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PubMed1997

[From fat emboli to fat embolism syndrome].

The occurrence of a fat embolism syndrome (FES) can be explained by two hypothetic mechanisms. In the mechanical hypothesis, bone marrow enters into the cardiovascular system during an intramedullary peak pressure. This peak could occur during either long bone fracture and/or intramedullary nailing or cemented or noncemented arthroplasty. According to the biochemical hypothesis, the FES could occur in nontraumatic conditions such as lipid emulsion infusion or sickle cell disease. The C-reactive protein is a possible factor for destabilizing plasma fat (chylomicrons or Intralipid liposomes). Treatment with heparin has been reported to interfere with lipid metabolism through a "creaming" phenomenon. Plasma fatty acids increase lipid peroxidation, with potential severe oxidative stress of lung. Vascular lung injury is increased by granulocytes and the clotting cascade is activated by neutral fat. After a symptom-free period, the full clinical picture is characterized by pulmonary insufficiency with hypoxaemia, neurological impairment, pyrexia and petechial haemorrhages. The accurate incidence cannot be assessed as many subclinical forms remain unrecognized. Transoesophageal echocardiography with color-flow Doppler allows considerable insight into the sequence of embolic events and patent foramen ovale (PFO). A PFO induces an increase in right-to-left shunt in case of an elevated intrapulmonary pressure. PFO might elicit systemic manifestations of the FES, particularly with neurological impairment. Carotid ultrasonography helps to visualize embolism. Magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral fat emboli is a better diagnostic tool for detecting brain embolism than computerized tomography. Quantification of cells containing fat droplets in bronchoalveolar lavage material could also be helpful. Pulmonary microvascular cytology analysis of capillary blood samples obtained through a pulmonary artery catheter in combination with blood gas changes are of value for earlier stage FES. Prophylactic and therapeutic measures are aimed to counteract the various mechanisms leading to FES. The decrease in time delay of fracture management is probably the most effective prophylactic means. A reaming procedure can be noxious, particularly in a patient with a severe thoracic trauma. The insertion without reaming of a small diameter nail, plating or external fixation have several advantages. Albumin infusion is recommended for restoration of blood volume and binding of fatty acids. Among pharmacologic measures, only corticosteroids have a proven benefit, not only for prophylaxis but also for therapy. Aprotinin and heparin are beneficial in counteracting blood cell aggregation. A prophylactic use of vena cava filters has been advocated. Prevention or early treatment of hypovolaemia and hypoxaemia are essential.

Embolism, Fat↗
PubMed1999

Release of volatile odor compounds from full-fat and reduced-fat frankfurters.

The effect of fat content on the release of volatile aroma compounds from frankfurters has been investigated. Although the release of most n-alkanals, alcohols, ketones, and furans was little affected by changes in the fat content of frankfurters, that of monoterpene hydrocarbons, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, terpenes containing oxygen, cyclopentenones, phenyl propanoids, and phenols was greatly increased when the fat content was decreased. Some odors were also detected more frequently in the low-fat than in the full-fat sausages. These included smoky odors, due to phenols, spicy, synthetic, and floral odors due to terpenes, and meaty, roasted odors caused by sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds. The release of aroma compounds from frankfurters appears to be closely related to the solvation of these compounds in the lipid phase.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

High dietary calcium reduces body fat content, digestibility of fat, and serum vitamin D in rats.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated which aspect of energy balance was responsible for the decrease in body fat content of rats fed a high-calcium, high-dairy protein diet. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Male Wistar rats were fed a control diet (25% kcal fat, 14% kcal protein from casein, 0.4% by weight calcium) or high-calcium diet (25% kcal fat, 7% kcal protein from nonfat dry milk, 7% kcal protein from casein, 2.4% calcium) for 85 days. Body weights, digestible energy intakes, energy expenditures, rectal temperatures, body composition, and serum glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, triglycerides, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D were measured. RESULTS: Rats fed high-calcium diet gained significantly less weight than controls and had 29% less carcass fat. Gross energy intake was not significantly different between groups, but digestible energy was 90% of gross energy in the high-calcium diet compared with 94% in the control diet because of increased fecal excretion of dietary lipid. The difference in digestible energy intake accounted for differences in carcass energy. Body temperatures and energy expenditures of the rats were not different. The high-calcium diet reduced serum triglycerides by 23% and serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D by 86%. DISCUSSION: These results confirm that a high-calcium diet decreases body weight and fat content due to a lower digestible energy intake caused by increased fecal lipid and a nonsignificant reduction in gross energy intake.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Effect of short-term high dietary calcium intake on 24-h energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and fecal fat excretion.

BACKGROUND: Observational studies have shown an inverse association between dietary calcium intake and body weight, and a causal relation is likely. However, the underlying mechanisms are not understood. OBJECTIVE: We examined whether high and low calcium intakes from mainly low-fat dairy products, in diets high or normal in protein content, have effects on 24-h energy expenditure (EE) and substrate oxidation, fecal energy and fat excretion, and concentrations of substrates and hormones involved in energy metabolism and appetite. DESIGN: In all, 10 subjects participated in a randomized crossover study of three isocaloric 1-week diets with: low calcium and normal protein (LC/NP: 500 mg calcium, 15% of energy (E%) from protein), high calcium and normal protein (HC/NP: 1800 mg calcium, 15E% protein), and high calcium and high protein (HC/HP: 1800 mg calcium, 23E% protein). RESULTS: The calcium intake had no effect on 24-h EE or fat oxidation, but fecal fat excretion increased approximately 2.5-fold during the HC/NP diet compared with the LC/NP and the HC/HP diets (14.2 vs 6.0 and 5.9 g/day; P < 0.05). The HC/NP diet also increased fecal energy excretion as compared with the LC/NP and the HC/HP diets (1045 vs 684 and 668 kJ/day; P < 0.05). There were no effects on blood cholesterol, free fatty acids, triacylglycerol, insulin, leptin, or thyroid hormones. CONCLUSIONS: A short-term increase in dietary calcium intake, together with a normal protein intake, increased fecal fat and energy excretion by approximately 350 kJ/day. This observation may contribute to explain why a high-calcium diet produces weight loss, and it suggests that an interaction with dietary protein level may be important.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

PPARgamma activity in subcutaneous abdominal fat tissue and fat mass gain during short-term overfeeding.

OBJECTIVE: As the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) plays a central role in fat mass regulation, we investigated whether initial subcutaneous PPARgamma activity is related to fat mass generation during overfeeding. SUBJECTS: Fourteen healthy female subjects (age 25 +/- 4 years, BMI 22.1 +/- 2.3 kg/m2). DESIGN AND MEASUREMENTS: Subjects were overfed with a diet supplying 50% more energy than baseline energy requirements for 14 days. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for leptin, insulin and glucose. Fasting subcutaneous abdominal fat biopsies were obtained for analysis of PPARgamma1, PPARgamma2, aP2 and UCP2 mRNAs. RESULTS: Initial PPARgamma1 and 2, aP2 and UCP2 mRNAs were not related to fat gain (P > 0.12). However, PPARgamma1, PPARgamma2 and aP2 mRNA changes were positively related to changes in plasma leptin (P < 0.05) and, except aP2 (P = 0.06), to fat gain (P < 0.05). PPARgamma and aP2 mRNA changes were positively related (P<0.01), indicating that PPARgamma mRNA levels reflected PPARgamma activity. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that the ability to increase PPARgamma activity might be involved in the susceptibility to gain weight during a positive energy balance.

Adipogenesis↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of the effects of insulin and adrenergic agonists on the phosphorylation of an acid-soluble 22 kDa protein in rat epididymal fat-pads and isolated fat-cells.

1. Earlier studies have shown that exposure of fat-cells to insulin results in the rapid increased phosphorylation of an acid-soluble 22 kDa protein and that increases in phosphorylation were also evident in cells exposed to adrenaline [Belsham & Denton (1980) Biochem. Soc. Trans. 8, 382-383; Belsham, Brownsey, Hughes & Denton (1980) Diabetologia 18, 307-312]. 2. The effects of adrenaline are shown to be brought about through beta-adrenergic receptors and to be mimicked by other agents which increase cell cyclic AMP concentrations. The maximum extent of phosphorylation is about 60% of that observed with insulin. Increased phosphorylation is also observed in fat-cells exposed to vasopressin, oxytocin and phorbol esters, but not to alpha-adrenergic agonists. 3. No changes in the phosphorylation of the protein are evident in epididymal fat-pads from fat-fed, starved or starved/refed animals, despite the large changes in protein composition of fat-cells which accompany these nutritional alterations. This suggests that the protein is not closely involved in lipogenesis or associated metabolic pathways, but rather that it may play a more general regulatory role. 4. The 22 kDa protein migrates as a doublet on SDS/PAGE even after purification to apparent homogeneity by sequential use of Mono Q chromatography, SDS/PAGE and h.p.l.c. The amino acid compositions of the two components are very similar and share features in common with a number of proteins, including inhibitor-1, inhibitor-2, dopamine- and cyclic-AMP-regulated phosphoprotein (DARPP-32), and G-substrate, which may be involved in the regulation of protein phosphatase activity. 5. Phosphopeptide mapping and phosphoamino acid analysis reveals that insulin increases the phosphorylation of two distinct peptides within the protein (in one peptide insulin increases the amount of phosphothreonine, whereas in the other the hormone increases the amounts of phosphothreonine and phosphoserine). Both components of the doublet exhibit similar changes in phosphorylation, and hence the differences in migration are not the result of differences in phosphorylation, as suggested previously [Blackshear, Nemenoff & Avruch (1983) Biochem. J. 214, 11-19]. The pattern of phosphorylation observed with the beta-adrenergic agonist isoprenaline was similar to that observed with insulin. 6. The possible role and regulation of the 22 kDa protein are discussed.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2003

Effects of short-term high carbohydrate or fat intakes on leptin, growth hormone and luteinizing hormone secretions in prepubertal fat-tailed Tuj lambs.

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effects of high carbohydrate or fat diets, fed for 15 days at the end of breeding season, on leptin, GH and LH secretions in prepubertal fat-tailed Tuj lambs. For that purpose, 9-month-old ram-lambs were divided into three groups as control group (fed with basal ration, n = 4), high carbohydrate (HC) group, basal ration plus barley, n = 4), or high fat (HF) group (basal ration plus by-pass fat, n = 4). For the measurement of leptin and GH, blood plasma samples were collected on days 1, 4, 9 and 14 of the experiment. For the measurement of LH pulse frequency, serial blood samples were collected every 15 min for 6 h on day 14. Lambs were weighed and body condition scored (BCS) on days 1 and 15. Body weight and BCS increased towards the end of the study (p < 0.05). The BCS was higher in high energy groups at the end of the experiment (p < 0.05). Diet affected plasma leptin concentrations (p = 0.002) but time did not. The GH concentrations were not affected by diet or time. The LH pulse frequency appeared to be higher in HC and HF groups but there were no statistical difference between the groups. There was a significant positive relationship between overall BCS and corresponding leptin concentrations (R2 = 0.263; p = 0.010) and between LH pulse frequency and leptin concentrations (R2 = 0.594; p = 0.003). In conclusion, the present study suggests that rather than type of energy, amount of energy intake and body energy reserves are much important regulators of plasma leptin concentrations and LH pulse frequency in fat-tailed Tuj lambs.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2002

Postprandial thermogenesis is increased 100% on a high-protein, low-fat diet versus a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in healthy, young women.

OBJECTIVE: The recent literature suggests that high-protein, low-fat diets promote a greater degree of weight loss compared to high-carbohydrate, low-fat diets, but the mechanism of this enhanced weight loss is unclear. This study compared the acute, energy-cost of meal-induced thermogenesis on a high-protein, low-fat diet versus a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet. METHODS: Ten healthy, normal weight, non-smoking female volunteers aged 19-22 years were recruited from a campus population. Using a randomized, cross-over design, subjects consumed the high-protein and the high-carbohydrate diets for one day each, and testing was separated by a 28- or 56-day interval. Control diets were consumed for two days prior to each test day. On test day, the resting energy expenditure, the non-protein respiratory quotient and body temperature were measured following a 10-hour fast and at 2.5-hour post breakfast, lunch and dinner. Fasting blood samples were collected test day and the next morning, and complete 24-hour urine samples were collected the day of testing. RESULTS: Postprandial thermogenesis at 2.5 hours post-meal averaged about twofold higher on the high protein diet versus the high carbohydrate diet, and differences were significant after the breakfast and the dinner meals (p < 0.05). Body temperature was slightly higher on the high protein diet (p = 0.08 after the dinner meal). Changes in the respiratory quotient post-meals did not differ by diet, and there was no difference in 24-hour glomerular filtration rates by diet. Nitrogen balance was significantly greater on the high-protein diet compared to the high-carbohydrate diet (7.6 +/- 0.9 and -0.4 +/- 0.5 gN/day, p < 0.05), and at 24-hour post-intervention, fasting plasma urea nitrogen concentrations were raised on the high protein diet versus the high-carbohydrate diet (13.9 +/- 0.9 and 11.2 +/- 1.0 mg/dL respectively, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate an added energy-cost associated with high-protein, low-fat diets and may help explain the efficacy of such diets for weight loss.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Cholesterol-lowering effect of a low-fat diet containing lean beef is reversed by the addition of beef fat.

The aim of this study was to differentiate between lean beef and beef fat as risk factors for elevated plasma cholesterol concentrations. Ten healthy weight-stable subjects (five men, five women) participated. Energy intake was kept constant over the 5-wk study. Total cholesterol concentrations fell significantly within 1 wk of commencing the very-low fat (9%) energy from fat) lean-beef (500 g/d) diet (5.91 +/- 0.47 to 4.72 +/- 0.42 mmol/L, p less than 0.001) and rose as beef drippings were added in a stepwise manner in weeks 4 and 5 (5.45 +/- 0.56 mmol/L in week 5). The changes in total cholesterol concentrations were due almost entirely to changes in the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. These results indicate that it is the beef fat, not lean beef itself, that is associated with elevations in cholesterol concentrations and that lean beef can be included in cholesterol-lowering diets provided it is free of all visible fat and the saturated fatty acid content of the diet is low.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Blood flow into brown fat of rats is greater after a high carbohydrate than after a high fat test meal.

Postprandial oxygen uptake of whole animals and rate of blood flow into the scapular and cervical brown adipose tissue (BAT) of Osborne-Mendel male rats (200 g) were compared for those receiving a high carbohydrate meal or an equicaloric high fat meal. Blood flow was determined by the use of radiolabeled microspheres injected into the left ventricle of anesthetized animals, 2-3 hours after the test meal. In vivo oxygen uptake was elevated by about 10% (P less than 0.05) and blood flow by more than 100% (P less than 0.05) in the group receiving the high carbohydrate meal compared to the high fat meal. The rate of blood flow into tissues other than brown fat was not significantly altered by the composition of the test meal. These tissues included heart, gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, GI tract and white adipose tissue. Our data suggest that a high carbohydrate meal is more thermogenic than a high fat meal, and that the difference in the magnitude of the thermic effect produced by the two meals is paralleled by a corresponding difference in brown fat thermogenesis.

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
PubMed1984

The effects of high fat feeding during one cycle of reproduction consisting of pregnancy, lactation and recovery on body composition and fat pad cellularity in the rat.

The changes in adipose depot weight, cell size, cell number and body composition during pregnancy, lactation and recovery were studied in Osborne-Mendel rats fed standard or high fat diets. Rats were killed on day 21 of pregnancy, after 21 days of lactation, and after 21 or 22 days of a postlactational recovery period. Nonpregnant control groups were killed at the beginning and at the conclusion of the experimental period. The high fat-fed, mated group was always fatter than similarly treated animals fed standard diets throughout pregnancy and lactation. However, by the end of the recovery period, carcass composition of the animals fed high fat or standard diets and the nonpregnant groups were not statistically different. The weight of the parametrial, retroperitoneal and subscapular depots was higher in the high fat-fed animals at the end of the recovery period, and in the latter two pads, this increase was statistically significant. Thus, despite the extensive lipid mobilization that occurs during lactation, the high fat-fed animals appear to be predisposed to postpartum obesity.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

Lowering dietary saturated fat and total fat reduces the oxidative susceptibility of LDL in healthy men and women.

The present study examined the effects of reducing dietary total fat and saturated fat (SFA) on LDL oxidative susceptibility in 27 healthy men and women (age 24-65 y). Each subject consumed each of three diets for 8 wk: an average American diet (AAD, 34% energy from fat, 15% from SFA), a Step-1 diet (29% fat, 9% SFA) and a very low SFA diet (Low-Sat, 25% fat, 6% SFA). In vitro LDL oxidation was assessed by copper-mediated oxidation, as measured by the kinetics of conjugated diene formation and lipid peroxide formation. Compared with the AAD, plasma LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and HDL cholesterol levels were 8% lower (P: = 0.16 and P: = 0.11, respectively), in subjects when they consumed the Step-1 diet and 11% (P: < 0.03) and 14% (P: < 0.057) lower, respectively, when they consumed the Low-Sat diet. Conjugated diene production and oxidation rate were 7% (P: < 0. 05) and 9% (P: < 0.05) lower, respectively. The reduction of lipid peroxide formation was 9% (P: < 0.05) in subjects when they consumed the Low-Sat diet vs. the AAD. In addition, lipid peroxide and conjugated diene formation were positively correlated with plasma total and LDL-C and apolipoprotein B (apo B) levels (r = 0.5-0.6, P: < 0.001), suggesting that quantity of LDL is an important determinant of oxidative modification. Furthermore, at the same level of apo B or LDL-C, LDL from subjects when they consumed either Step-1 or Low-Sat diets was less susceptible (P: < 0.05) to oxidation than those when they consumed the AAD, suggesting that qualitative changes also affect LDL oxidative susceptibility. Therefore, the benefits of lowering dietary SFA may extend beyond decreasing LDL-C levels and include favorable qualitative changes in LDL that further decrease risk of coronary heart disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Influence of dietary levels of fat, fiber, and copper sulfate and fat rancidity on cecal activity in the growing turkey.

Two experiments were conducted with 6- to 10-wk-old turkeys. In Experiment 1, 6-wk-old turkeys were fed diets varying in level of fat (4.4 to 10%) or fiber (2.5 to 9.0%). The diets also contained extra copper as copper sulfate at either 0.1 or 0.2% of the diet. At 8 wk of age, 15 replicate birds were housed in individual cages and all excreta was collected. Excreta was separated as being "regular" or "cecal" in origin based on appearance. At 10 wk of age, 10 birds per treatment were killed and cecal contents removed under anaerobic conditions. Cecal contents were assayed for various nutrients and viscosity was measured. In a second comparable study, turkeys were fed animal-vegetable fat or regular or rancid canola oil (60.25 vs 120.24 ng/g malonaldehyde, respectively). In Experiment 1, feeding copper sulfate had the most noticeable effect on various cecal parameters. There was an increase (P < 0.01) in dry matter cecal droppings produced and the cecal contents were of increased viscosity (P < 0.05). Copper had no effect on pH or microbial colony count of the cecal contents. Feeding copper resulted in a significant increase in the high molecular weight (> 300,000) fraction of cecal contents and this fraction was of higher viscosity. Feeding copper sulfate resulted in a dramatic increase in copper content of cecal contents (280 to 11,848 ppm), although the copper content of regular excreta was also increased (17 to 1,008 ppm). The various levels of fiber and fat generally had no effect on cecal parameters. Feeding rancid canola oil did result in increased viscosity of cecal contents, compared to the situation seen with fresh canola oil. Fat rancidity per se, however, failed to influence other parameters such as total mass of cecal material produced and composition of cecal material. Feeding copper sulfate or rancid fat will increase the viscosity of cecal material, which may contribute to litter management problems.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Increased intake of fruit and vegetables and a low-fat diet, with and without low-fat plant sterol-enriched spread consumption: effects on plasma lipoprotein and carotenoid metabolism.

BACKGROUND: Regular intake of plant sterol (phytosterol)-enriched foods enhances the cholesterol lowering effect of diets. One side effect associated with plant sterol consumption is a modest reduction in plasma carotenoid concentrations. This study investigated the effect of consuming a low-fat National Cholesterol Education Programme (NCEP) Step 1 diet, including a low-fat plant sterol ester (PSE)-enriched spread on cholesterol metabolism to determine if specific dietary advice to increase daily fruit and vegetable intake could prevent reduced plasma carotenoid concentrations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this randomised, crossover double-blind trial, 48 hypercholesterolaemic men received 21 g day(-1) of a low-fat PSE-enriched spread or placebo for 3 weeks, interrupted by 3 weeks washout. Individuals also adhered to a NCEP Step 1 diet and repeated 3-day food diaries monitored adherence. Specific advice was provided to increase dietary fruit and vegetable intakes. Fasting blood samples were collected at pre- and post-intervention for lipoprotein and carotenoid analysis. RESULTS: Plasma total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations were significantly (P <0.05) reduced, by 4.6 and 7.1%, respectively, after the PSE-enriched low-fat spread. Plasma apo B concentrations were significantly (P <0.0005) lower after the PSE spread. PSE consumption was also associated with significantly (P <0.05) lower total plasma beta-carotene concentrations, but this change was not significant after lipid standardisation. PSE consumption had no effect on retinol, alpha-carotene, gamma-tocopherol, alpha-tocopherol, lutein, zeaxanthin, beta-crypyoxanthin or lycopene concentrations. CONCLUSION: Dietary advice to increase daily fruit and vegetable consumption may be effective in preventing a reduction in plasma carotenoid concentrations previously associated with PSE consumption. Further, PSE incorporated in a low-fat spread and consumed as part of a NCEP Step 1 diet are effective in reducing total and LDL cholesterol.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Measurement of liver fat by magnetic resonance imaging: Relationships with body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity and plasma lipids in healthy men.

AIM: We compared the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a test for liver fat content (LFAT) with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and investigated its relationship with body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity, plasma lipids and lipoproteins. METHODS: LFAT was quantified by MRI and MRS in 17 free-living, healthy men with a wide range of body mass indexes. Fasting adiponectin was measured by immunoassay and insulin resistance by homeostasis assessment (HOMA) score. Intraperitoneal, retroperitoneal, anterior subcutaneous and posterior subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue masses (ATMs) were determined by MRI. RESULTS: Measurements of LFAT by MRI and MRS were highly correlated (r = 0.851, p < 0.001). In univariate regression analysis, LFAT by MRI was also significantly correlated with plasma triglycerides (TGs), insulin, HOMA score, carbohydrate intake and the masses of all abdominal adipose tissue compartments (p < 0.05). LFAT was inversely correlated with plasma adiponectin (r = -0.505, p < 0.05). In multivariate linear regression analysis including plasma adiponectin and age, intraperitoneal ATM was an independent predictor of LFAT (beta-coefficient = 0.587, p = 0.024). Moreover, intraperitoneal ATM was also an independent predictor of HOMA score after adjusting for LFAT, plasma adiponectin and age (beta-coefficient = 0.810, p = 0.010). Conversely, LFAT was a significant predictor of plasma TG concentration after adjusting for adiponectin, intraperitoneal ATM, HOMA and age (beta-coefficient = 0.751, p = 0.007). Similar findings applied with LFAT measured by MRS. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that MRI is as good as MRS to quantify liver fat content. Our data also suggest that liver fat content could link intraabdominal fat with insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia.

Adiponectin↗
PubMed2005

Effects of fat-modified dairy products on blood lipids in humans in comparison with other fats.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Due to its high content of LDL-raising saturated fatty acids (SFA), milk fat has been considered to be hypercholesterolaemic, but it also contains fatty acids and other constituents which seem to have a hypocholesterolaemic effect. Milk fat was modified by feeding cows rapeseed cake, resulting in a reduced content of SFA and an increased content of unsaturated fatty acids. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of modified milk fat (ModFat) on serum cholesterol fractions, triacylglycerides (TAG) and lipoprotein(a) [LP(a)], compared with regular milk fat (RegFat) and with soft margarine (Marg). METHOD: Fifteen women and 16 men were enrolled in the intervention study. Nine of the participants were hypercholesterolaemic. Nutrient intake parameters, serum lipids and LP(a) were determined. RESULTS: The serum concentration of HDL cholesterol increased in the ModFat period, leading to a decreased LDL/HDL ratio in this period. The lowest LP(a) concentrations were measured at the end of the control phase and at the end of the ModFat period. A decreasing tendency of serum TAG concentration was observed in the ModFat period. CONCLUSION: The fat-modified milk seems to have positive effects on the LDL/HDL ratio and the LP(a) concentrations, both of which have been established as risk factors for coronary heart disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Body Mass Index, percent body fat, and regional body fat distribution in relation to leptin concentrations in healthy, non-smoking postmenopausal women in a feeding study.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between BMI and leptin has been studied extensively in the past, but previous reports in postmenopausal women have not been conducted under carefully controlled dietary conditions of weight maintenance using precise measures of body fat distribution. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between serum leptin concentration and adiposity as estimated by BMI and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) measures (percent body fat, central and peripheral fat, and lean mass) in postmenopausal women. METHODS: This study was conducted as a cross-sectional analysis within the control segment of a randomized, crossover trial in which postmenopausal women (n = 51) consumed 0 (control), 15 (one drink), and 30 (two drinks) g alcohol (ethanol)/d for 8 weeks as part of a controlled diet. BMIs were determined and DEXA scans were administered to the women during the 0 g alcohol treatment, and a blood sample was collected at baseline and week 8 of each study period for leptin analysis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In multivariate analysis, women who were overweight (BMI > 25 to < or = 30 kg/m2) had a 2-fold increase, and obese women (BMI > 30 kg/m2) had more than a 3-fold increase in serum leptin concentrations compared to normal weight (BMI < or =25 kg/m2) women. When the models for the different measures of adiposity were assessed by multiple R2, models which included percent body fat explained the highest proportion (approximately 80%) of the serum leptin variance. CONCLUSION: Under carefully controlled dietary conditions, we confirm that higher levels of adiposity were associated with higher concentrations of serum leptin. It appears that percent body fat in postmenopausal women may be the best adiposity-related predictor of serum leptin.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1993

Lipoprotein compositional changes in the fasting and postprandial state on a high-carbohydrate low-fat and a high-fat diet in subjects with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Our aims were 1) to examine the effects of a high-carbohydrate low-fat diet on fasting and postprandial plasma lipids, apolipoproteins (apo), and lipoprotein composition in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and 2) to determine whether postprandial shift of apo between triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLP) and high density lipoproteins (HDL) is affected by diet. A cross-over study, of 4 weeks duration, of a high-carbohydrate (60% carbohydrate, 20% fat) and a high-fat (40% carbohydrate, 40% fat) diet was performed in seven subjects with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. TRLP, low density lipoproteins (LDL), and HDL were separated by fast protein liquid chromatography. The high-carbohydrate diet resulted in a decrease of fasting total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol and a trend toward an increase in plasma triglycerides. The apo composition of fasting TRLP and HDL was similar on both diets. TRLP apo CII, CIII, and E increased whereas HDL apo CII, CIII, and E decreased postprandially on both diets. In contrast, TRLP apo CI increased, and HDL apo CI decreased only after the high-carbohydrate diet. We conclude that 1) a high carbohydrate diet results in a decrease in total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol and a trend toward an increase in plasma triglycerides; 2) fasting TRLP and HDL apo composition was similar on a high-carbohydrate or a high-fat diet; and 3) on both diets, apo CII, CIII, and E transfer from HDL to TRLP postprandially. However, only the high-carbohydrate diet induced postprandial transfer of apo CI from HDL to TRLP. This may explain in part the changes in lipoproteins observed with this diet.

Aged↗