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PubMed1988

Spermicidal condoms.

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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

What do women use when they stop using the pill?

Current use of oral contraceptives among currently married women aged 15-44 declined from 25 percent to 13 percent between 1973 and 1982, while ever-use increased from 60 percent to 80 percent. By 1982, the pill appeared to be used mainly to delay first pregnancies, secondarily to space subsequent conceptions, and only rarely as a means of ending childbearing. Most women who had stopped using the pill by 1982 had done so on their own initiative: Only about one-third had been advised by a doctor to discontinue use. Virtually all former users gave some physical problem connected with pill use as a reason for quitting the method. At the time they quit, former users had been taking the pill for an average of 3.2 years. The decline in current use of the pill during the 1970s coincided with a marked increase in contraceptive sterilization, but was not the result of a direct switching from the pill to sterilization by individual women. Only 21 percent of women who quit the pill chose sterilization as their next method. The majority--60 percent--switched to nonpermanent methods, the condom being the most popular in all age-groups; the proportions selecting the condom as their next method ranged from 20 percent of 15-19-year-olds to 12 percent of 30-44-year-olds. Nineteen percent of former pill users did not adopt any method after discontinuing the pill.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Learning hysteroscopy sterilization and the Ovabloc System with Hyskon.

A review of the first 100 and the last 100 patients in a series of 268 patients sterilized by hysteroscopic injection of liquid silicone into the fallopian was made to evaluate the success rate as it relates to experience with the procedure. The two groups were similar in composition. While the percentage of patients sterilized increased only from 91% in the first 100 patients to 94% in the last 100 patients the numbers that were sterilized at the time of the first procedure increased by 9%. The two major reasons for repeated procedures were tip separation and tubal spasm. The former may become less of a problem with new manufacturing changes. Tubal spasm was reduced as a problem by controlling the temperature of Hyskon but it remains a difficult problem in a smaller number of patients even in the last group. Other causes for repeated procedures were primarily related to operator inexperience and investigational problems. They appear not to be a significant problem for physicians who will learn this procedure in future. This procedure is well received by patients. Hysteroscopists will find it a valuable outpatient female sterilization technique.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Selection of steroid combinations for oral contraceptives of maximum benefit.

Low-dose oral contraceptives differ in the specific progestin component. Our review of available animal and human data revealed differences between the progestins as to their potencies for estrogenic, anti-estrogenic, androgenic and progesterone effects. Ideally, oral contraceptive formulations should have the minimal effective dose, sufficient to prevent pregnancy but with the fewest metabolic changes. The risk of cardiovascular disease may be predicted by changes in the composition and amount of circulating lipoproteins. Progestins with significant androgenic potency can lower high-density lipoprotein2; that is a possible adverse effect. Randomized, blind, comparative trials of the new multiphasic preparations are needed to determine which ones truly cause the fewest metabolic changes that might be of clinical significance.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

The triphasics: insights for effective clinical use.

Three triphasic oral contraceptive preparations are currently being widely used in the United States. These are Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 (Ortho Pharmaceutical), Tri-Norinyl (Syntex) and Triphasil (Wyeth). The hormone manipulation in these formulations more closely mimics the normal menstrual cycle and decreases the total amount of hormone delivered. These drugs were formulated to decrease menstrual irregularities and nuisance side effects and increase menstrual control, while maintaining efficacy and safety. This article describes these products, their mechanisms of action, efficacy and selected areas of concern for clinical practice in relation to side effects, safety and menstrual control. Findings and suggestions related to the therapeutic administration, patient use, counseling and management of these newer oral contraceptives will assist the nurse practitioner in providing optimum care to the consumer.

Contraceptives, Oral, Combined↗
PubMed1979

[Applicability of ultrasonic B-scan diagnosis to localisation of intra-uterine contraceptive devices (author's transl)].

The types Dana super and Copper T intra-uterine devices (IUD) were reliably localised by ultrasonic B-scanning in 100 patients. Five dislocalisations were recorded and one erroneous interpretation in a case of uterus myomatosus. The method was found to be applicable to screening test and is recommended particularly for the following cases: clinically undetectable thread, following insertion, before removal of IUD, and in early pregnancy by the tenth gestational week.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Continuation and effectiveness of contraceptive practice: a cross-sectional approach.

This paper proposes a cross-sectional approach to the study of contraceptive continuation and use-effectiveness, based on data from surveys of married women of reproductive age rather than the more conventional follow-up surveys of family planning acceptors. Such an approach has the advantages of indicating the fertility effects of contraceptive practice during a particular period of time and providing information on the experience of users who obtain contraceptive information or supplies from nonprogram sources. An application of the approach in the context of a nationwide survey of wives living in areas covered by the Outreach Project of the Philippine Commission on Population is presented and the findings are discussed in relation both to program management and to the validity of the methodology.

Adolescent↗