis seen in diabetic pregnant rats and their offspring. In diabetes, essential fatty acid metabolism is impaired. We have therefore investigated whether feeding a diet supplemented with essential fatty acids will ameliorate the hypercalciuria of diabetic pregnancy and improve reproductive performance. Female rats were fed a standard rat diet, a fat-free diet plus evening primrose oil or a fat-free diet plus sunflower oil. They were injected with streptozotocin or vehicle and mated. Urine samples were analysed for calcium before injection and during gestation. Term-pregnant diabetic rats fed evening primrose oil showed a 73% reduction in urinary calcium output compared with similar rats fed standard diet (P < 0.001). The corresponding reduction was 44% in diabetic rats fed sunflower oil (P < 0.001). A depletion of essential fatty acids in diabetes may therefore be associated with hypercalciuria; dietary supplementation, particularly with evening primrose oil, appears to correct the problem. Diabetic pregnant rats fed evening primrose oil showed a significantly greater live fetal mass (85 +/- 2 vs 33 +/- 12 g; P < 0.05) compared with similar rats fed standard diet. Such findings may imply a normalization of placental transport by essential fatty acids. Rats fed evening primrose, but not sunflower oil, also showed a reduced incidence of diabetes after streptozotocin injection compared with rats fed standard diet (63 vs 86%). Rats fed on evening primrose oil that did become diabetic were less hyperglycaemic than those on the standard diet (29 +/- 2 vs 37 +/- 2 mmol/l), suggesting that the oil may have anti-diabetic properties.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Low plasma cortisol and hematologic abnormalities associated with essential fatty acid deficiency in man.

A case of probable adrenal insufficiency (glucocorticoid only) with hematologic changes including eosinophilia, neutropenia, and red blood cell abnormalities developed in the course of prolonged, fat-free feeding. The coincident development of essential fatty acid deficiency was conformed by serum fatty acid profiles indicating the presence of abnormal amounts of eicosatrienoic acid, and a triene/tetraene ratio greater than 0.4; all these findings responded to fat repletion. The association of glucocorticoid deficiency, neutropenia, and eosinophilia with essential fatty acid deficiency has not been previously reported in humans.

17-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
PubMed1999

Early nutrition, essential fatty acid status and visual acuity of term infants at 7 months of age.

OBJECTIVE: In term infants the relationship between visual acuity and dietary fatty acid composition is not consistent, possibly due to confounders, which were mostly neglected in the studies concerned. In the current study, therefore, the influence of the essential fatty acid status and potential confounders on the visual acuity was investigated. DESIGN: The essential fatty acid status was determined at 7 months of age in red blood cell and plasma phospholipids of breastfed and formula-fed infants, born at term. Visual acuity was measured with Teller Acuity Cards. Information about potential confounding factors was obtained during an interview and with a retrospective questionnaire. RESULTS: This study, like others, showed that the concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) are lower in plasma and red blood cell phospolipids of formula-fed infants compared to that of breastfed infants. However, no differences in visual acuity could be found between the two groups. Moreover, no significant relationship was found between the amounts of docosahexaenoic acid in plasma and red blood cell phospholipids and the visual acuity. Although dummy (pacifier) use showed a significant positive correlation with visual acuity, it did not influence the relationship between the essential fatty acids in the infant diet and visual acuity. There was also no confounding influence of smoking habits and alcohol use during pregnancy, socioeconomic background and other potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS: At 7 months of age no influence of fatty acid status, infant diet or potential confounders on visual acuity was found.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1995

The essential fatty acid status of mother and child in pregnancy-induced hypertension: a prospective longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to investigate, in a prospective way, whether the altered essential fatty acid status observed in pregnancy-induced hypertension is a consequence of the disease or may contribute to its cause. STUDY DESIGN: Pregnant women healthy at the start of the study were asked to give a blood sample before 16 weeks, at 22 weeks, and at 32 weeks of gestation. After delivery a blood sample from the umbilical vein, a piece of the umbilical cord, and a maternal blood sample were collected. Fatty acid compositions were determined of the phospholipids isolated from plasma and umbilical arterial and venous vessel walls. The nutrient intake of the pregnant women was assessed by use of the dietary history method and food frequency questionnaires. The results of each woman with pregnancy-induced hypertension were compared with the results of three matched healthy controls. RESULTS: During pregnancy (16 to 32 weeks) no significant differences were observed in nutrient intake and maternal plasma fatty acid composition between the group with pregnancy-induced hypertension (n = 52) and the control group (n = 156). After delivery the relative amounts of 18:2(n-6) and 18:3(n-3) in maternal plasma were significantly lower in pregnancy-induced hypertension than in normal pregnancy. This was associated with significantly higher levels of (n-6) long-chain polyenes and cervonic acid (22:6[n-3]). In comparison with the situation at 32 weeks, the postpartum cervonic acid status increased in pregnancy-induced hypertension, whereas it decreased in normal pregnancy. The cervonic acid levels in umbilical plasma phospholipids were significantly higher after pregnancy-induced hypertension than after normal pregnancy. No significant differences were observed for the fatty acid content in umbilical vessel walls. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the altered essential fatty acid status in pregnancy-induced hypertension is a late phenomenon and is therefore unlikely to have contributed to the pathogenesis of pregnancy-induced hypertension. Moreover, the neonatal essential fatty acid status is not negatively affected by pregnancy-induced hypertension.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Essential fatty acid deficiency: metabolism of 20:3(n-9) and 22:3(n-9) of major phosphoglycerides in subcellular fractions of developing and mature mouse brain.

Essential fatty acid deficiency was initiated in young and mature mice. The metabolism of 20:3(n-9) and 22:3(n-9) in brain subcellular fractions was followed after the mice were switched from the deficient diet to a corn oil supplemented diet. After switching to the supplemented diet, the proportions of (n-9) polyunsaturated fatty acids in brain in both groups of mice decreased with time. The rate of disappearance of (n-9) polyunsaturated fatty acids was faster in the young groups than in the mature group. In the developing mice, the half-linves of the (n-9) polyunsaturated fatty acids in the total ethanolamine phosphoglycerides of brain microsomal, synaptosomal, and myelin fractions were 3, 10, and 15 days respectively. In the mature group, the half-lives for 20:3(n-9) in diacyl-glycerophosphorylethanolamine of microsome, synaptosome, and myelin fractions were 8-10, 10, and 22 days, respectively; and the half-lives for 22:3(n-9) in alkenylacyl-glycerophosphorylethanolamine of the same subcellular fractions were 8-12, 28, and rate of disappearance of 20:3(n-9) in brain was faster in the diacyl-glycerophosphorylethanolamine than in the alkenylacyl-glycerophosphorylethanolamine. These results demonstrate that the metabolism of (n-9) polyunsaturated fatty acid in brain phosphoglycerides during recovery from essential fatty acid deficiency not only varies with age, but also depends upon individual phosphoglycerides present in each subcellular fraction.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in essential fatty acids in plasma lipid fractions of traumatized patients.

Changes in the fatty acid pattern of plasma lipid in four different groups of polytraumatized patients were investigated. All of the patients received amino acid solutions containing 0.24 gN/day/kg body weight and 30 kal/day/kg body weight (BW). In group 1, all calories were administered as carbohydrates (glucose and fructose). In group 2, 30 to 40% of the calories were provided as a fat emulsion. When compared to the control group, a reduction in the essential fatty acid concentration in the phospholipid fraction was detected in both groups during the early post-traumatic period. In group 1, a continuous decline was observed during the remainder of the trial period. In group 2, however, the concentration of essential fatty acids remained constant after the initial decline and increased slightly from the 7th day on. In the second part of the investigation, the effect of human growth hormone (HGH) administration on the fatty acid pattern was evaluated. Group 3 and 4 received intravenous feedings identical to the patients in group 2; in group 4, however, 10 mg of HGH per day were added to the infusion. The results of this study confirm the hypothesis that supplemental infusion of a fat emulsion prevents a continuous reduction of essential fatty acids in plasma lipids. An effect of 10 mg/day of HGH on essential fatty acid concentration or composition, however, could not be observed. There were no detectable differences in the percentage of essential fatty acids between those patients receiving and those not receiving HGH.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Essential fatty acids in plasma, red blood cells and liver phospholipids in common laboratory animals as compared to humans.

Essential fatty acids were estimated in plasma, red blood cells and liver total phospholipids in rats, mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, rabbits and humans. There were large species differences, suggesting that different species levels should be borne in mind when choosing an animal for a particular study. The 2 species most susceptible to atheroma, the guinea pig and the rabbit, had very high levels of linoleic acid and low levels of linoleic acid metabolites. n-3 fatty acid levels were low in guinea pigs and rabbits and the ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty acids also was low in the rat. Mice and hamsters had the highest n-3 levels, suggesting they may be the best species to use for studies on the roles of n-3 essential fatty acids. Mice and hamsters and, in some respect rats, were closest to humans in their fatty acid patterns.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Smoking, plasma antioxidants and essential fatty acids before and after nutratherapy.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of smoking on plasma antioxidants with and without antioxidant vitamin nutratherapy. DESIGN: Chronic smokers (n = 10, 16 +/- 4 cigarettes a day) and nonsmokers (n = 17) of both sexes were recruited from patients with arthritis-like symptoms. After baseline studies of plasma antioxidant vitamins Q (ubiquinone) and E (alpha-tocopherol) and essential fatty acids (EFA, vitamin F), three months' nutratherapy with vitamins Q (90 mg) and E (350 mg) was administered and plasma reanalyzed. RESULTS: No sex differences were seen in smoking habits or plasma nutrients. Smokers had normal Q (0.71 +/- 0.07 mg/L) but depressed E (9.4 +/- 0.6 mg/L, P < 0.01). EFA were the same in both groups. Nutratherapy increased Q by about 90% in both groups and E by 47% in smokers and 101% in nonsmokers (P < 0.01). In nonsmokers, nutratherapy protected omega-3 fatty acids (vitamin F1)-plasma docosahexaenoic acid increased by 39%. The vitamin F index (omega-6:omega-3, ratio) remained unchanged in the smokers but decreased in the nonsmokers and became related to the individual plasma vitamin Q but not to vitamin E. CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference between smokers and nonsmokers before nutratherapy. Nonsmokers may have suffered from passive smoking. After nutratherapy the quantitatively most important antioxidant, ie, vitamin E, increased more in nonsmokers than in smokers. This resulted in less vitamin F1 peroxidation. Nutratherapy cannot overcome disadvantages associated with smoking. Nonsmokers might achieve an antioxidant protection with nutratherapy, which could mean a possible reduced risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Biosynthesis of phosphoglycerides in skeletal muscle in control rats and in rats deficient in essential fatty acids.

1. The specific radioactivities of individual molecular species of phosphoglycerides in the skeletal muscles of control rats and of rats deficient in essential fatty acids have been determined 3 h after intraperitoneal injection of ortho[32P] phosphate. 2. It has been demonstrated that the high average specific radioactivity of phosphoglycerides in muscles of rats deficient in essential fatty acids is due to both increased amounts and increased turnover of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. 3. The 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl phosphatidylcholine was found to turn over faster than the 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl species. In rats deficient in essential fatty acids, the 1-stearoyl-2-(5,6,11-eicosatrienoyl) phosphatidylcholine turned over more rapidly than the 1-palmitoyl-2-(5,8,11-eicosatrienoyl) species. Both findings are in constant with similar findings for liver.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Changes of the essential fatty acids in plasmalipid fractions of polytraumatized patients with different parenteral nutrition (author's transl)].

In two groups of polytraumatized patients we investigated changes in the fatty acid pattern of plasma-lipids during the phase of total parenteral nutrition. For parenteral nutrition we gave L-amino acid solutions in a dose of 0.24 g N/kg body weight/day. In addition, we administered in the first group glucose and fructose and in the second group glucose, fructose and fat emulsions in a total dose of 30 kcal/kg body weight/day. In the latter group, the proportion of the fat emulsions was 30-40% of the administered calories. We compared the achieved results with the values of a group of control persons. The most essential findings of these studies were the striking decrease of the essential fatty acids with regard to the phospholipid fraction in the early post-traumatic phase. In the first group we observed a further reduction of essential fatty acids during the period of observation. This could be avoided by administering fat emulsions of the same type as we gave in the case of the second group of patients. The functions of essential fatty acids in membranes and in intermediary metabolism are discussed.

Amino Acids↗