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[The origins of language: an analysis from the aphasia perspective].

INTRODUCTION: Different areas of knowledge have contributed to a better understanding of the origins of human language. AIM. To relate our current knowledge about the origins of language with the language pathology found in the case of brain injuries (aphasia). DEVELOPMENT: There are two fundamental forms of aphasia, which linked to defects in the lexico-semantic and grammatical systems of language (Wernicke-type aphasia and Broca-type aphasia, respectively). From observations made on children's development of language and experiments with primates, it has been shown that language initially appears as a lexico-semantic system. Grammar correlates with the ability to represent actions (verbs) and depends on what is known as Broca's area and its related brain circuits, but it is also related to the ability to quickly carry out the sequencing of the articulatory movements required for speaking (speech praxis). CONCLUSIONS: Language may have appeared as a lexico-semantic system much earlier than language as a syntactic system. The former may have developed around 200,000-300,000 years ago, coinciding with the increase in the temporal lobe, and would have existed in other hominids. Language as a grammatical system appeared perhaps as recently as 50,000 years ago and seems to be exclusive to Homo sapiens.

Animal Communication↗
PubMed1988

Southeast Asian folklore about pregnancy and parturition.

Southeast Asian refugees immigrating to the United States bring many traditional beliefs about pregnancy and childbearing to their new home. Harmony with nature, dualistic concepts of disease, and pathogenetic metaphor are important ingredients of indigenous health practices. Pregnant and postpartum women must be protected against "wind," lost of "heat," and poisons. Because these notions and the behaviors used to carry them out may seem bizarre to unsuspecting Western-trained health care personnel, it is important for Westerners to understand the basis for these beliefs.

Asia, Southeastern↗
PubMed1987

Moral pioneers: women, men and fetuses on a frontier of reproductive technology.

As one of the new reproductive technologies, amniocentesis is rapidly becoming routinized, especially for pregnant women in their mid-thirties and older. Prenatal diagnosis has been evaluated medically, economically, and bioethically. But we know very little about how pregnant women and their families who use, or might use, this new technology respond to its benefits and burdens. This article reports on a two-year field study in New York City. Responses of genetic counselors, a multicultural patient population using and refusing amniocentesis, women who had received "positive" diagnoses, and families with children who have the conditions that can now be diagnosed prenatally were all elicited through participant-observation. My goal in this study is to assess the social impact and cultural meaning of one new reproductive technology.

Adult↗