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PubMed1999

Effect of body weight on phosphorus digestibility and efficacy of a microbial phytase in young pigs.

The effect of body weight on P digestibility and on efficacy of supplemental Aspergillus niger phytase was studied in two experiments with young growing pigs. Excreta were collected quantitatively. All diets contained 2.0 g digestible P per kg dry matter at a maximum and renal P excretion never exceeded 15 mg/d. When dietary P mainly originated from monocalcium-phosphate, both P digestibility and Ca net absorption linearly increased by 3.6 and 5.6 percentage units, respectively, when BW increased from 15 to 35 kg. With a similar range in BW, P digestibility and Ca net absorption were unaffected by BW when P mainly originated from maize, barley and soybean meal. In both types of diet, crude protein digestibility increased with increasing body weight, whereas organic matter digestibility was effected by BW only in the diet containing maize, barley and soybean meal. Phytase (400 U/kg) almost doubled P digestibility when supplemented to a diet with P mainly originating from maize, soybean meal and barley. This effect of phytase supplementation was equal in pigs at 15.7 kg BW (33 vs. 55%) and at 39.1 kg BW (32 vs. 56%). Digestibility of any organic fraction was unaffected by supplemental phytase. With regard to on-farm conditions, it appears eligible from this results to apply digestibility coefficients for P determined in growing-finishing pigs for piglets as well.

6-Phytase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Digestibility, nitrogen excretion, and mean retention time by North American porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) consuming natural forages.

North American porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) subsist predominantly on low-protein, high-fiber, high-tannin diets. Therefore, we measured the porcupine's ability to digest dry matter, fiber, and protein by conducting digestion trials on eight natural forages and one pelleted ration varying in concentration of fiber, nitrogen, and tannins. On these diets, dry matter intake ranged from 5 to 234 g/kg(0.75)/d and dry matter digestibility ranged from 62% to 96%. Porcupines digested highly lignified fiber better than many large hindgut fermenters and ruminants. The porcupine's ability to digest fiber may be explained, in part, by their lengthy mean retention time of particles (38.43+/-0.56 h). True nitrogen digestibility was 92% for nontannin forages and pellets. Endogenous urinary nitrogen was 205 mg N/kg(0.75)/d, and metabolic fecal nitrogen was 2.8 g N/kg dry matter intake. Porcupines achieved nitrogen balance at relatively low levels of nitrogen intake (346 mg N/kg(0.75)/d). Tannins reduced the porcupines' ability to digest protein. However, the reduction in protein digestion was not predictable from the amount of bovine serum albumin precipitated. Like many herbivores, porcupines may ameliorate the effects of certain tannins in natural forages on protein digestibility through physiological and behavioral adaptations.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The thermal biology of digestion in rubber boas (Charina bottae): physiology, behavior, and environmental constraints.

Coadaptation predicts a match between the thermal physiology and thermoregulatory behavior of reptiles. We tested this prediction by studying the digestive biology of rubber boas (Charina bottae). We measured the thermal dependence of gastric digestive rate and passage rate in rubber boas from 10 degrees C to 35 degrees C. We examined the effect of digestion on their thermal preference by measuring the temperatures of C. bottae in a thermal gradient before and after feeding. While the passage rates calculated from the body temperatures of digesting snakes were higher than the passage rates calculated from the body temperatures of nondigesting snakes, there was no difference in calculated digestive rates. These results indicate that the thermoregulatory behavior of C. bottae may be more tightly correlated with factors affecting passage rate than with digestive rate alone. Results of simulating the constraints of the thermal environment on the digestive biology of C. bottae showed that digestion would take more than twice as long in the spring as in the summer. In addition, during the summer, snakes thermoregulating as digesting snakes would pass food 12% faster than those thermoregulating as nondigesting snakes. These results demonstrate how interpretation of laboratory studies can be improved when combined with measurements of appropriate environmental conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Evaluating constraints on fiber digestion by rumen microbes.

Factors affecting fiber digestion in ruminants were evaluated with the use of simple mathematical models. These models were constructed to define the dynamic processes involved so that constraints on fiber digestion may be elucidated. The fraction of fiber that is resistant to digestion and the rate of digestion and passage of potentially fermentable fiber were identified as constraints on fiber digestion in the rumen. Fermentation lag was shown to have no direct effect on fiber digestibility. Fiber that is resistant to fermentation by rumen microbes represents a significant fraction of forage fiber and accumulates in the rumen relative to potentially fermentable fiber. The digestibility of fiber that is potentially fermentable is a function of the rate at which the fiber is digested and its retention time in the rumen. Selective retention of potentially fermentable fiber in the rumen is necessary for the maximization of fiber digestion.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Starch and fiber fractions in selected food and feed ingredients affect their small intestinal digestibility and fermentability and their large bowel fermentability in vitro in a canine model.

The digestion of legumes, cereal grains, cereal and potato flours and grain-based foods in dogs was studied using two in vitro model systems. The first simulated the stomach and small intestine through the additions of acid and enzymes and large bowel fermentation through use of fecal inocula from dogs, and the second simulated small intestinal fermentation using canine ileal chyme as the bacterial source. All substrates were analyzed for total dietary fiber (TDF) including insoluble and soluble components, and starch fractions: rapidly digestible starch, slowly digestible starch, resistant starch (RS) and total starch. Legumes had high TDF and RS concentrations (mean 36.5 and 24.7%, respectively), resulting in lower ileal digestible starch and total digestible starch concentrations (mean 21 and 31%, respectively). Seventy-four percent of the TS in the cereal grains group was rapidly digestible starch plus slowly digestible starch compared with the flour group, where the corresponding value was 95%. This related to the processing of cereals to flours, in which TDF and RS concentrations were reduced markedly. This increased ileal digestible starch concentrations in the flour group (65%) versus the cereal grains group (60%). Ileal digestion of starch in grain-based food products like macaroni and spaghetti was high (96 and 92%, expressed as a percentage of TS, respectively). Fermentation of substrates with ileal microflora was influenced by substrate chemical composition, with the flour group exhibiting the highest organic matter disappearance values. The legume group had a high total short-chain fatty acid concentration (7.8 mmol/g organic matter fermented), perhaps as a result of fermentation of TDF as well as starch components. A database such as this one provides information about utilization of foods and feeds in the dog and potentially in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Use of the regression analysis technique to determine the true phosphorus digestibility and the endogenous phosphorus output associated with corn in growing pigs.

The objectives of this study were to determine true phosphorus (P) digestibility and the endogenous P output associated with corn for growing pigs using the regression analysis technique. Four barrows, average initial body weight of 25 kg, were fitted with a T-cannula and fed four diets according to a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Four cornstarch-based diets, containing four levels of P at 0.7, 1.5, 2.2 and 2.8 g/kg dry matter intake (DMI), were formulated from corn. Each experimental period comprised 8 d with 4-d adaptation and 4-d collection of ileal digesta and fecal samples. The apparent ileal and fecal P digestibility values in corn were affected (P < 0.05) by P contents in the assay diets. The apparent ileal and fecal P digestibility values increased from -51.0 to 33.3% and from -41.4 to 39.1%, respectively, as P content increased from 0.7 to 2.8 g/kg DMI. Linear relationships (P < 0.05), expressed as g/kg DMI, between the apparent ileal and fecal digestible P and the total intake of dietary P, suggested that true P digestibility and the endogenous P outputs associated with corn can be determined by the regression analysis technique. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in true P digestibility values (54.0 +/- 6.5 vs. 59.8 +/- 8.5%) and the endogenous P outputs (0.693 +/- 0.128 vs. 0.670 +/- 0.160 g/kg DMI) between the ileal and the fecal determinations. The endogenous fecal P output represented 12.3% and 25.8% of the daily total and available P requirements in growing pigs recommended by the National Research Council in 1998. The present literature data of apparent digestibility and availability underestimate the true digestive utilization of P in corn for growing pigs by approximately 35%. Current diet formulation on the bases of total, apparent P digestibility and availability values in corn inevitably leads to P overfeeding and excessive P excretion in pigs.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Protein digestibility and quality in products containing antinutritional factors are adversely affected by old age in rats.

The protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) has been recommended to be the most suitable method for routine evaluation of protein quality of foods by FAO/WHO. The PDCAAS method includes the use of young rats for predicting protein digestibility of foods for all ages including the elderly. To assess the usefulness of protein digestibility in old rats in the calculation of PDCAAS for the elderly, the influence of age on the digestibility of protein in 5-wk-old and 20-mo-old rats by the balance method was studied. Fifteen protein products were tested. Each protein product was fed as the sole source of 10% dietary protein. A protein-free diet was also included to obtain an estimate of metabolic fecal protein. Protein digestibility values (corrected for metabolic fecal protein loss) in old rats were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than in young rats for most products; however, these differences were small (up to 3%) for properly processed animal products (casein, whey protein concentrate, whey protein hydrolysate, lactalbumin and skim milk powder). Similarly, the differences attributed to age were not large (up to 5%) for properly processed vegetable protein products (soy protein isolate and autoclaved soybean meal, black beans and fava beans). However, digestibility values in old rats were considerably lower (7-17%) than in young rats when fed products containing antinutritional factors, that is, mustard flour containing glucosinolates; alkaline/heat-treated soy protein isolate and lactalbumin-containing lysinoalanine; raw soybean meal and black beans containing trypsin inhibitors; and heated skim milk powder containing Maillard compounds. Therefore, the inclusion of protein digestibility data obtained using young rats in the calculations of PDCAAS may overestimate protein digestibility and quality of these products for the elderly. For products specifically intended for the elderly, protein digestibility should be determined using old rats.

Aging↗
PubMed1998

Nutrient digestibility in food waste ingredients for Pekin and Muscovy ducks.

Food wastes are valuable resources to be recycled into new added-value products through animal production. The determination of energy and digestibility values of these wastes is essential for feed formulation. Corn, soybean meal (SBM), and a total of nine industrial food waste ingredients were tested in a comparative metabolic study in Pekin and Muscovy ducklings at two different ages during growth. The "precision-feeding" technique was employed to establish DM, fat, and fiber digestibility as well as retention of N and energy (AME, AMEn in Pekins; and AME, AMEn, TME, TMEn in Muscovies) for the 11 ingredients. For Pekin at 3 wk of age, the AMEn of peanuts, tofu, pogo, granola, waste diet, bread, corn, SBM, okara, and brewers grains were 5,141, 4,019, 3,971, 3,908, 3,141, 2,279, 1,572, and 1,442 kcal/kg, respectively. For Pekin at 6 wk of age, the AMEn of peanuts, pogo, tofu, granola, waste diet, bread, corn, SBM, and okara were 5,340, 4,327, 4,254, 4,079, 3,567, 3,302, 3,201, 2,416, and 1,562 kcal/kg, respectively. For Muscovy at 7 wk of age, the TMEn of peanuts, pogo, granola, waste diet, corn, tofu, bread, SBM, okara, and peanut skin were 5,207, 4,321, 4,057, 3,733, 3,233, 3,180, 3,084, 2,236, 1,575, and 904 kcal/kg, respectively. For Muscovy at 11 wk of age, the TMEn of peanuts, pogo, granola, tofu, waste diet, corn, bread, SBM, okara, and brewers grains were 5,077, 4,137, 4,025, 3,921, 3,586, 3,254, 3,123, 2,245, 2,007, and 1,392 kcal/kg, respectively. Nitrogen retention was significantly (P < 0.05) higher for SBM, tofu, okara, pogo, peanuts, and the food waste diet and lower for bread, corn, granola, brewers grains, and peanut skin. Dry matter digestibility was high for granola, pogo, corn, bread, and the food waste diet. Fat digestibility was generally the same for all the ingredients and was consistently over 97%. Bread neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was significantly (P < 0.05) the most digestible (88.92% NDF digestibility), as it consisted of 96.29% hemicellulose, whereas okara NDF was significantly (P < 0.05) the least digestible (26.94% NDF digestibility) and contained only 14.38% hemicellulose. Peanut skins and SBM with 30% hemicellulose showed only slightly higher digestibilities of NDF. The results of this study establish reliable data for formulation of duck diets using the tested industrial food waste ingredients as well as corn and SBM in both Pekin and Muscovy ducklings at two different ages during growth to market weight.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1999

Dietary formulation with rendered spent hen meals on a total amino acid versus a digestible amino acid basis.

Previous results indicated that performance of chicks fed a high level (15%) of rendered spent hen meal (SHM) was lower than performance of chicks fed a corn-soybean meal (SBM) diet. The latter difference was hypothesized to be due to variation in digestible amino acid (AA) levels among the diets. This study evaluated diets containing SHM formulated on an equivalent total AA basis vs an equivalent digestible AA basis compared to a corn-SBM diet. Three SHM (A, B, and C), produced in commercial rendering plants, were evaluated. Mean true digestibility coefficients (percentages) for 17 AA in SHM A, B, and C were 73.1, 63.4, and 75.5, respectively. In two chick trials, 1-wk-old New Hampshire x Columbian male chicks were fed from 8 to 20 d of age a corn-SBM diet or diets containing 15% SHM formulated to be equal in total or digestible AA to the corn-SBM diet. All diets contained 21.5% CP and 3,200 kcal TME(n)/kg. Chicks fed 15% SHM (A, B, or C) diets formulated on a total AA basis had significantly lower (P < 0.05) weight gain and feed efficiency than chicks consuming the corn-SBM diet. Formulating diets containing SHM B or SHM C on a digestible AA basis yielded growth performance equivalent to chicks fed the corn-SBM diet. Growth performance of chicks fed the SHM A diet formulated on a digestible AA basis was greater (P < 0.05) than that obtained from the SHM A diet formulated on a total AA basis but was still lower than performance of chicks consuming the corn-SBM diet. Additional AA and energy supplementation of the SHM A diet formulated on a digestible AA basis only partially alleviated the latter performance difference. The results of this study indicated that formulation of diets containing SHM on a digestible AA basis is superior to formulation on a total AA basis and that 15% inclusion of two of the three SHM in chick diets had no detrimental effects on performance if the diets were formulated to contain adequate levels of digestible AA.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2003

Phytase effects on amino acid digestibility in molted laying hens.

Two hundred sixteen previously molted Dekalb Delta Leghorn laying hens (78 wk of age) were utilized to determine the effect of phytase on the ileal digestibility of amino acids. The hens were randomly arranged in a 3 x 2 factorial to evaluate three diet types that were corn-soybean meal (C-SBM), C-SBM-meat and bone meal (C-SBM-MBM), and C-SBM-wheat middlings (C-SBM-WM) and two levels of phytase (0 or 300 U/kg of diet). Each treatment was administered to four replicates of nine hens per replicate. Hens were fed the experimental diets for 21 d, and daily egg production and feed intake were recorded. After 21 d, the hens were euthanized, and ileal contents were collected for amino acid and digestible energy determination. Egg production of the hens did not differ among the treatments (P > 0.05). A significant interaction between diet type and phytase level for Ala, Gly, Leu, and Met was observed. The interaction resulted because phytase numerically increased amino acid digestibilities for the C-SBM-MBM and C-SBM-WM diets, but phytase addition numerically decreased the amino acid digestibilities for the C-SBM diet. Diet type had a significant effect on digesibilites of most amino acids. The latter effect was due primarily to lower amino acid digestibilities for the C-SBM-MBM diet than the C-SBM-WM diet. Phytase had no significant affect on digestibility of any amino acid. Ieal digestible energy was significantly affected by diet type but not by phytase. In conclusion, diet type had a significant effect on apparent ileal amino acid digestibility and digestible energy, but phytase had no consistent effect.

6-Phytase↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of amino acid digestibility in broiler chickens, turkeys, and Pekin ducks.

The objective of this study was to compare prececal amino acid (AA) digestibilities in broilers, turkeys, and Pekin ducks that were 3 wk old. Five diets were used: a basal diet and diets that contained either soybean meal (SBM) or rapeseed meal (RSM) at the expense of starch each at either 150 or 300 g/kg. The differences in dietary CP and AA concentrations resulted only from the inclusion of SBM or RSM. Titanium dioxide was used as an indigestible marker. Each diet was allocated to 6 pens of 12 birds from each species and provided ad libitum for 1 wk starting at 14 d of age. Digesta were sampled on a pen basis from the distal two-thirds of the section between Meckel's diverticulum and 2 cm anterior to the ileocecocolonic junction. Ingested and digested amounts of AA were determined for each pen. Digestibilities for the 2 meals were then determined by a multiple linear regression analysis, which makes a correction for basal endogenous AA losses unnecessary. Digestibilities for essential AA from the meals varied between 92% (Met, RSM, broilers) and 62% (Val, RSM, ducks). Digestibilities were not significantly different between SBM and RSM for broilers and turkeys, but the average digestibility across all AA was slightly higher for SBM and lower for RSM in turkeys than in broilers. Digestibilities were lower in ducks than in the 2 other species, and significant differences between SBM and RSM were detected for some AA in ducks. Amino acid digestibility ranking was very similar between broilers and turkeys but different for the 2 meals. It was concluded that differences among species cannot be explained by differences in basal endogenous AA losses among species. Amino acid digestibilities determined with broilers should not be used in formulating feed for ducks.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2007

Nutrient digestibility of rabbit does in different stages of reproductive cycle under tropical conditions.

Effect of stages of reproductive cycle on body weight, feed intake and apparent nutrient digestibility of rabbits was investigated. Pregnant/lactating (PL) does increased their feed intake above pregnant lactating does. Dry matter (DM) digestibility was higher in pregnant does than in lactating, PL or open does. Digestibility of crude fibre, crude protein (CP) and nitrogen-free extractives (NFE) were significantly higher for open and pregnant does than lactating and PL does. Ether extract (EE) digestibility was similar for pregnant, lactating and PL does. Digestible CP requirement of does increased with physiological state from open to PL states. Open and pregnant does were meeting their protein requirement while lactating and PL does were not meeting their requirement. Feed intake was higher for first week pregnant, fourth week pregnant, first week lactating, first week pregnant/fourth week lactating and second week pregnant/fourth week lactating does than open does. DM digestibility was higher for first and fourth week pregnant does than the other physiological stages. EE digestibility was similar for all physiological stages. CP digestibility was higher in fourth week pregnant does than the other physiological stages. Fourth week pregnant does had higher NFE digestibility than first and fourth week lactating and the various stages of concurrent pregnant and lactating does. Open does, first and fourth week pregnant does were meeting their protein requirement while does in the first and fourth week of lactating and stages of concurrent PL were not meeting their requirement.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1998

Association of marine archaea with the digestive tracts of two marine fish species.

Recent studies have shown that archaea which were always thought to live under strict anoxic or extreme environmental conditions are also present in cold, oxygenated seawater, soils, the digestive tract of a holothurian deep-sea-deposit feeder, and a marine sponge. In this study, we show, by using PCR-mediated screening in other marine eukaryotes, that marine archaea are also present in the digestive tracts of flounder and grey mullet, two fish species common in the North Sea, in fecal samples of flounder, and in suspended particulate matter of the North Sea water column. No marine archaea could be detected in the digestive tracts of mussels or the fecal pellets of a copepod species. The archaeal 16S ribosomal DNA clone libraries of feces of flounder and the contents of the digestive tracts of grey mullet and flounder were dominated by group II marine archaea. The marine archaeal clones derived from flounder and grey mullet digestive tracts and feces formed a distinct cluster within the group II marine archaea, with 76.7 to 89. 8% similarity to previously described group II clones. Fingerprinting of the archaeal community of flounder digestive tract contents and feces by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism of archaeal 16S rRNA genes after restriction with HhaI showed a dominant fragment at 249 bp, which is likely to be derived from group II marine archaea. Clones of marine archaea that were closely related to the fish-associated marine archaea clones were obtained from suspended particulate matter of the water column at two stations in the North Sea. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting of the archaeal community present in suspended particulate matter showed the same fragment pattern as was found for the archaeal community of the flounder digestive tract contents and feces. These data demonstrate that marine archaea are present in the digestive tracts and feces of very common marine fish. It is possible that the marine archaea associated with the digestive tracts of marine fish are liberated into the water column through the feces and subsequently contribute to the marine archaeal community of suspended particulate matter.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effects of corn vs corn gluten feed on site, extent and ruminal rate of forage digestion and on rate and efficiency of gain.

Three digestion experiments and one growth experiment were conducted to determine site, extent and ruminal rate of forage digestion and rate and efficiency of gain by cattle offered alfalfa haylage supplemented with corn or dry corn gluten feed (CGF). In Exp. 1, eight steers were fed alfalfa haylage-based diets with substitution of corn for 0, 20, 40 or 60% of haylage in a 4 X 4 latin square. Increasing dietary corn substitution increased (P less than .05) OM, NDF and ADF digestion by steers but decreased (P less than .05) rate of in situ alfalfa DM digestion. In Exp. 2, five heifers were fed alfalfa haylage-based diets with increasing dietary levels of CGF in a 5 X 5 latin square. Increasing dietary CGF increased (P less than .05) OM, NDF and ADF digestion by heifers. In Exp. 3 and 4, cattle were fed alfalfa haylage-based diets containing either 20 or 60% corn or CGF. In Exp. 3, supplementation increased (P less than .05) OM and NDF digestion but level X supplement source interaction (P less than .05) occurred, with added CGF increasing OM and NDF digestion more than added corn. In Exp. 4, supplementation improved (P less than .05) DM intake, daily gain and feed efficiency. Dry matter intake and daily gain were greater (P less than .05) for 60% supplementation than for 20% supplementation. Overall, whereas increasing the level of dietary supplement increased (P less than .05) OM, NDF and ADF digestion, only corn addition decreased (P less than .05) rate of in situ alfalfa DM digestion. Daily gains and feed efficiencies were similar in cattle fed either corn or CGF with alfalfa haylage.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1990

Differential passage rates and digestion of neutral detergent fiber from grain and forages in 30, 60 and 90% concentrate diets fed to steers.

Six ruminally cannulated steers were used to determine the effects of altering dietary concentrates on fiber digestion. Diets contained 30, 60 or 90% of a concentrate based on flaked sorghum grain plus a 50:50 mixture of wheat straw and alfalfa hay. Total tract digestibility of NDF was not altered, but digestibility of potentially digested NDF (PDF) decreased (P less than .05) from 92 to 48% as concentrates increased from 30 to 90% of diet DM. Ruminal passage rate for straw (3.4 and 3.0%/h) and for hay (4.6 and 4.7%/h) was unchanged when concentrate was increased from 30 to 60%, but it decreased by 28 (2.2%/h) and 13% (4.1%/h), respectively (P less than .05), when concentrates were increased to 90%. Passage rate for grain (5.3, 5.1 and 4.4%/h) and fluid (9.3, 10.0 and 8.2%/h) was not influenced by concentrate percentage. Calculated ruminal digestibilities of NDF in individual ingredients did not differ between 30 and 60% concentrates, but they decreased (P less than .05) by 72, 57 and 34% for straw, hay and grain when concentrate was increased to 90%. Because of their relative contribution to total diet NDF, straw, hay and grain accounted for 28, 18 and 54% of the total decrease in estimated fiber digestion. It is concluded that PDF as well as NDF should be evaluated in studies of concentrate effects on fiber digestion, and that dietary concentrate level has more influence on passage rate of low-quality forage than on passage rate of grain or high-quality forage. In 90% concentrate diets, although fiber digestibility was depressed more for forage than for grain, grain accounted for most of the depression in fiber digestion because grain was the primary source of dietary fiber.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of urea treatment with established methods of sorghum grain preservation and processing on site and extent of starch digestion by cattle.

To determine the effect of dry (D); reconstituted and ensiled (R); reconstituted and acid-treated (A); and urea-treated, high-moisture (U) sorghum grain on starch digestibility, four Angus x Hereford steers (means BW = 350 kg) with duodenal and ileal cannulas were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Diets consisting of 69% ground sorghum grain were fed every 2 h in equal portions (8.2 kg/d). Diets averaged 46.5% starch and 12% CP, except for U, which averaged 14% CP due to urea treatment. Ytterbium attached to sorghum was used as a particulate marker. Duodenal, ileal, and fecal samples were taken 1 h postfeeding after a 14-d adaption to diets. Whole samples were analyzed. Preduodenal starch digestion (%) was 89, 83, 76, and 70, and starch digestion over the total tract was 99, 97, 95 and 91 for R, U, A, and D, respectively. Starch digestion proximal to each site (duodenum and ileum) was enhanced (P less than .05) by R and U compared with D. Within the small intestine, there was a linear relationship (P less than .003) between starch digestion and daily starch supply. However, digestibility of starch in the small intestine (mean = 45%) was not different among diets. Apparent digestibility of starch in the large intestine was not significantly different from digestibility in the small intestine. Urea-treated sorghum grain was equivalent to reconstituted, ensiled sorghum in digestion characteristics and was superior to dry sorghum.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1993

Interaction of whole cottonseed and supplemental fat on digestive function in cattle.

Four Holstein steers (155 kg) with "T" cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design experiment to evaluate the interaction of whole cottonseed (WC) and yellow grease (YG) on digestive function. Four treatments were compared: 1) 0% YG, 0% WC; 2) 5% YG, 0% WC; 3) 0% YG, 20% WC, and 4) 5% YG, 20% WC. The YG and WC were substituted for steam-flaked corn in an 80% concentrate growing-finishing diet. Both YG and WC decreased ruminal OM digestion (P < .01). However, the effects were not additive (interaction, P < .05). When YG was added to the control diet ruminal OM digestion was decreased by 6.9%. In contrast, when YG and WC were added to the control diet the decrease was 24.0%. This interaction was also apparent (P < .05) in ruminal digestion of feed N and starch. Total tract digestion of OM was decreased (P < .01) with WC and YG supplementation, although, like ruminal digestion, the effects were nonadditive (P < .05). In the absence of WC, YG had little influence (.8%) on OM digestion. However, in the presence of WC, YG decreased total tract OM digestion 5.7%. This interaction was also manifest (P < .05) in total tract digestion of ADF and GE. Although there was some compensation with respect to methane energy loss, the ME (megacalories/kilogram) of WC was 20% lower when fed in combination with YG. The degree of ruminal biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids was high for both WC and YG.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1994

Improved soybean protein sources for early-weaned pigs: II. Effects on ileal amino acid digestibility.

Early-weaned gilts fitted with simple ileal T-cannulas were used to determine the effect of protein source on N and amino acid (AA) digestibility. The digestibilities of N and AA in 25- to 53-d-old pigs fed either dried skim milk (DSM), isolated soybean protein (ISP), soybean protein concentrate (SPC), or soybean meal (SBM) as the only protein source were determined. The pigs were fed semipurified diets formulated to contain 22% CP. Digestibility of N and overall essential amino acids (EAA) and nonessential amino acids (NEAA) both at the terminal ileum and over the total digestive tract of early-weaned pigs was greater (P < .01) by pigs fed the DSM, ISP, and SPC diets than by those fed the SBM diet. The ileal and total tract digestibilities for N and all AA except glutamic acid (P < .05) increased with increasing age of pigs. Digestibility both at the ileum and total digestive tract for lysine was greater (P < .01) in pigs fed the DSM diet than in those fed any of the soybean protein diets. Digestibility values over the total tract were greater than values estimated at the ileum, indicating a net disappearance of both N and AA in the hindgut. This study suggests that low digestibility of the first-limiting AA, lysine, may limit performance of pigs fed a SBM diet.

Amino Acids↗