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PubMed1981

Volvulus of the bovine abomasum and omasum.

Two cows with right-side volvulus (torsion) of the abomasum and omasum were embalmed, and the viscera were dissected to study the topography and mechanisms of the condition. In both cases, the abomasum and omasum were greatly distended and formed a loop with the cranial part of the duodenum. The loop was twisted 360 degrees counter-clockwise, as viewed from the rear or from the right, around an axis through the lesser omentum. The reticulum was drawn caudally on the right side of the rumen by its attachment to the fundus of the abomasum. Study of a model of the stomach and omenta indicated that the more probable mode of rotation was in a sagittal plane. The mode of rotation made no difference in the result or in the method of reduction, which was deflation and rotation in the opposite direction. pressure and tension damage to the ventral vagal trunk and to the blood vessels would indicate a guarded prognosis.

Abomasum↗

PubMed1981

Patho-anatomy of herniation of the reticulum through the diaphragm in the bovine.

Dissection of embalmed and untreated water buffalo carcasses (n=10) revealed that hernias had occurred at the musculotendinous junction of the diaphragm, ventral to the foramen venae cavae and slightly lateral to the median plane. The diameter of the hernial ring varied from 7 cm to 20 cm. Herniation was more common in the right thoracic cavity with the reticulum firmly adherent to the hernia ring. Adhesions between the herniated portion of the reticulum and pleura, lung, pericardium or thoracic wall were present, while in a few cases thick fibrous tracts concealing metallic bodies were found. In two cases, involvement of esophageal groove with malalignment of cardia and reticulo-omasal opening was observed. Displacement and compression of the heart was observed in four animals.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Intraneural connective tissue proliferation of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel.

Segments from the median nerve were removed from the distal fourth of the right forearm and the carpal tunnel area of 23 embalmed human cadavers (12 men, 11 women) to evaluate the proliferation of the intraneural connective tissue and its intrinsic vasculature. The findings suggest that: (1) The proliferative increase of the intraneural connective tissue, primarily, the epineurial layers, is a localized characteristic of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel; (2) this increase in a normal occurrence in males and females; and (3) thicker-walled arterioles and venules are common in the highly dense epineurial tissue; this condition, regarded as an adjunct protective feature, could oppose increased intratunnel pressure and lessen the chances of vascular collapse.

Arterioles↗

PubMed1980

The effect of formaldehyde solution in the gas chromatographic determination of morphine.

Morphine glucuronide upon acid hydrolysis and in the presence of formaldehyde solution is converted to three primary compounds as determined by gas chromatography. The importance of this conversion as it pertains to the total quantity of morphine in formaldehyde-fixed specimens is discussed. A request for quantitation--in a suspected case of morphine overdose after the body had been embalmed but before an autopsy could be performed--initiated the research discussed in this article.

Chromatography, Gas↗

PubMed1995

The anatomic basis for arteriovenous shunting in human lower leg fascial flaps.

Clinical experience has suggested that arteriovenous shunting may occur in fascial flaps. The anatomic basis for this has not been fully established. The aim of this study was to determine the size, location, and nature of arteriovenous shunts in human lower leg deep fascia. Deep fascia was harvested from the limbs of nine embalmed cadavers. Small pieces of fascial tissue were studied with the aid of three staining techniques (methylene blue, oil red-O triethyl phosphate, and Gomori's rapid one-stage trichrome technique), which were used to enable the microvascular anatomy to be visualized more clearly. Arteriovenous anastomoses proximal to the capillary bed and with an external diameter greater than 50 microns were identified in the suprafascial, subfascial, and intrafascial plexuses but were not found to be a common feature of the microvascular anatomy. Thoroughfare channels within the capillary bed and with an external diameter ranging from 12 to 25 microns were frequently identified in all three levels of the fascial plexus. The results of this study establish an anatomic basis for arteriovenous shunting in fascial flaps.

Arteriovenous Anastomosis↗

PubMed1995

Morphology of the torn rotator cuff.

The morphological characteristics of shoulders with torn rotator cuffs were determined using 41 embalmed specimens. The following parameters were measured in the supraspinatus (SSP), infraspinatus (ISP) and subscapularis (SSC) muscles: the length, thickness and width of the extramuscular tendon; the length of the intramuscular tendon; the length and width of a tear, if present, muscle fibre length; and muscle volume. The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the tendon was measured on the photographic image of slices of the tendon using an image analysis system, and the CSA of the muscle was calculated by dividing the muscle volume by muscle fibre length. The rotator cuff was intact in 11 shoulders. A partial-thickness tear of the cuff was present in 12 shoulders, a full-thickness tear of the SSP in 11 shoulders, and a full-thickness tear of more than 2 tendons in 7. Overall incidence of full-thickness tears of the rotator cuff was 44%, and that of partial-thickness tears 29%. With increase of tear size, the functional tendon length (extramuscular tendon length plus tear length) increased by a statistically significant amount in the SSP, ISP and SSC, whereas muscle fibre length decreased in SSP and ISP. It is concluded that the increased functional tendon length and decreased muscle fibre length are the main morphological changes that make the rotator cuff a physiologically abnormal unit. Surgical repair of the torn cuff would be expected to improve these anatomical changes and restore the kinetics of the glenohumeral joint.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗

PubMed1995

The posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia. Its function in load transfer from spine to legs.

STUDY DESIGN: The superficial and deep lamina of the posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia have been studied anatomically and biomechanically. In embalmed human specimens, the posterior layer has been loaded by simulating the action of various muscles. The effect has been studied using raster photography. OBJECTIVES: To study the role of the posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia in load transfer between spine, pelvis, legs, and arms. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: It has been determined whether muscles such as the gluteus maximus, latissimus dorsi, erector muscle, and biceps femoris are functionally coupled via the thoracolumbar fascia. The caudal relations of the posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia have not been previously studied. METHODS: Dissection was directed to the bilaminar posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia of 10 human specimens. The superficial and deep lamina were studied using visual inspection and raster photography. Tension to the posterior layer of the fascia was simulated by traction to various muscles and measured by studying the displacement in the posterior layer. RESULTS: Traction to a variety of muscles caused displacement of the posterior layer. This implies that in vivo, the superficial lamina will be tensed by contraction of various muscles, such as the latissimus dorsi, gluteus maximus and erector muscle, and the deep lamina by contraction of the biceps femoris. Caudal to the level of L4 (in some specimens, L2-L3), tension in the posterior layer was transmitted to the contralateral side. CONCLUSIONS: Anatomic structures normally described as hip, pelvic, and leg muscles interact with so-called arm and spinal muscles via the thoracolumbar fascia. This allows for effective load transfer between spine, pelvis, legs, and arms--an integrated system. Specific electromyographic studies should reveal whether the gluteus maximus muscle and contralateral latissimus dorsi muscle are functionally coupled, especially during rotation of the trunk. In that case, the combined action of these muscles assists in rotating the trunk, while simultaneously stabilizing the lower lumbar spine and sacroiliac joints.

Aged↗

PubMed1995

The idea of the library in the twenty-first century.

The fundamental idea of the library must change. The nineteenth-century idea of the library as the embalming of dead genius and the twentieth-century idea of the library as the repository for second-hand knowledge must give way to the idea of the library as the owner and the librarian as the manager of first-hand knowledge. In the coming era of knowledge capitalism, those individuals and organizations will flourish who are able to apply knowledge to create knowledge and to organize it to produce knowledge. The roles of present-day librarians and libraries will begin to differentiate sharply over the next decade. Some must seize the opportunity to participate in the transformation of libraries into online knowledge servers.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed1995

Infection in the deceased: a survey of management.

Funeral directors, control of infection officers, chief environmental health officers, and consultants in communicable disease control were surveyed to identify the sources and nature of advice about infectious hazards from the deceased available to undertakers. They were asked about management responsibilities, policies, particular activities (viewing, hygienic preparation, bagging, embalming, and final disposal by burial or cremation), specific diseases (hepatitis B, HIV infection, tuberculosis, meningitis, septicaemia, and salmonellosis), and repatriation. A wide range of opinions and advice was received on each topic. Medical personnel need a greater understanding of the work of funeral directors. Policies based on a realistic assessment of risk should be agreed.

Cadaver↗

PubMed1994

The effects of transforaminal ligaments on the sizes of T11 to L5 human intervertebral foramina.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to determine the effects of the presence of transforaminal ligaments (TFL) on the superior-to-inferior dimension (SI) and anterior-to-posterior dimension (AP) of the compartment containing the ventral ramus of the spinal nerve (VR) in the intervertebral foramen (IVF). DESIGN: Four lumbar spines, including T12 and in one case T11, were obtained from embalmed cadavers and carefully dissected to expose the contents of the IVF. All ligamentous structures in the vicinity of the IVF were preserved. The greatest SI and AP of each IVF were measured. When present, TFL help define a compartment at the exit zone of the IVF that contains the VR. The SI and AP of these compartments were also measured. RESULTS: Of 49 IVF examined, at least one TFL was present in 35. In the 34 IVF with horizontally oriented TFL, the mean SI of the compartments for the VR was 31.5% smaller than that of the IVF (one-way ANOVA, p < .01). No significant differences were seen between the AP of the IVF and compartments for the VR in the levels with vertically oriented TFL (n = 11). CONCLUSIONS: TFL were found to be present in 71% of lower thoracic and lumbar IVF. If TFL were present, the SI of the compartment containing the VR in the IVF was significantly decreased (mean = 31.5%). This finding suggests that often there may be less space at the exit zone of the IVF for the ventral ramus than traditionally thought, which could contribute to the incidence of neurological symptomatology in this region, especially after trauma or degenerative changes.

Humans↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The use of perfusion for brain fixation].

Two modifications of the apparatus for the fixation of the whole human brain are described. This apparatus can also be used for the fixation of other organs and for dead body embalming.

Brain↗

PubMed1993

Effect of patellar thickness on kinematics of the knee joint.

Patellofemoral problems are common complications after total knee replacement. In order to investigate the effect of an increase in the patellar thickness on the kinematics of the knee joint, four intact embalmed cadaveric knee specimens were prepared to control the thickness of the patella and to measure: 1) the excursion lengths of the quadriceps muscles during knee flexion using a linear voltage displacement transducer; 2) patellar tracking and patellofemoral contact pressure using pressure sensitive Fuji prescale film; and 3) patellar movement during knee flexion using an image processing system. As the patellar thickness increased from the original dimension to a 7-mm increment, the excursion lengths of the quadriceps muscle during knee flexion did not vary significantly, but lateral patellar subluxation was clearly demonstrated by an increase in the patellofemoral contact pressure on the lateral femoral condyle and by lateral displacement of the patella. Increased patellar thickness in a total knee replacement is considered to be one of the causes of lateral subluxation. The importance of monitoring the patellar thickness using a patellar cutting jig is stressed.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed1994

Areas of contact and extent of gaps with implantation of oversized acetabular components in total hip arthroplasty.

Contact between porous surfaces and bone and initial stable fixation of the implant to bone are required to achieve bone ingrowth into prosthetic devices. To avoid the potential problems associated with screws that are often used to obtain initial stability of uncemented acetabular components, oversizing of the component has been recommended. This study investigated the shape of the reamed surface compared with the acetabular reamers used, the areas of bone implant contact obtained with oversizing, and the extent of polar area gaps created by this surgical technique. In embalmed hemipelvises, using surface fitting algorithms, the average departure from sphericity, of the reamed acetabular surface, was 0.56 mm. Using Pressensor film, extensive peripheral cup contact but minimal polar area contact was demonstrated when oversizing the components. In addition, large polar area gaps were demonstrated using polyvinylsiloxane epoxy molds. This study confirms the potential concerns associated with oversizing the acetabular component in relation to the reamed acetabular surface. Although excellent peripheral contact was obtained using this technique, polar area contact was demonstrated to be minimal or nonexistent, and large polar area gaps were observed. In addition, this study demonstrates that a precisely reamed surface can be obtained in the acetabulum when accurately sized reamers are used.

Acetabulum↗

PubMed1993

Use of the external fixation apparatus for percutaneous insertion of pins in the distal one-third of the radius: an anatomic study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of soft-tissue injury during percutaneous placement of external fixation pins in the proximal radius. DESIGN: An anatomic study with embalmed cadaver limbs. SETTING: Hand and upper limb centre at a university-affiliated hospital. INTERVENTIONS: Two 4-mm Hoffman half pins were percutaneously placed along the dorsoradial ridge of the radius, four finger breadths proximal to the radial styloid process. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Injuries to soft tissues including tendons, nerves and vessels were noted. RESULTS: Nerve or tendon injuries occurred in 7 of 26 forearms. Three pins transfixed either the superficial branch of the radial nerve or lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerves. Tendon injuries included the brachioradialis in two forearms, the extensor carpi radialis brevis in three forearms, and the extensor carpi radialis longus and the abductor pollicis longus in one forearm each. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous pin placement in the distal radius is unsafe. The authors recommend open pin placement for fractures of the distal radius.

Bone Nails↗

PubMed1993

Cyanoacrylate adhesive technique in wound edge approximation.

Cyanoacrylate, the adhesive component of many commercially available strong-binding glues, has been used by the medical profession for various purposes, including tissue adhesion and repair, embolization, sclerotherapy, and hemostasis. Mortuary science professionals rely on cyanoacrylate's adhesive property to aid in body restoration techniques following embalming. Forensic applications include the use of cyanoacrylate fumes for latent fingerprint detection. An additional application for this sticky chemical is currently unrecognized by many within the forensic community. Specifically, cyanoacrylate's adhesive property makes possible the relatively simple, efficient, and rapid approximation of disrupted skin and tissue when warranted during a forensic autopsy. The final result is aesthetically pleasing and lends itself to subsequent photographic documentation especially when patterned injuries are encountered. We discuss the technique, benefits, and limitations of the cyanoacrylate adhesive method in this setting and present several cases wherein the technique has produced satisfying results.

Cyanoacrylates↗

PubMed1993

Determining the rotational alignment of the femoral component in total knee arthroplasty using the epicondylar axis.

The posterior condylar surfaces of the femur are routinely used as the reference for the rotational orientation of the femoral component during most primary total knee arthroplasties. The purpose of this investigation was to identify a clearly discernible, reproducible secondary anatomic axis useful for determining the rotational orientation of the femoral component when the posterior condylar surfaces cannot be used. Seventy-five embalmed anatomic specimen femurs were studied. A surgical epicondylar axis was defined as the line connecting the lateral epicondylar prominence and the medial sulcus of the medial epicondyle. The posterior condylar angle was measured as the angle between the posterior condylar surfaces and the surgical epicondylar axis. Measurement of the posterior condylar angle referenced from the surgical epicondylar axis yielded a mean posterior condylar angle of 3.5 degrees (+/- 1.2 degrees) of internal rotation for males and a mean posterior condylar angle of 0.3 degree (+/- 1.2 degrees) of internal rotation for females. Thus, rotational alignment of the femoral component can be accurately estimated using the posterior condylar angle. The posterior condylar angle, referenced from the surgical epicondylar axis, provides a visual rotational alignment check during primary arthroplasty and may improve alignment of the femoral component at revision.

Biometry↗

PubMed1993

[MRI in the pre-operative evaluation of lesions of the rotator cuff].

The authors report a series of 38 patients who had been examined by MRI and then operated for a rotator cuff syndrome. The correlation between the description of the cuff lesions after MRI and the surgical observations were excellent for 37 patients. In one case MRI showed a false image of tear of the supra spinatus m. on its anterior edge. This was due to a bad knowledge of the anatomy of the muscle and tendon and to a poor orientation of the frontal cut plane. This study was complete with MRI and anatomic study of 12 non embalmed cadaveric shoulders. The results showed that MRI was very sensitive (0.93) and specific (0.94) for the diagnosis of rotator cuff tears. MRI allowed also to show partial tears of the tendons of the rotator cuff. The authors propose a MRI classification of cuff lesions which permits to establish a good surgical planning.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

[Strain distribution in the L1 vertebra under axial load and load transmitting behavior between the vertebral body and posterior elements].

This study investigated the stress distribution in the L1 vertebra under a vertical axial load. Five normal spinal units (T12-L2) were obtained from embalmed human cadavers, to measure the surface strain in the L1 vertebra. Stress screening using a brittle-coat was prepared beforehand, then fourteen sites on the lateral half of the surface on the L1 vertebra were carefully chosen to install rosette strain gauges. A vertical axial load was applied up to 1471 N in two degrees of flexion, in the neutral position, and in two degrees of extension of the intact spine, and in the neutral facetectomized spine. The strain at each site was measured with strain gauges, then the tensile, compressive and shear strain values were calculated. Cracks in the brittle-coat showed the strain concentration in the base of the pedicles and rims on the superior vertebral body. Analysis of the data by strain gauge showed that the amount of strain at the rims on the superior vertebral body was greater than that at the inferior rims in the three positions of the intact spines, with a statistical significance. These strains led to a burst in the superior vertebral body rims. As for the posterior elements, the inner surface of the laminas received a tensile strain only, while the principal strain on the outer surface of the laminas was a compressive strain, in the directions parallel to the laminas. These strains led to a transformation in the posterior elements, leading to widening in the interpedicular distance and a fracture in the inner surface of the lamina. These results showed the first lumbar vertebra was easily mechanically injured by a Denis type B burst fracture. Also this study demonstrated that the pedicles were the pathway for load transmission.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗