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At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

The usefulness of radiographs in diagnosis and management of periodontal diseases: a review.

OBJECTIVES: To review the periodontally significant diagnostic information obtainable from radiographs and the stages during periodontal therapy when the information may influence patient management and treatment outcomes. DATA: Confined to studies involving conventional radiography, as this remains the commonest imaging method in clinical dental practice and primary dental care setting. SOURCES: Literature was reviewed using Medline and manual tracing of references cited in key papers not otherwise elicited. STUDY SELECTION: Studies were selected in order to (i) define the role of radiographs in periodontal diagnosis and management at the initial, corrective and supportive (maintenance) phases of periodontal therapy and (ii) critically review the evidence for the value added by radiographs. CONCLUSIONS: Radiographs provide diagnostic information on alveolar bone levels, plaque retention factors, caries, furcation defects, subgingival calculus and additional pathology. Features visualised are dependent on the radiographic view. A relationship exists between probing attachment loss and radiographic bone height, with a range in level of correlation; clinical attachment may correspond more closely to surgical measurements of bone height. Radiographs can be used in planning initial, corrective and supportive phases of therapy, though some decisions may be made on clinical assessments alone. Evidence in the literature on benefit gained from radiographs taken for periodontal patients is sparse; the extent to which they influence the treatment provided and treatment outcomes is poorly addressed. Further research is indicated to define the role of radiographs when managing the periodontal patient to maximise the potential gain for the patient.

Evidence-Based Medicine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Ultrasonographic examination of the hip joint region and bony pelvis in cattle].

Transcutaneous and transrectal ultrasonographic examination of the hip joint region and the pelvis was carried out in 7 cadavers, transcutaneous ultrasonography in 17 healthy young and adult cattle, and transrectal sonography was performed in 12 healthy cows in order to study the normal ultrasonographic appearance of these regions. 7.5 MHz linear-, 5.0 MHz and 3.5 MHz convex transducers and a 7.5 MHz rectal probe were used. The bone surfaces of the greater trochanter, the femoral neck and head, the acetabulum and the other pelvic bones were visualised as hyperechoic contours. The coxofemoral joint space was identified in all cadavers and live cattle. The joint pouch could not be visualised, neither in cadavers nor in live cattle. After experimental filling of the coxofemoral joint pouch by injection of 35-45 ml eosin-solution it appeared as a large anechoic zone between the articular surface and the echogenic joint capsule. The inner contours of the pelvic girdle, both iliosacral joint spaces, the abdominal aorta and the external iliac arteries were depicted clearly by transrectal ultrasonography. The practical application of diagnostic ultrasound in these regions is demonstrated in clinical patients suffering from a septic coxarthritis and a sequestration of a part of the tuber coxae following an open fracture. These results serve as reference data for ultrasonographic investigation of disorders of the hip joint and the pelvic region in cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Post mortem uterine arteriography and in vivo angiographic diagnosis.

Arteriography of the small pelvis was done to obtain exact data on the extension of uterine tumours. Some findings were useful in differential diagnostics in vivo. The borderline between the uterine corpus and collum cannot be characterized by the elbow of the uterine artery (the end of its parametrian part) but by the most medial loop of the ascending part of the vessel, coinciding with the end of the cervical canal. The cervix gets its blood supply from the uterine artery only in two-thirds of the cases and even if so, the cervico-vaginal branch takes its origin not from the isthmic but from the parametrian part of the uterine artery. Visualisation of small arteries in the parametrium is difficult in vivo mostly because of their modest vascularity.

Angiography↗
PubMed2002

Virtual endoscopy of the middle ear: experimental and clinical results of a standardised approach using multi-slice helical computed tomography.

Virtual endoscopy (VE) enables non-invasive 3D endoluminal imaging of the middle ear by post-processing of CT data. To optimise the clinical application a standardised approach was evaluated in normal and pathologic cases. Data acquisition was performed using multi-slice helical CT in 20 normal patients and 15 patients with malformation or trauma. Virtual endoscopy of the tympanic cavity and 3D images of the ossicles were generated using surface and volume rendering. Qualitative assessment of the representation of anatomical structures was performed in normal patients. In 15 pathological cases the diagnostic benefit was evaluated by comparing the 3D images to the 2D images and intra-operative findings. In all 35 cases 3D imaging was possible using the standardised approach. The ossicular chain as well as the bony and soft tissue structures of the tympanic cavity were visualised in 20 normal patients. In 7 of 8 patients with malformation and 1 of 7 patients with trauma the original diagnosis was changed by 3D imaging. Standardisation and evaluation of the method in normal patients is essential as it enhances the diagnostic reliability. Virtual endoscopy facilitates understanding of the complex anatomy of the middle ear. In cases of suspected malformation and confirmed trauma it is helpful for diagnosis and surgical planning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Contact behaviour of tenent setae in attachment pads of the blowfly Calliphora vicina (Diptera, Calliphoridae).

To enable strong attachment forces between pad and substrata, a high proximity between contacting surfaces is required. One of the mechanisms, which can provide an intimate contact of solids, is a high flexibility of both materials. It has been previously presumed that setae of hairy attachment pads of insects are composed of flexible cuticle, and are able to replicate the surface profile. The aim of this work was to visualise the contact behaviour of the setae by freezing-substitution technique to understand setal mechanics while adhering to a smooth surface. This approach revealed considerable differences in the area of the setal tips between contacting and non-contacting pulvilli. Based on the assumption that setae behave like a spring pushed by the tip, a spring constant of 1.31 N m(-1) was calculated from direct measurements of single setae by atomic force microscopy. In order to explain the relationship between the behaviour of the attachment setae at a microscale and leg movements, high-speed video recordings were made of walking flies. This data show that some proximal movement of the leg is present during contact formation with the substrate.

Animal Structures↗
PubMed2000

Lack of CD95/FAS gene somatic mutations in extranodal, nodal and splenic marginal zone B cell lymphomas.

Germline CD95 (also known as FAS, APT1 and APO1) gene mutations have been associated with benign lymphoproliferative diseases and autoimmune processes. Somatic mutations have been reported in human tumours, including lymphomas. Since marginal zone B cell lymphomas usually arise in a background of chronic inflammation, often of autoimmune origin, we searched for CD95 gene mutations in an unselected series of marginal zone B cell lymphomas. The CD95/FAS full coding region, comprising exon-intron junctions, was amplified from genomic DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 10 separate reactions. PCR products were analysed by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and visualised by silver staining. Bands exhibiting an altered electrophoretic mobility were sequenced. Twenty-seven cases of marginal zone B cell lymphomas of whom fresh or frozen tumour material was available (18 extranodal, five splenic and four nodal) were studied. Previously described silent polymorphisms in exons 7 (C836T) and 3 (T416C) were detected in 42% and in 19% of the cases, respectively. One silent T-to-A substitution at bp 431, within exon 3, was found in one case. Our results did not reveal the presence of CD95 somatic mutations in unselected cases of marginal zone B cell lymphomas. On the basis of our data, we cannot rule out that other genes coding for proteins involved in the CD95-induced apoptotic pathway might be altered. However, this pathway does not seem to play an important role in the pathogenesis of these lymphoma subtypes.

Antigens, Neoplasm↗
PubMed2006

Magnetic resonance imaging of the behaviour of oil-in-water emulsions in the gastric lumen of man.

Pre-processed foods often contain a high percentage of lipid, present as emulsions stabilised with various surface-active agents. The acidic gastric environment can affect the behaviour of such emulsions, modifying the lipid spatial distribution and, in turn, the rate of gastric emptying and nutrient delivery to the gut. The aim of the present study was to use echo-planar magnetic resonance imaging (EPI) to determine the behaviour of model olive oil emulsions during gastric processing. Six healthy male volunteers were intubated nasogastrically on two separate occasions and fed 500 ml 15 % (w/w) olive oil-in-water, surfactant-stabilised emulsions designed to have identical droplet size distribution and which were either stable or unstable under gastric acid conditions. EPI was used to assess the oil fraction of the intragastric emulsions, gastric emptying and to visualise the spatial distribution of the oil at 10, 30 and 50 min postprandially. The in vivo imaging measurements of the oil volume fraction of the emulsions correlated well (r 0.66, acid-stable; r 0.52, acid-unstable) with that assayed in the gastric aspirates. Compared with the acid-stable emulsion, the acid-unstable emulsion in the gastric lumen rapidly separated into lipid-depleted 'aqueous' and lipid layers. Phase separation in the acid-unstable meal allowed the oil-depleted component to empty first and more rapidly than the stable emulsion as determined by the gastric emptying curves. These pilot data suggest that gastric processing and emptying of high-fat foods could be manipulated by careful choice of emulsifier.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of predicted and observed properties of proteins encoded in the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv.

Proteome studies complement current molecular approaches through analysis of the actively translated portion of the genome (the "functional proteome"). Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE) utilising immobilized pH gradients of pH 2.3-5.0 and pH 6.0-11.0, developed with predetermined regions of overlap compatible with commercially available pH 4.0-7.0 gradients, permitted the display of a significant portion of the proteome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. A significant portion of the M. tuberculosis proteome, in the molecular mass (M(r)) window 5 kDa to 200 kDa and with isoelectric point (pI) between pH 2.3 and 11.0, was visualised for the first time. A total of 493 protein spots were effectively resolved, including 126 spots that could not be seen using standard pH 4.0-7.0 gradients. These results were used to compare the physical properties of the observed proteins to the theoretical predictions of the recently completed M. tuberculosis H37Rv genome. Most proteins were found in the pI and mass window of pH 4.0-7.0 and 10-100 kDa. Analysis of the predicted proteome revealed a bimodal pI distribution, with substantial numbers of proteins in the pI regions 4.0-7.0 and 9.0-12.0 as has been seen for the majority of completed genomes. Such data may reveal current limitations in experimental extraction and separation of extremely basic, high M(r) and hydrophobic proteins via 2-DGE. Conversely, 13 acidic proteins were observed with pI less than the lowest value predicted by the genome. In addition, a subset of small protein (< 10 kDa) were observed within the pI region of pH 5.0-8.0 that were not predicted by the complete genomic sequence, reflecting the current inability to distinguish small genes from within DNA sequence. This work represents the foundation for comparing the protein expression patterns of different pathogenic and nonpathogenic M. tuberculosis strains. The characterization of M. tuberculosis protein expression, further facilitated by the recent completion of the genome sequence, could aid in developing more effective diagnostic or therapeutic reagents.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1998

Does radiofrequency catheter ablation induce a deterioration in sympathetic innervation? A positron emission tomography study.

Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) is an effective treatment for the interruption of accessory bypass tracts in WPW syndrome or the modification of the AV-nodal conduction system in patients with AV-nodal tachycardias. However RFCA may also damage cardiac innervation. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess possible changes in sympathetic innervation after RFCA as evaluated by the cathecholamine analog carbon-11-hydoxyephedrine (HED) positron emission tomography (PET) which allows the visualisation of sympathetic nerve terminals. We investigated nine patients with supraventricular tachycardias before and two to six weeks after RFCA. Myocardial perfusion was depicted by n-13-ammonia-PET. In addition to visual analysis, HED retention was quantified in the myocardial quadrant distal to the location of intervention; these results were compared with values in remote areas. Before RFCA, myocardial perfusion showed homogenous distribution in 8 of 9 patients. One patient showed a perfusion defect in the posterior wall. HED retention matched perfusion distribution in all patients. After RFCA there was no significant change observed either in ammonia or in HED distribution. Quantitative HED retention data showed no significant change before versus after RFCA. Thus, HED-PET does not demonstrate any abnormalities of tracer uptake indicating integrity of sympathetic nerve terminals after radiofrequency ablation therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

"Bottom-up" and "top-down" effects on reading saccades: a case study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role right foveal/parafoveal sparing plays in reading single words, word arrays, and eye movement patterns in a single case with an incongruous hemianopia. METHODS: The patient, a 48-year-old right handed male with a macular sparing hemianopia in his left eye and a macular splitting hemianopia in his right eye, performed various reading tasks. Single word reading speeds were monitored using a "voice-trigger" system. Eye movements were recorded while reading three passages of text, and PET data were gathered while the subject performed a variety of reading tasks in the camera. RESULTS: The patient was faster at reading single words and text with his left eye compared with his right. A small word length effect was present in his right eye but not his left. His eye movement patterns were more orderly when reading text with his left eye, making fewer saccades. The PET data provided evidence of "top-down" processes involved in reading. Binocular single word reading produced activity in the representation of foveal V1 bilaterally; however, text reading with the left eye only was associated with activation in left but not right parafoveal V1, despite there being visual stimuli in both visual fields. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of a word length effect (typically associated with pure alexia) can be caused by a macular splitting hemianopia. Right parafoveal vision is not critically involved in single word identification, but is when planning left to right reading saccades. The influence of top-down attentional processes during text reading can be visualised in parafoveal V1 using PET.

Hemianopsia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Flexible sigmoidoscopy as a screening test for colorectal cancer.

Flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) is one of the screening modalities for colorectal cancer. The rationale for screening with flexible sigmoidoscopy is that it provides direct visualisation of the colon, and suspicious lesions can be biopsied. The most obvious disadvantage is that it examines only the lower third of the colon. The technical aspects of FS are sufficiently clear to enable us to define what FS can and cannot do. From the point of view of screening, FS clearly cannot completely exclude the presence of colon cancer in all asymptomatic people. A distinction must be made between screening the general population and testing the individual seeking screening. For the former, obtaining the greatest mortality benefit safely and at an acceptable cost to the nation is the crux of the matter. Recently published data indicate that FS is a cost-effective screening strategy, although colonoscopy and annual fecal occult blood test avert a greater number of cancer deaths. The results of randomised controlled trials of screening FS and colonoscopy, currently being conducted, will allow us to make a more accurate comparison with the established data regarding fecal occult blood test. In conclusion, flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years with or without FOBT is one of the screening methods recommended by major professional organizations. It identifies 50 to 70% of the advanced neoplasms, if any discovery of a distal neoplasia is followed up with a total examination of the colon by colonoscopy.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

A simple and rapid method for detecting human immunodeficiency virus by PCR.

A simple, sensitive and specific method using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for amplification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is described. The method involves minimal manipulations. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were prepared by a rapid Ficoll-Paque gradient method. Lymphocytes were lysed in PCR buffer containing Proteinase K and detergents, and subjected to amplification under stringent conditions, using two primer pairs. Amplified DNA sequences were hybridized with a 3'-end labelled probe, electrophoresed on agarose gels and visualised by ethidium bromide staining. Identification of amplified HIV-1 proviral DNA sequences was confirmed by autoradiography. HIV-1 sequences were amplified in all samples from 103 HIV-1 seropositive individuals, but not in 40 HIV-1 seronegative controls. The absence of contamination may be attributable in part to minimisation of manipulations before amplification.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1995

RT97: a marker for capsaicin-insensitive sensory endings in the rat skin.

The mouse monoclonal antibody RT97, which recognises the 200-kDa neurofilament subunit in its phosphorylated form, selectively labels the somata of sensory A-fibres (large light cells) in the dorsal root ganglion of the rat. We have tested the hypothesis that this antibody also visualises large diameter sensory fibres and their end structures in peripheral tissue, in particular in the skin. RT97 immunoreactivity is found in endings that are known to be served by myelinated afferent fibres, including Meissner-like endings, Merkel discs, hair follicle receptors, Pacinian corpuscles and free nerve endings. RT97 immunoreactivity has not, however, been observed in endings of presumably unmyelinated sensory fibres (intraepidermal fibres immunoreactive for substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide) or in sympathetic fibres innervating sweat glands and blood vessels. In addition, neither systemic (100-150 mg/kg as adults) nor perineural capsaicin pre-treatment affects RT97 immunoreactivity in the skin. The data indicate that RT97 is a useful marker in the study of the capsaicin-insensitive sensory innervation of the skin and possibly other peripheral organs.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

DIPLOMO: the tool for a new type of evolutionary analysis.

A package of computer programs called DIPLOMO (DIstance PLOt MOnitor) has been developed for making pairwise comparisons of different estimates of the distances between a set of taxa by plotting them against each other in a simple scatter plot. Taxa with similar relative distance characteristics are thereby grouped graphically. Groupings of different taxa may be directly identified, and the distance characteristics of chosen groups visualised and compared using devices to give them different colours or symbols. The program is particularly useful for detecting and analysing subtle trends in gene sequence evolution. This is done by comparing different components of change, for example synonymous versus non-synonymous nucleotide changes, transversions versus transitions and changes in different genes of the same set of taxa, etc. The program has a wide range of other uses, for example comparing different methods of sequence analysis, assessing which components of genetic change correlate best with phenotypic change or with geographical separation. This paper describes the DIPLOMO package, and illustrates typical DIPLOMO analyses using lentivirus gene sequence data.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed2006

Over-expression of Eph and ephrin genes in advanced ovarian cancer: ephrin gene expression correlates with shortened survival.

BACKGROUND: Increased expression of Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their ephrin ligands has been implicated in tumor progression in a number of malignancies. This report describes aberrant expression of these genes in ovarian cancer, the commonest cause of death amongst gynaecological malignancies. METHODS: Eph and ephrin expression was determined using quantitative real time RT-PCR. Correlation of gene expression was measured using Spearman's rho statistic. Survival was analysed using log-rank analysis and (was visualised by) Kaplan-Meier survival curves. RESULTS: Greater than 10 fold over-expression of EphA1 and a more modest over-expression of EphA2 were observed in partially overlapping subsets of tumors. Over-expression of EphA1 strongly correlated (r = 0.801; p < 0.01) with the high affinity ligand ephrin A1. A similar trend was observed between EphA2 and ephrin A1 (r = 0.387; p = 0.06). A striking correlation of both ephrin A1 and ephrin A5 expression with poor survival (r = -0.470; p = 0.02 and r = -0.562; p < 0.01) was observed. Intriguingly, there was no correlation between survival and other clinical parameters or Eph expression. CONCLUSION: These data imply that increased levels of ephrins A1 and A5 in the presence of high expression of Ephs A1 and A2 lead to a more aggressive tumor phenotype. The known functions of Eph/ephrin signalling in cell de-adhesion and movement may explain the observed correlation of ephrin expression with poor prognosis.

Disease Progression↗
PubMed1989

Discriminant functions.

Discriminant Functions (DFs), first described by Fisher in 1936, have been applied to the classification of microcytic disorders such as iron deficiency and heterozygous thalassemia. Mathematically DFs are weighted linear combinations of variables. If the underlying assumption of multivariate normality is valid DFs provide the best possible classification. Variables may need to be transformed before the DF is derived. When two groups have to be classified it is easy to visualise the DF. With one variable the DF is represented by the point which provides the best separation. In the bivariate situation the two groups form ellipses and the DF is the best line of separation whilst in the trivariate case the two groups are ellipsoids and a plane forms the best separation. Ratios and power functions are equivalent to DFs but they are less efficient and less rigorously derived. To apply DFs in hematological practice it is necessary to carefully select the measurements to be included and to define the case selection criteria. Once the DF has been derived it should be tested on a new data set and its transferability assessed. Like any single test the DF will have sensitivity and specificity which may need to be adjusted by changing the "cut-off" if the DF is used for screening rather than for differential diagnosis.

Diagnosis↗
PubMed2005

Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, and not protein kinase C, is sufficient for triggering cell-cycle resumption in mammalian eggs.

Mouse eggs arrest at metaphase II following ovulation and are only triggered to complete meiosis when fertilized. Sperm break the cell-cycle arrest by a long-lasting series of Ca2+ spikes that lead to an activation of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome. The signal transduction pathway is not fully resolved but both protein kinase C (PKC) and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CamKII) activities increase at fertilization and previous pharmacological studies have implicated both in cell-cycle resumption. We have used a combination of pharmacological inhibitors and constitutively active cRNA constructs of PKCalpha and CamKIIalpha microinjected into mouse eggs to show that it is CamKII and not PKC that is the sufficient trigger for cell-cycle resumption from metaphase II arrest. Constitutively active PKC constructs had no effect on the resumption of meiosis but caused an immediate and persistent elevation in intracellular Ca2+ when store-operated Ca2+ entry was stimulated. With respect to resumption of meiosis, the effects of constitutively active CamKII on eggs were the same as sperm. Eggs underwent second polar body extrusion and pronucleus formation with normal timings; while both securin and cyclin B1 destruction, visualised by coupling to fluorescent protein tags, were complete by the time of polar body extrusion. Induction of a spindle checkpoint by overexpression of Mad2 or by spindle poisons blocked CamKII-induced resumption of meiosis, but the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA did not. Furthermore direct measurement of Ca2+ levels showed that CamKII did not induce exit from metaphase II arrest by raising Ca2+. Therefore, we conclude that PKCs may play an important role in maintaining Ca2+ spiking at fertilization by promoting store-operated Ca2+ entry, while CamKII transduces cell-cycle resumption, and lies downstream of sperm-induced Ca2+ release but upstream of a spindle checkpoint. These data, combined with the knowledge that CamKII activity increase at fertilization, suggest that mouse eggs undergo cell-cycle resumption through stimulation of CamKII.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Visualisation of bacterial sequestration and bactericidal activity within hydrating Hydrofiber wound dressings.

The fluid handling and microbiological properties of a non-antimicrobial Hydrofiber(NAH) wound dressing have been compared with those of a silver salt-containing Hydrofiber (SCH). Fluorescent dyes (BacLight, Live/Dead Kit) were added to fresh cultures of two wound pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus), and used to visualise their viability. Live bacteria stained green and dead/dying bacteria turned red. When inoculated into samples of the NAH and SCH dressings, the viability of the bacteria could be effectively monitored over time using a rapid form of confocal laser scanning microscopy (RCLSM--Leica UK). When the NAH dressing was hydrated with stained bacterial culture, its fibres swelled quickly, reducing interstitial spaces between the fibres, resulting in the formation of a cohesive gel. Bacteria became immobilised in the gel, forming characteristic clumps, but remained largely green (viable) for more than 20 h with no apparent increase in numbers. The SCH initially behaved in a similar manner, however, using 3-D data from RCLSM time-lapse sequences P. aeruginosa was observed to turn progressively red (i.e. died) within 1.5-3 h and S. aureus similarly turned red within 5-7 h of contact with the SCH dressing. The ability of both Hydrofiber dressings to sequester and immobilise potentially pathogenic wound micro-organisms has been demonstrated. Additionally the SCH dressing was shown to kill immobilised bacteria, as a consequence of the ionic silver bactericide. These properties of the Hydrofiber dressings may contribute to providing an environment that is supportive to wound healing.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗