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PubMed2001

Methodological issues using household budget survey expenditure data for individual food availability estimation: Irish experience in the DAFNE pan-European project. DAta Food NEtworking.

OBJECTIVE: Irish participation in the EU-supported DAta Food NEtworking (DAFNE) project required compliance with the overall aims and objectives. The Irish Household Budget Survey (HBS) expenditure data had to be transformed into a format compatible with the collaborative effort, by converting them into quantities of foodstuffs available per person per day. SETTING: The Irish 1987 HBS expenditure data on all commodities for 7705 households in the Republic of Ireland, collected using a 14-day diary kept by all members of the household aged 15 years and over. DESIGN: Following identification of 188 food items in the HBS dataset, retail prices per unit weight were sought for each food. Adjustment of prices, collected from a number of different sources, was made to those of 1987 using the Consumer Price Index. Simple models were used to estimate household food availability through application of the adjusted retail prices per unit weight to the expenditure data. The household level data were converted to food availability per person per day. An internal validation of quantities estimated using the retail prices was made using the 12 foodstuffs for which the Irish HBS collects expenses and quantities. RESULTS: The comparison of quantities published by the Irish Central Statistics Office for 12 foodstuffs in the Irish 1987 Household Budget Survey with the quantities estimated using equivalent expenditure data and corresponding retail prices showed agreement, with less than a 10% margin of error for 10 of the foods. CONCLUSION: In spite some difficulty in converting HBS food expenditure data into food availability per person per day, the DAFNE approach is potentially useful for Irish nutrition surveillance purposes and for facilitating comparisons of the Irish HBS food data with those of other European countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Energy expenditure and physical activity of obese children: cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the total daily energy expenditure and physical activity pattern of a group of obese and non-obese Hong Kong children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTINGS: University teaching hospital, Hong Kong. PARTICIPANTS: Eighteen obese children aged 6 to 17 years and 18 age- and sex-matched non-obese children in the local Hong Kong community. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Total daily energy expenditure and physical activity pattern were estimated for 3 days using heart rate monitoring. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: In obese children, both total fat mass and fat-free mass were greater than in non-obese children. Total daily energy expenditure and its sleep and sedentary components were higher in absolute terms (by 42%, 43%, and 126%, respectively) for obese children. When normalised for body weight, the basal metabolic rate was no different between obese and non-obese children, while the total daily energy expenditure of the obese children was significantly lower (by 22%) than that of non-obese children. When normalised for fat-free mass, the basal metabolic rate and the sedentary component of total daily energy expenditure were significantly higher for obese children. Obese children spent 12% less time asleep, but 51% more time in sedentary activity and 30% less time physically active: a ratio of active-to-sedentary waking time of 0.6 for obese children and 1.9 for non-obese children. CONCLUSIONS: Although the basal metabolic rate may be influenced by body composition, the finding of a normal basal metabolic rate when normalised for body weight suggests that an intrinsic difference of metabolic rate is not a major contributory cause of obesity. The study pointed particularly to the potential benefit of increasing physical exercise time relative to sedentary activities to reduce the prevalence of childhood obesity. Obese and non-obese children had similar basal metabolic rates when adjusted by fat-free mass and fat mass. Obese children spent more time in sedentary activities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The acute effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on energy expenditure in lean and obese women.

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) has been implicated in the development of obesity in genetically obese rodents. We have investigated the effect of 100 micrograms of intravenous CRF on energy expenditure in women, comparing the response in obese and lean volunteers. In response to CRF, energy expenditure as measured by indirect calorimetry increased rapidly with a peak response in both groups reached by two minutes with a ten minute post-CRF response averaging 9.0% in the lean and 11.0% in the obese. Subsequently, energy expenditure remained elevated for a longer duration in the lean compared to the obese. Overall, the total 30 min cumulative metabolic rise was similar in the lean and obese. The increments in energy expenditure were associated with elevation of plasma noradrenaline levels, suggesting the possible involvement of the sympathetic nervous system. The adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH) and cortisol responses to CRF were similar in obese and lean. Intravenous administration of CRF therefore acutely increases energy expenditure in both lean and obese healthy subjects.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed2005

Use of [14C]-sodium bicarbonate/urea to measure physical activity induced increases in total energy expenditure in free-living healthy males.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of the [(14)C]-sodium bicarbonate/urea technique to detect physical activity-induced increases in total energy expenditure in free-living healthy men. Thirteen healthy males aged 34.1 +/- 11.7 yrs with body mass index 24.1 +/- 3.1 kg/m(2) were studied on three separate occasions, during which [(14)C]-bicarbonate was infused over 48-hours and urine was collected during the second 24-hours. On three separate occasions and in random order, subjects either remained sedentary, or performed a bout of physical activity on an electro-magnetically braked cycle ergometer sufficient to increase energy expenditure by 7% or 11% above predicted sedentary total energy expenditure. Urine samples were analyzed to evaluate the amount of [(14)C]-bicarbonate incorporated into urinary urea, thereby reflecting the amount of CO(2) produced per day, and upon conversion, the number of kilojoules of energy expended in 24-hours. All 13 subjects successfully completed the two physical activity treatments and there were no adverse events. As measured by the [(14)C]-urea assay, mean total energy expenditure values were not significantly different between sedentary activity (17902 +/- 905 kJ/day), the physical activity treatment designed to increase TEE by 7% (17701 +/- 594 kJ/day) and the physical activity treatment designed to increase TEE by 11% (18538 +/- 485 kJ/day) (P=0.668). In conclusion, although the [(14)C]-sodium bicarbonate/urea technique was well tolerated and did not interfere with normal daily activities, it was not able to accurately measure physical activity-induced increases in EE in the range of 7-11% above predicted sedentary total energy expenditure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Dietary intake, physical activity and energy expenditure of Malaysian adolescents.

INTRODUCTION: Paediatric obesity is a public health concern worldwide as it can track into adulthood and increase the risk of adult morbidity and mortality. While the aetiology of obesity is multi-factorial, the roles of diet and physical activity are controversial. Thus, the purpose of this study was to report on the differences in energy intake, diet composition, time spent doing physical activity and energy expenditure among underweight (UW), normal weight (NW) and at-risk of overweight (OW) Malaysian adolescents (317 females and 301 males) aged 11-15 years. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study with 6,555 adolescents measured for weights and heights for body mass index (BMI) categorisation. A total of 618 subjects were randomly selected from each BMI category according to gender. The subjects' dietary intake and physical activity were assessed using self-reported three-day food and activity records, respectively. Dietary intake components included total energy and macronutrient intakes. Energy expenditure was calculated as a sum of energy expended for basal metabolic rate and physical activity. Time spent (in minutes) in low, medium and high intensity activities was also calculated. RESULTS: The OW adolescents had the highest crude energy intake and energy expenditure. However, after adjusting for body weight, the OW subjects had the lowest energy intake and energy expenditure (p-value is less than 0.001). The study groups did not differ significantly in time spent for low, medium and high intensity activities. Macronutrient intakes differed significantly only among the girls where the OW group had the highest intakes compared to UW and NW groups (p-value is less than 0.05). All study groups had greater than 30 percent and less than 55 percent of energy intake from fat and carbohydrate, respectively. CONCLUSION: The data suggested that a combination of low energy expenditure adjusted for body weight and high dietary fat intake may be associated with overweight and obesity among adolescents. To prevent overweight and obesity among children and adolescents, strategies that address eating behaviours and physical activity are required. Various segments of the society must be involved in efforts to promote healthful dietary intakes and active lifestyle in children and adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Energy expenditure in early infancy and later body fatness.

Total energy expenditure was measured in a cohort of 33 normal, full term infants at 12 weeks of age using the doubly labelled water technique. These data were related to Quetelet's index and the sum of the triceps and subscapular skinfold measurements at 9 months and 2 years of age. Correlation coefficients were used to determine the relationship between total energy expenditure and later indices of body composition. Total energy expenditure was expressed as kcal/kg per day; kcal/kg0.5 per day (in order to negate the effect of body weight) and kcal/kg fat free mass per day (in order to take into account body composition). Using this approach there was no relationship between the level of total energy expenditure at 12 weeks of age and later indices of body fatness. The highest correlation coefficient being 0.09 (n = 33, P greater than 0.10). These findings are contrary to recent reports that a reduced total energy expenditure is related to the development of obesity in certain selected groups of individuals.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1991

Lifetime Medicaid service utilization and expenditures for AIDS in New York and California.

Several important gaps exists in information on the health care resources used by people with AIDS, including patterns of outpatient care, differences between populations at risk of the disease, and services paid for by Medicaid. To address the shortage of information in these areas, this study examined average Medicaid expenditures and service use for the time period a person has AIDS. The study population was Medicaid enrollees with AIDS in New York and California who died between October 1985 and September 1986. The study focused on the differences between the two states and between four groups that were proxies for at-risk populations: children, women, drug-using men, and non-drug-using men. Mean lifetime Medicaid expenditures were about $30,000 in New York and $20,000 in California. Inpatient use was higher and outpatient service use was lower in New York than in California after controlling for risk group, diagnosis, and Medicaid eligibility group (a proxy for income level). In California, women had higher expenditures and inpatient use than men. In New York, women and drug-using men had higher expenditures and use of inpatient and outpatient services (except home health care) than the non-drug-using men. Children in New York had higher expenditures and hospital use than adults but similar outpatient service use. Multivariate analyses suggest that differences between risk groups were largely attributable to differences in diagnosis and income level (as measured by Medicaid eligibility group).

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Adjustments in daily energy expenditure to caloric restriction and weight loss by adult obese and lean Zucker rats.

The 24 h resting (postabsorptive) energy expenditure of adult female lean and obese Zucker rats was examined both at the body weights each genotype spontaneously maintained and at body weights that were reduced 6-10 percent by restricting food intake for 2 weeks to 70 or 55 percent of normal. At their normally-maintained body weight, lean rats expended energy at a daily rate appropriate to their body mass according to the Kleiber equation (predicted kcal/day = 70.0 x BW-0.75kg observed kcal/day = 70.66 x BW-0.75kg). However, expenditure rates declined significantly in the weight-reduced lean rats restricted to 70 or 55 percent of normal intake (to 64.1 and 61.3 kcal/kg0.75). The obese rats expended energy at a rate lower than predicted by the Kleiber equation prior to weight loss (49.5 x BW-0.75kg). But, rates of daily expenditure in the obese rats was further reduced by 70 or 55 percent restriction (to 43.7 and 42.4 x BW-0.75kg), a decline proportionately as large or larger than that displayed by restricted lean rats. With this reduced metabolic rate, the total daily caloric expenditure of obese rats restricted to 55 percent of normal intake approximated that of unrestricted lean rats weighing only half as much (27.8 vs 27.5 kcal/day; 569 vs 285 g). Evidently, Zucker obese rats display the same adaptive reductions in resting metabolism as do leans in response to energy deficit and weight loss. In both, these adjustments in expenditure act to stabilize body weight at the levels that typify each genotype.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1990

Genetic effects in human energy expenditure components.

It is increasingly recognized that variations in human energy expenditure are partly due to an influence of the genotype, even after control for the well established concomitants of energy expenditure. Using the technique of genetic epidemiology, we have found that about 40 percent of the variance in resting metabolic rate, thermic effect of food and energy cost of low to moderate intensity exercise (less than or equal to 5 times the resting metabolic rate) is explained by inherited characteristics. A significant genetic effect has also been reported for the level of habitual physical activity. The existence of a genotype-environment interaction has also been investigated. Thus, we have demonstrated that in response to chronic overfeeding, as well as negative energy balance, changes in the components of energy expenditure are partly determined by one's genotype. Taken as a whole, these observations consistently support the hypothesis that heredity plays a significant role on the variations in the various components of energy expenditure in humans. Further research should now be focused more on the identification of biochemical and molecular markers of these energy expenditure characteristics.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Adjusting energy expenditure for body weight in early infancy.

The most appropriate method of expressing energy expenditure relative to body weight was investigated in 50 normal, full-term infants at 6 weeks, 12 weeks and 6 months of age. Regression analysis revealed that the relationship between body weight and energy expenditure at each age could be adjusted for by expressing energy expenditure per kg0.65, per kg0.43 and per kg0.55 body weight at the three age points studied. These powers were not significantly different and a pooled estimate was per kg0.56. This is very close to kg0.5 or the square root of body weight. It is suggested that in studies on energy, metabolism in early infancy the expression of total energy expenditure per kg0.5 body weight should be used as the most appropriate adjustment for removing the influence of body weight upon energy expenditure.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1989

Energy expenditure and the abnormal eating pattern of a bulimic: a case report.

Bulimia nervosa has been characterized by binge eating, which is often followed by either vomiting or laxative use. However, some bulimic individuals restrict caloric intake rather than purge as a means of controlling their weight. Treatment may include psychiatric evaluation, drug therapy, and nutrition counseling. This study evaluated the eating pattern of a bulimic woman from food records made before and while she was receiving nutrition counseling at an eating disorders clinic. Energy expenditure was also determined and examined in relation to patterns of eating behavior. The Harris-Benedict equation was used to estimate basal energy expenditure (BEE). Actual measured energy expenditure (MEE) was determined by indirect calorimetry. On initial assessment, this woman was eating 600 to 3,800 kcal/day, reflecting the range from a semi-fast to a binge day. At this time, her BEE was significantly higher than her MEE. Following modification of her eating pattern to three meals a day, providing approximately 1,200 kcal, there was a 50% increase in her MEE, which closely approximated her BEE. Modification of eating pattern appeared to be associated with a normalization of energy expenditure in this woman; however, each case must be considered individually. These results imply that certain eating patterns in bulimic individuals cause a decrease in energy expenditure that may resemble starvation.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Effect of daily energy expenditure on the creatinine clearance and daily urinary protein excretion of patients with mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis.

In the present study, the relationships among daily energy expenditure, renal function (creatinine clearance, Ccr), and daily urinary protein excretion were examined. In total, 104 adult patients (from 9 renal clinics in Japan) with primary chronic glomerulonephritis were fitted with a portable calorie counter for about two weeks to estimate their daily energy expenditure. On two separate days when the energy expenditure was expected to be contrastingly different, urine collection and blood sampling were performed, and the Ccr and daily urinary protein excretion were determined. Multiple regression analysis of Ccr clearly demonstrated a significant correlation between its acceleration and increase in the daily protein intake or protein excretion. In mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis showing a constant level of protein intake, the enhancement of Ccr revealed a significant inverse relation to the increase in daily energy expenditure (%BMR). It was demonstrated statistically that a daily energy expenditure exceeding 150 %BMR slowed the Ccr down. This limit was almost the same as the level in healthy adults living in urban cities of Japan. The urinary protein excretion was significantly correlated with the daily protein intake. These results should be taken into consideration in prescribing for each individual patient an allowable degree of labor or any other activity and an adequate dietary regimen, and also in evaluating the efficacy of a drug for glomerulonephritis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

The effect of schistosomiasis on 24-hour energy expenditure.

Twenty-four hour energy expenditure assessment in relation to Schistosoma mansoni infection was carried out in 217 villagers, cleaners of irrigated canals and service personnel. Maximal aerobic power output and sub-maximal response to exercise in the laboratory were also measured. The servicemen were significantly (P less than 0.05) taller and heavier than villagers and canal cleaners. While servicemen and villagers had similar haemoglobin concentration, canal cleaners had significantly reduced (P less than 0.05) haemoglobin values compared to the other two groups. The 24 h energy expenditure was positively correlated with VO2max (r = +0.15, P less than 0.02, n = 215) and negatively correlated with quantitative egg excretion rate (r = -0.16, P less than 0.01, n = 217). Servicemen had the highest recorded values of the 24 h energy expenditure which differed significantly (P less than 0.05) from those of the heavily infected canal cleaners. No significant difference was recorded in 24 h energy expenditure between the lightly infected and non-infected villagers on one hand and servicemen on the other. The findings of this study clearly demonstrated the adverse effect of a high level of S. mansoni infection on the 24 h energy expenditure.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Influence of whole body protein turnover rate on resting energy expenditure in patients with cancer.

Whole body protein turnover and resting energy expenditure are measured simultaneously in weight stable and weight losing patients with lung (n = 22) or colorectal cancer (n = 38). These results were compared with those from weight stable and weight losing non-cancer controls (n = 22). Rates of whole body protein turnover were calculated from the plateau isotopic enrichment of urinary ammonia and urea following a primed, continuous, 24-h infusion of [15N]glycine. Resting energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry. All groups of cancer patients had significantly elevated rates of whole body protein turnover (P less than 0.05) and synthesized, on average, 1.9 g/kg/day more protein compared with weight stable non-cancer controls. In contrast, the resting energy expenditure of cancer patients and controls was similar. Moreover, there was no correlation between individual rates of whole body protein turnover. Thus, although cancer patients had rates of whole body protein turnover which were 50-70% greater than controls, this did not result in a measurable increase in resting energy expenditure. The assumption that elevation of whole body protein turnover or resting energy expenditure causes weight loss in cancer patients must be an oversimplification. An acute phase protein response was observed in the majority of cancer patients. Although the presence of such an inflammatory response did not correlate with the rate of whole body protein turnover, the role of inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of disturbed protein metabolism in cancer patients merits further investigation.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Energy expenditure of students at the Patrice Lumumba People's Friendship University during classes].

Energy expenditures were studied in 68 first- and fourth-year male students of the Medical Department of the Patrice Lumumba University of Peoples' Friendship, who arrived to Moscow from different regions of the world: Asia, Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, the Near East, and from the USSR. The measurement of the energy expenditures was conducted at rest, when they sat reading special literature, or stood at the blackboard solving mathematical problems, and during walking at a rate of 4 km/h, applying indirect calorimetry according to the rate of the intake of oxygen and the output of carbon dioxide, with the use of Douglas-Haldane's apparatus and automatic gas analyzer. It was established that the mean values of energy expenditure per 1 kg bw during varying types of activity did not significantly differ in students of various nationalities from different regions: daily energy expenditures of students from the USSR comprised 2591 kcal, from Asia--2240 kcal, from Africa--2296 kcal, from Latin America--2470 kcal, from the Middle and the Near East--2399 kcal. Energy expenditures of the students from different regions during examinations did not significantly differ from those during the routine studying process.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Prone and supine positioning effects on energy expenditure and behavior of low birth weight neonates.

The effect of body position (supine v prone) on energy expenditure and behavior of 42 healthy low birth weight (920 to 1,760 g) infants was evaluated in 66 studies. Each infant was randomly assigned to the supine or prone position for the first three-hour epoch; the position was reversed for the second three-hour epoch. The difference in energy expenditure and the percentage of time in active sleep, quiet sleep, and wakefulness between the two positions was computed. The median difference (supine minus prone) in overall energy expenditure between positions was +3.1 kcal/kg/d (interquartile range 0.6 to 6.5; P less than .001). When only periods of active sleep were analyzed, the median difference in energy expenditure remained significant, the supine position being higher than prone by +2.6 kcal/kg/d (interquartile range 0.1 to 4.8; P less than .001). In the supine position, the time awake was 5.7% higher (interquartile range 1.8 to 17.4; P less than .001) than in the prone position. The percentage of time in active sleep was not significantly different between the positions, hence quiet sleep decreased in the supine position. In summary, when low birth weight infants are changed from the supine to the prone position, energy expenditure decreases, time spent in quiet sleep increases, and time spent awake decreases. These data suggest that prone is the position of choice for the low birth weight infant.

Child Behavior↗
PubMed1986

[Metabolic response in the acute stage of cerebral infarction--with special reference to oxygen consumption and resting metabolic expenditure].

Oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, respiratory quotients, and resting metabolic expenditure were measured in 23 patients with cerebral infarction in their acute stage. Metabolic measurement were carried out with the technique of indirect calorimetry on their admission within two days from the onsets. At the same time, urine was collected twenty-four hours to measure urinary catecholamine excretion. Mean value of resting metabolic expenditure was 115.1% and this positively correlated with urinary catecholamine, especially noradrenaline excretion. Maximum value of resting metabolic expenditure was up to 187.1% of that expected for an uninjured resting person of equivalent age, sex, and body surface area. Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production also positively correlated to urinary catecholamine excretion. On the other hand, respiratory quotients did not have any significant correlation with oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, resting metabolic expenditure, or urinary catecholamine excretion. From those facts, it was implied that overactivity of sympathetic nervous system existed in their acute stage of cerebral infarction, and the overflow might directly influence oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and resting metabolic expenditure, and moreover we had to take into consideration of hyper-metabolic state to manage patients with ischemic cerebrovascular diseases as malnutrition might cause weight loss and immune incompetence.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Calorimetric evaluation of the diary-respirometer technique for the field measurement of the 24-hour energy expenditure.

The results of measuring the 24-h energy expenditure by the diary-respirometer technique (factorial method) have been compared to those obtained by direct measurement of heat output and continuous recording of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. Anthropometric and skinfold measurements were used to estimate lean body mass in eight male Asian subjects. They remained for 36 h in a metabolic chamber wearing a calorimeter suit. A ventilated hood and differential gas analysers were used to measure oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. While the subjects were sitting inactive, the KM respirometer indicated a mean energy expenditure which was significantly lower than with the calorimeter suit or with the ventilated hood. During exercise on an ergometer at 25 W and 75 W the respirometer gave readings of energy expenditure which were also significantly lower than either the ventilated hood or the calorimeter suit. The daily energy expenditure expressed in MJ for a standard body weight of 60 kg (MJ/60 kg) measured from the calorimeter suit was 9.79 MJ; from the ventilated hood, 9.51 MJ; from the diary-respirometer method, 8.30 MJ. The mean energy intake, measured for 10 consecutive d after the the subjects had left the metabolic room was 7.87 MJ, while during their stay in the metabolic room, their spontaneous intake was 7.74 MJ. The diary-respirometer technique tends to cumulate the errors from an incorrect time and motion recording and the potential lack of representativeness of the measurement of the energy cost of the activities. In the present study, it seems that the discrepancy observed between the results of the different methods can be attributed almost entirely to the underestimation of the energy cost of the activities by the respirometer. Contrary to our expectation the diary-respirometer technique does not seem to overestimate systematically the daily energy expenditure.

Adult↗