Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Contraceptive Usage”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

[Age and whole blood viscoelasticity. A risk factor study].

To assess whether the viscoelastic properties of whole blood might be influenced by age, we measured viscoelasticity of whole blood (VEWB) and plasma at different shear rates in 84 healthy adult subjects. Additionally, we examined the relations between VEWB and gender, cigarette smoking, and oral contraceptive use. VEWB (shear rates 10/s and 50/s, adjusted to a haematocrit of 45%), viscosity of plasma (shear rate 10/s), aggregation index, shear resistance and flexibility index of erythrocytes were measured with an oscillating capillary rheometer and densitymeter. By means of univariate analysis, age was found to increase whole blood elasticity at low shear rates and shear resistance of erythrocytes. Concerning high shear rates, this relationship could only be established in males. The rheologic values of women who had taken oral contraceptives for at least one year were not related to age. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that whole blood elasticity at low shear rates and shear resistance of erythrocytes were significantly related to age and the intake of oral contraceptives. On the contrary, there was no relationship between age and whole blood and plasma viscosity as well as aggregation and flexibility indices.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women and the use of oral contraceptives].

We determined the prevalence of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women who visited a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and the influence of the number of partners and the use of oral contraceptives (OC), with special attention to the recognition of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and to the results of therapy. Of 217 women, with a mean age of 26 years (range 14-56), who visited the STD clinic of the University Hospital of Groningen from July 1985 until November 1987, anamnestic data were collected as well as the results of swabs from cervix and urethra taken for culture and direct immunofluorescence test of C. trachomatis and for gonococcal culture. The influence of the number of partners (1 versus greater than 1) and OC on the prevalence of C. trachomatis infection was evaluated by logistic regression analysis. PID was excluded in coöperation with the department of gynaecology. C. trachomatis-infected women were treated by doxycycline orally (day 1 2 x 100 mg, day 2-7 1 x 100 mg) according to the dosage scheme advised by the Dutch Health Council in 1986. A control culture was taken 2-3 weeks after treatment. C. trachomatis was detected in 72/217 (33%) women by culture and (or) direct IF test and in 22/41 (54%) women with gonorrhoea. In connection with the number of partners in the year preceding the examination, the following prevalences were found: 18/74 (24%) (1 partner), 43/108 (40%) (2-5 partners) and 10/27 (greater than 5 partners).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Clinical experiences with femovan (Gynera)].

The low dose oral contraceptive Femovan/Gynera which contains 0.03 mg Ethinylestradiol and 0.075 mg Gestoden was examined in several clinical trials. Those trials proved its contraceptive effectiveness, its controlling influence on the menstrual cycle and a low incidence of unwanted side-effects. The data reported are based on the experience of more than 100,000 women representing nearly 600,000 treatment cycles. The results of all the different investigations compiled here underline a high contraceptive effectiveness and excellent control of the cycle when using the respective preparation. The rate of unwanted side-effects was low.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Contraception guidance in general practice. A questionnaire study in Nordland, Troms and Finnmark].

239 (75%) of 318 general practitioners in the three northernmost counties of Norway were asked by mailed questionnaire to report the frequency of consultations on contraception, and what kind of contraception they usually recommended. 85% informed the women about at least three different alternatives; oral contraceptives, intrauterine devices and condoms. Almost 50% would ordinate an intrauterine device to a woman who never had been pregnant. 60% informed the woman about other alternatives even if she had already decided upon method prior to the consultation. The physician often brought up the subject of contraception, but as many as 15% did not, as a routine, mention birth control when a woman consulted them for a first trimester abortion. Almost 50% did not know how to fit the diaphragms.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Early oral contraceptive use as a prognostic factor in breast cancer.

The survival of 193 premenopausal breast cancer patients was investigated in relation to their history of early use of oral contraceptives. The women were born in 1939 or later and diagnosed in the southern health care region of Sweden. Women, who had started their oral contraceptive use (OC-use) before 20 years of age had a significantly lower survival rate as compared with those who had never used OC and late users (p = 0.02 and = 0.04 respectively, generalized Wilcoxon test). For women who started OC-use between 20 to 25 years of age, a tendency for a shorter survival was seen in comparison with women who had never used OC (p = 0.18). For all patients simultaneously, the relative risk adjusted for age at diagnosis increased for earlier OC-start. When only stages II and III were considered in a stratified multivariate model, a significantly elevated risk was seen for early users of OC irrespective of age or of adjuvant treatment given. The estrogen and progesterone receptor concentrations of the primary tumor were significantly lower among early users (p = 0.001 and p = 0.05 respectively).

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

The 150/30 formulation. Experience in the United Kingdom.

Oral contraceptive agents (OCs) containing levonorgestrel, 150 micrograms, and ethinyl estradiol, 30 micrograms, account for almost half the sales of such agents in the United Kingdom. The remarkable success of this formulation has occurred primarily because it provides extremely low doses of both hormonal constituents yet still gives most users a very acceptable bleeding pattern: the incidence of breakthrough bleeding is about 6% and of amenorrhea, less than 3%. Approximately 90% of users have cycle lengths of 28 +/- 3 days. The risk of serious side effects is significantly lower than with formulas containing higher doses of progestogen and/or estrogen. Minor side effects occur in only a small percentage of cycles. Headache is reported in approximately 10% of all cycles and should be regarded as a potential indicator of increased risk. If it presents as focal migraine, use of the combined OC should be discontinued. The contraceptive effectiveness of the 150/30 formulation is similar to that of the 50 micrograms formulations among compliant women; in less compliant women the margin of error is reduced, and the possibility of an increased risk of accidental pregnancy must be considered.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Vaginal spermicides, chromosomal abnormalities and limb reduction defects.

Each year, 300,000-600,000 U.S. women become pregnant while using vaginal spermicides. Two recent reports hypothesized that offspring from these pregnancies are at increased risk of certain birth defects, particularly limb reduction defects and such chromosomal abnormalities as Down syndrome. In a case-control analysis of data from the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP), we studied the teratogenicity of spermicides by comparing their use around the time of conception by mothers of infants with chromosomal abnormalities and limb reduction defects to their use by mothers of infants with birth defects that have not been linked to spermicides. The results do not support the hypothesis that spermicides are teratogenic. For infants whose mothers used spermicides at the time of conception, the relative risk of having Down syndrome was 1.2 and that for other chromosomal abnormalities was also 1.2. The relative risk of limb reduction defects among infants exposed to spermicides in the first trimester was 1.0. None of these risks is statistically significant.

Chromosome Aberrations↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect on fecundity of pill acceptance during postpartum amenorrhea in rural Bangladesh.

The length of the interval from last live birth to the subsequent pregnancy was studied for 121 contraceptive pill acceptors who were in postpartum amenorrhea at the time of acceptance and 121 matched nonacceptors in a prospective study in Matlab, Bangladesh. Half of the pill acceptors discontinued use within seven months, and as a group the pill acceptors had a significantly shorter interval to the next pregnancy than the matched nonacceptors. These findings suggest that unless continuation rates can be improved, it is better not to encourage women in rural Bangladesh to start the contraceptive pill during postpartum amenorrhea.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Contraception in the adolescent patient.

Having presented an overview of the available methods of contraception, the authors present one approach to prescribing contraceptives based on their experience. First, adolescent patients in our practice are discouraged from engaging in sexual intercourse. Abstinence is the only fail-safe method of contraception and provides benefits both emotionally and physically (i.e., prevention from sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancies). If the adolescent plans to be sexually active, however, she is encouraged to select some form of hormonal contraception, namely Norplant, Depo-Provera, or oral contraceptives, in conjunction with condoms. The authors have had little success recommending barrier methods alone. Condoms are used sporadically and the diaphragm is very awkward for adolescents who are still uncomfortable with their bodies and with touching themselves. Of the three hormonal methods, Depo-Provera seems to be well-accepted by our patients. It offers several advantages that we believe make it attractive. First, it does not require any forethought by the patient other than coming in for the injection every 3 months. There is an effective grace period, so the patient is afforded good contraception even if she is up to a month late for her injection. The frequent visits for injections actually can be looked upon as positive, frequent contacts with the patient and can provide opportunities for counseling. In addition, some patients become amenorrheic, which teens view as an advantage, increasing compliance. If it is not likely that a patient will be compliant with every-3-month injections, Norplant is recommended. Studies have shown good acceptance of Norplant by adolescents and that has been the experience of the authors. With appropriate counseling prior to insertion and a counseling session with patients who request removal, the number of actual Norplant removals has been limited. If Depo-Provera and Norplant are not acceptable to the patient, then oral contraceptives are recommended. Of the three methods, more opportunities for failure exist with oral contraceptives. Pills are missed for a variety of reasons, including going away for the weekend; not having a regular schedule, which can interrupt pill-taking; and even ambivalence about becoming pregnant. One recent study demonstrated certain patient characteristics that were associated with good compliance with oral contraceptives, including white race, higher education level, suburban residence, and older age of both the patient and her mate. Keeping these characteristics in mind may be helpful when prescribing oral contraceptives. Of course, it is the patient's prerogative to choose the type of contraception she feels will be best suited for her.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Contraception in the 1990s.

Contraceptive technology has recently provided the market place with new barrier methods, new progestin oral contraceptives, an injectable contraceptive, the female condom, new male condoms, and the contraceptive implant. During the last decade, epidemiologists have clearly defined the non-contraceptive benefits of current contraceptive methods that include decreased infections, protection from various cancers, protection from many gynecologic problems that lead to surgery, as well as symptomatic relief from many gynecologic conditions. In conjunction with medical specialists, contraceptive researchers have established the increased safety and benefits of various contraceptive choices in women with medical conditions that, until recently, were contra-indications for their use. That these advances have occurred despite multiple legal and scientific assaults gives hope that the field will continue to grow.

Contraception↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of contraceptive education on method use at first intercourse.

Despite long-standing public support for sex education in the schools, it has been difficult to show concrete effects of sex education on sexual and contraceptive behavior. Data from the 1988 National Survey of Family Growth indicate that exposure to a formal contraceptive education program increases the likelihood that a teenage woman will use a contraceptive method at first intercourse. According to the results of a multivariate analysis, the odds that a young woman will use any method and the odds that she will use a condom increase by about one-third following instruction about birth control; the effect on the likelihood of pill use, however, is nonsignificant. If contraceptive education occurs in the same year that a teenager becomes sexually active, the odds of any method use and of condom use are increased by 70-80%, and the odds of pill use are more than doubled. The results also suggest that with greater educational efforts, the proportion of teenagers who use condoms at first intercourse could increase from 52% to 59%, while the proportion using no method might decrease from 41% to 33%.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The use of condoms with other contraceptive methods among young men and women.

In a nationally representative sample of sexually experienced youths aged 14-22, 37% of young women and 52% of young men said the condom was the primary method used to prevent pregnancy at last intercourse; an additional 8% and 7%, respectively, said they used a condom at last intercourse; much of this represents dual use [corrected]. Condom use at last intercourse was reported by 25% of young men whose partner was using the pill. Significant independent predictors of condom use with the pill among men included younger age, black race, engaging in fewer nonsexual risk behaviors and having received instruction about HIV in school. Among young women, 21% of those relying on the pill reported also using a condom at last intercourse. For women, independent predictors of dual use included younger age, black race, older age at first sex, fewer nonsexual risk behaviors, having no partners in the previous three months and having talked to parents or other adult relatives about HIV.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Estrogen and natural products in the treatment of postmenopausal complaints. Oral contraceptives prepare the way for hormonal substitution].

To chart current and previous use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and alternative remedies in a postmenopausal population, in relation to previous oral contraceptive (OC) usage, all 1,323 55-56-year-old women living in Linköping in 1995 were sent a questionnaire concerning health status and climacteric symptoms, and previous and/or current use of HRT, OCs and alternative remedies. Current HRT was more common among previous OC users than among those who had never used OCs (41.4 vs. 23.1 percent). As compared with non-HRT users, HRT users were characterised by greater physical activity but less strenuous occupations, and a higher prevalence of hysterectomy. Of the series as a whole, 35 per cent were currently on HRT, half of them having been so for at least two years, and only 5 per cent had abandoned HRT after trying it for some time. Alternative remedies were used by 5 per cent of the women as therapy for climacteric complaints, but about four times as many women had tried such therapy and abandoned it. The sole characteristic feature of alternative remedy usage was that it was less common among hysterectomised women. Of women treated for breast cancer, none used HRT and few used alternative remedies. Thus, in this postmenopausal population, the prevalence of HRT was high, as was the level of compliance. Previous OC usage was probably a determinant of current attitudes toward HRT.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Chromosomal abnormalities in the Kaiser-Permanente Birth Defects Study, with special reference to contraceptive use around the time of conception.

Chromosomal abnormalities were studied in 33,551 abortions and births to women whose contraceptive histories had been recorded at their first antenatal visit in 1975-1977. Chromosome examinations were performed exclusively on clinical grounds. There were 45 de novo abnormalities detected (1.34/1,000); three of them were detected at amniocentesis. Trisomy 21 was observed in 27 cases (0.80/1,000), trisomy 18 in nine (0.27), other trisomies in three (0.09), and translocations or deletions in five (0.15). One case of triploidy and six cases of inherited abnormalities were detected. There were no significant racial variations. No increase in risk for chromosomal abnormalities was found among women who had used oral contraceptives prior to becoming pregnant or among women who experienced oral contraceptive breakthrough pregnancies. Two cases of trisomy 18 were observed among the 814 deliveries following oral contraceptive breakthrough conceptions (2.46/1,000), two cases of trisomy 21 occurred in 338 births following failures of rhythm contraception (5.92/1,000), and no cases of trisomy 21 or 18 among the 1,569 women using spermicides at the time of conception.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗