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PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of estradiol treatment on voluntary and forced alcohol consumption in male rats.

Estrogens have been related to alcohol as a dependent variable, but scarcely as a causal variable, that affects the alcohol consumption. The scope of the present work was to study the effect of estrogens on both the amount and the pattern of alcohol consumption. Male Wistar rats were individually exposed to forced alcohol consumption (FAC) and voluntary alcohol consumption (VAC) in each of the following four periods: precastration (PreC), postcastration (PosC) or post-sham castration, estradiol (E) treatment (5 microg of estradiol benzoate/day/rat) and postestradiol (PosE). Estrogenic treatment reduced significantly the alcohol consumption with respect to the PreC and PosE periods in castrated (C) males during VAC. E treatment showed the lowest value of alcohol intake in FAC, but differences were significant only with respect to PreC regardless of the male gonadal condition. E treatment decreased food intake regardless of the male gonadal condition in both FAC and VAC. Castration and E treatment modified differentially the patterns of alcohol consumption depending on the volitive characteristics of alcohol intake. Castration reduced the size of the licking rates without affecting the number of drinking bouts in FAC. This pattern was maintained in the E and PosE periods of C males. Castration did not affect the pattern of alcohol consumption in VAC, but estrogen reduced both the bout size and the number of bouts during the day, which gave an additional support to the inhibitory effect of estrogens on VAC. Results are discussed in terms of a possible inhibitory action of estrogens on the opioid system, which possibly reduces the rewarding properties of alcohol.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1985

Relationship between pork consumption and cirrhosis.

An investigation of the relationship between per-caput consumption of total fat, beef, and pork in several countries and mortality rates for cirrhosis showed a correlation between alcohol consumption and cirrhosis mortality of 0.64 (p less than 0.01), and a correlation between pork consumption and cirrhosis mortality of 0.40 (p less than 0.05). The correlation between cirrhosis mortality and the product of both alcohol and pork consumption was highly significant (r = 0.98, p less than 0.001). In countries with low alcohol consumption, no correlation was obtained between alcohol consumption and cirrhosis. However, a significant correlation was obtained between cirrhosis and pork. A similar relationship was seen in the ten Canadian provinces, where there was no correlation between cirrhosis mortality and alcohol consumption, but a significant correlation was obtained with pork.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Alcohol consumption among students of a health area. Habits and beliefs].

OBJECTIVES: 1. To describe the habits and conduct of school students (13-17 years old) around alcohol in the Cartagena Health Area. 2. To discover the factors underlying consumption. 3. To analyse beliefs and behaviour about consumption. DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study. SETTING: Health area. PARTICIPANTS: 16,657 school students. Sample population (n = 1004). Large-group sampling (sampling unit: class-room), accuracy = 3%, CI = 95%, p = q = 50%, stratified by school and geographical area. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Anonymous, self-filled questionnaire (33 open and closed questions). SELECTION CRITERIA: attendance at class on the day of the questionnaire. VARIABLES: social, economic and cultural data on parents and students, course, type of family, alcohol consumption (starting age, access, individual habits, friends and family), beliefs about consumption, study profile of consumer. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: description of variables, chi-squared test, t test, logistical regression. 99.2% filled in the questionnaire. Students' average age was 15.84 (SD, 1.21). 89.96% lived with their parents. 83.4% had consumed alcohol on some occasion, with no relationship to current consumption (p > 0.05). Starting age was 13.77 (SD, 1.78), 48.5% in discos/bars and 19% at home (p > 0.05). 47.5% had got drunk on some occasion (p > 0.05). 88.2% customarily drank alcohol mixed with other drinks (p > 0.05). 51.8% drank at week-ends (2.4% every day) (p > 0.05). 63.3% thought it easy to acquire drinks: 48.9% in supermarkets, 26.4% at petrol stations (p = 0.038). 71% of consumers agreed that "alcohol is a drug" (p = 0.005). 13% believed "it does not cause dependency" (p = 0.00001). 23.3% thought that it is not true to say "the person who does sport is healthier and does not take alcohol". CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of consumption is similar to that found in other autonomous communities, although in greater quantity and without differences in kind. Mean age of consumer: 15 years old. They usually drink alcohol mixed with other soft drinks, normally at week-ends. They are very ignorant of the effects of consumption.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

A review of the literature relating caffeine consumption by women to their risk of reproductive hazards.

From this detailed review of the literature, several conclusions can be drawn: (a) An association between caffeine consumption and a reproductive hazard is more likely to be seen in lower-quality studies than in studies that come closer to approximating the ideal. This is especially evident for "lower" birthweight and congenital anomalies. (b) The association between caffeine consumption and spontaneous abortion may well reflect the Stein-Susser epiphenomenon (women with prominent nausea tend to reduce caffeine consumption and nausea appears to be a marker of good implantation, perhaps reflecting a favorable balance of hormones produced by a healthy placenta). (c) The claim that caffeine consumption by women delays conception has not been followed by convincing support. (d) Reproductive hazards associated with cigarette smoking tend to be associated with caffeine/coffee consumption. Sometimes this appears to be a consequence of residual confounding associated with inadequate adjustment for cigarette smoking, which is over-represented among those who drink the most coffee/caffeine. Sometimes this reflects the tendency of women to underreport socially undesirable behaviors (e.g. smoking) while accurately reporting socially neutral behaviors (e.g. coffee and caffeine consumption). Thus, it seems reasonable to conclude that no convincing evidence has been presented to show that caffeine consumption increases the risk of any reproductive adversity.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed2003

Suicides and alcohol consumption in Russia, 1965-1999.

BACKGROUND: Abrupt changes in the alcohol consumption level and the suicide rate associated with the anti-alcohol campaign of 1985-1991 and the market reforms of 1992. METHODS: Epidemiological investigation of total Russian suicide rate and per capita alcohol consumption utilizing the Box-Jenkins technique and regression analysis. RESULTS: The decrease of per capita consumption from 14.2 to 10.5 l in 1985-1987 and the growth of this index after 1987 (14.6 l in 1994) saw a respective decline and increase of suicides per litre of alcohol: eight males and one female per 100,000 of the corresponding population (13 or 6% of male or female suicides and 12% total suicides). The maximum suicide rate was reached in 1994 (41.8 per 100,000 population, in 1981-1994 r=0.91). In 1984-1986 and 1991-1994 the distribution of suicides' age was close to that of the age distribution from fatal alcohol poisoning. Changes in the level of BAC-positive suicides are closely correlated with changes in the alcohol consumption level (r=0.98), whereas changes in the number of BAC-negative suicides were not related to changes in consumption. CONCLUSION: Alcohol consumption level plays a considerable role in the suicide rate, especially for male suicides. The rate of alcohol-related suicides is very high in Russia, owing to the very high alcohol consumption rate in the country.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Estimates of total alcohol consumption in Russia, 1980-1994.

It is important to estimate real alcohol consumption in Russia in the past 15 years because large quantities, and in recent years the bulk, of consumed alcohol evades state registration. In this study, trends in total consumption are estimated indirectly using an indicator of alcohol-related harm derived from forensic reports on accidental and violent deaths (Nemtsov, A.V., 1998. Anti-alcohol campaign, consequences, and actual alcohol consumption in Moscow, Addiction, in press). Using blood alcohol coefficients (BAC), the regression coefficients are estimated using the ratio of BAC-positive and BAC-negative accidental and violent deaths in 1983-1986 in connection with the Moscow anti-alcohol campaign; the coefficients are then used to estimate consumption as a total sum of legal sales of alcoholic beverages and illegal spirits made from sugar. Data were obtained of violent BAC-positive and BAC-negative deaths in 17-25 oblasts of Russia in 1981-1994. The derived estimates indicate that in 1984 consumption exceeded 14 l per capita, per annum (10.5 registered + 4.2 unregistered); that consumption fell to 10.8 1 in 1986 (during the anti-alcohol campaign), and that it then began to rise owing to a sharp increase in estimated unregistered alcohol consumption-climbing to 13.6 l (5.0 + 8.6) in 1993, and followed by a slight decline to 13.3 in 1994. These estimates are broadly consistent with estimates that have been made using unrelated methods, thus allowing some confidence in the overall picture obtained. Russia probably remains one of the heaviest-drinking countries in Europe. The reasons why indicators of alcohol-related harm in the mid-1990s exceed those recorded before the anti-alcohol campaign remain to be clarified.

Accidents↗
PubMed2003

Relation among alcohol dehydrogenase 2 polymorphism, alcohol consumption, and levels of gamma-glutamyltransferase.

In human beings, alcohol is metabolized primarily by alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (ADH2) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2). Whereas polymorphisms of the ALDH2 are common in Asian persons, polymorphisms of the ADH2 seem to be more important in Caucasian individuals. The aim of this study was to assess the relation among ADH2 polymorphism, alcohol consumption, and levels of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). The question was examined among 1,663 subjects (736 men and 927 women) participating in a national representative health and nutrition survey (VERA substudy of the German National Nutrition Survey). Alcohol consumption was assessed through responses to a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and the ADH2 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) Mae III and GGT levels were analyzed from frozen serum samples. The relations between the polymorphism and alcohol consumption and between alcohol consumption and GGT levels according to the polymorphism were assessed with the use of descriptive statistics and contingency table analysis. Of the subjects studied, 2.8% were homozygous or heterozygous for the ADH2*2 allele, and high levels of alcohol consumption (>20 g/day) were less common among these subjects (8.5%) than among subjects with the ADH2*1 allele (19.9%). Median levels of GGT increased with increasing levels of alcohol consumption. This increase tended to be stronger among subjects with the ADH2*2 allele than among other subjects, although differences were not statistically significant (P value for interaction=.1) given the small number of subjects with the polymorphism. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that subjects with the ADH2*2 allele, on the one hand, might tend to drink less alcohol but, on the other hand, might be at increased risk of alcohol-related effects on the liver with consumption of larger amounts of alcohol. However, this hypothesis needs to be evaluated among larger population samples.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Sex differences in alcohol drinking patterns during forced and voluntary consumption in rats.

Wistar rats were studied during forced and voluntary alcohol consumption, and continuous or periodic access to ethanol (6%) v/v with different availability of fluids. Absolute volume of alcohol consumption was not different between sexes in any condition; however, females consumed significantly more alcohol than males on a g/kg basis in all conditions. These differences were significantly more extensive during continuous free-choice to alcohol and water than during forced alcohol consumption. Females showed greater alcohol preference than males only during continuous free-choice to alcohol and water. During periodic free-choice to alcohol and water condition, alcohol consumption was distributed during more hours throughout the day in females than males. During periodic free-choice to alcohol and to an isocaloric sweetened solution (ISS), intakes of ISS were very high compared to regular intakes of daily water; nevertheless, alcohol consumption was maintained to similar levels observed in continuous free-choice to alcohol and water and represented almost 50% of regular daily consumes of water in males and females. Free-choice for alcohol and ISS modified the usual pattern of alcohol consumption during the daily light-dark cycle in males and females and reduced the time devoted to drinking alcohol compared to other conditions, in which similar intakes were observed. Results show that the extent of the higher alcohol consumption in females than males and the changes in patterns of alcohol intake were dependent on the nature of the ingestion schedule.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2000

Effects of phentermine and fenfluramine on alcohol consumption and alcohol withdrawal seizures in rats.

The drug combination of phentermine plus fenfluramine has been used clinically in both the treatment of obesity and alcoholism. The aim of the current study was to assess the interaction of the two drugs on consumption of both an alcohol-containing and a nonalcoholic diet. Furthermore, the efficacy of the drug combination on suppression of withdrawal seizures was determined. Animals were either maintained on a 6% alcohol-containing diet, free-fed an isocaloric control, or pair-fed the control diet. It was observed that, with regard to body weight growth curves, alcohol provides about 2.5 kcal/g. Both phentermine and fenfluramine caused a decrease in consumption 1 h after administration; however, during the next 23 h, 4 mg/kg phentermine significantly increased consumption of all diets. At doses of 1 and 2 mg/kg, fenfluramine selectively reduced consumption of the alcohol-containing diet as compared to the isocaloric diets. Lower doses of fenfluramine blocked the increases in consumption induced by phentermine. Furthermore, in animals fed the nonalcoholic diet, the drug combination of 2 mg/kg fenfluramine plus 8 mg/kg phentermine produced a 63-82% reduction in consumption, an effect not seen when either drug was administered alone. This greater than additive effect was also seen in the earlier time periods in animals pair-fed the control diet. Neurochemical analysis from these animals revealed that the alcohol-dependent animals displayed a significant reduction of DOPAC and 5-HIAA levels in the striatum, frontal cortex, and hypothalamus after a 9-h withdrawal period, further implicating the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems in mediation of withdrawal symptoms and alcohol craving. Finally, 8 mg/kg phentermine plus 8 mg/kg fenfluramine completely abolished alcohol withdrawal seizures, compared to a 78% rate in saline treated rats. In conclusion, the coadministration of phentermine plus fenfluramine produced a moderate reduction of alcohol consumption and was completely effective at reducing alcohol withdrawal seizures.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2003

Alcohol consumption patterns and work-related injuries among Colorado farm residents.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have assessed the relationship between alcohol consumption patterns among farm populations and work-related injuries. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of alcohol consumption patterns on farmwork-related injuries. METHODS: Prospective cohort study of Colorado farm residents, 1993 to 1995. Self-reported injuries, alcohol consumption, and demographics were assessed over 3 years. A stratified probability sample of farms was selected to include approximately 2.6% of Colorado farm residences with a farm operator living on the property. A total of 485 farms, including 872 individuals, were recruited in the initial cohort. In the second year, 746 individuals were re-interviewed, and in the third year, 653 of the original group participated. RESULTS: Injuries during the study period were assessed in relationship to alcohol consumption. During the 3 years, 150 farm residents reported a total of 215 farmwork-related injuries. An increased risk of injury was associated with increased alcohol consumption. Compared to abstainers, farm residents who drank more frequently had higher farmwork injury incidence rates (3.09 and 3.35 injuries per 10,000 person-days of observation versus 1.94 injuries per 10,000). Farm residents who typically drank three or more drinks per day had a farmwork injury rate of 3.62 per 10,000 person-days (95% confidence interval [CI]=2.38-4.85). Farm residents who typically drank one to two drinks per day had a farmwork-related injury rate of 3.02 per 10,000 person-days (95% CI=2.44-3.60). In multivariate models, alcohol consumption frequency and quantity were significantly associated with farmwork-related injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol consumption should be considered in studies of agricultural injuries.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1999

Drug consumption in workers in France: a comparative study at a 10-year interval (1996 versus 1986).

This study compared drug consumption and associated social factors in workers in France between 1986 and 1996. The same transversal survey was performed in 1986 and 1996 using the same methodology by means of an anonymous questionnaire given to the subject and answered in the presence of an occupational physician. The 1996 population (2674 subjects) was found to be older (37.0 +/- 9.8 versus 35.7 +/-10.2 years) and to take more drugs (+5.1%) than the population of 1986 (2221 subjects). There were fewer manual workers in the 1996 population. In both periods, women used significantly more drugs in general and more psychoactive (mainly anxiolytic), cardiovascular, endocrine metabolic, and homeopathic drugs than men. The mean value of estimated difficulty of work was higher in subjects taking drugs in general, and especially those taking hypnotic, anxiolytic, psychoactive, antiinflammatory, and digestive drugs in 1986 as well in 1996. In 1986 as well as in 1996, manual workers took no more drugs than did nonmanual workers in general, except for analgesic and antiinflammatory drugs. Nonmanual workers used homeopathic drugs more than manual workers. The presence of extraprofessional problems was associated with an increase in consumption of drugs in general and psychoactive, hypnotic, anxiolytic, antiinflammatory, cardiovascular, digestive, and endocrine metabolic drugs in particular, in 1986 as well as in 1996. After adjustment for variables linked to drug use, there was no significant change in total drug consumption in general but a significant decrease in psychoactive (-49%) (mainly hypnotic [-71%]), and digestive (-39%) drug consumption in this population between 1986 and 1996. In contrast, analgesic use significantly increased (+36%). This study underscores the high level of drug consumption in workers (more than 40% of the subjects were taking drugs). Although there were no quantitative changes, marked qualitative modifications were found with a decrease in consumption of psychoactive (and mainly hypnotic) and digestive drugs and an increase in analgesic drug use between 1986 and 1996. Thus, specific drug information programs designed to reduce psychoactive drug consumption and to favor analgesic drugs for better pain management seem to have been (at least partly) followed. The study also underscores the importance of some social factors associated to general and specific drug use (mainly difficulty of work and presence of extraprofessional problems, and to a lesser extent, kind of work). Their weight remained similar in 1986 and 1996.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Perception of traffic accident risk and decision to drive under light alcohol consumption--a double-blind experimental study.

PURPOSE: Public traffic safety campaigns in Germany have focussed on the changing risk perception of young drivers. While there is some consensus that perceptions of risk affect driving, less is understood about the relationship and interaction of alcohol consumption and risk perception on the decision to drive. We examined the influence of light alcohol consumption on risk perception and decision to drive, and the interaction of alcohol consumption and cognitive feedback on the handicapping effect of alcohol on risk perception and decision to drive. METHOD: In a double-blind block-randomized experimental study of 104 young drivers between 19 and 24 years of age, with two experimentally manipulated independent factors of alcohol consumption (three levels: 0% BAC, 0.015% BAC, 0.03% BAC) and feedback (positive or negative), we assessed three dependent variables: perception of traffic accident risk, subjective judgement about driving-relevant cognitive performance, decision to drive a car. Analyses of variance and covariance were used to analyze differences between levels of experimental factors. RESULTS: We found that persons with 0.015 BAC performed better than persons in both other alcohol conditions on the standardized risk perception task. Perceived handicap of driving was significantly more pronounced for negative feedback compared to positive feedback with no influence of the level of alcohol consumption. No significant influence on decision to drive was found of either level of alcohol consumption, feedback or sex. IMPLICATIONS: Decision to drive in young drivers could not be influenced by feedback or light consumption. Public health approaches have to find better determining factors.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Applying the theory of planned behavior to predict dairy product consumption by older adults.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to explain intention to consume dairy products and consumption of dairy products by older adults using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The factors examined were attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. DESIGN: A cross-sectional questionnaire was administered. SETTING: Community centers with congregate dining programs, group classes, and recreational events for older adults. SUBJECTS: One hundred and sixty-two older adults (mean age 75 years) completed the questionnaire. Subjects were mostly women (76%) and white (65%), with about half having less than a high school education or completing high school. VARIABLES MEASURED: Variables based on the TPB were assessed through questionnaire items that were constructed to form scales measuring attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention to consume dairy products. Dairy product consumption was measured using a food frequency questionnaire. ANALYSIS: Regression analyses were used to determine the association between the scales for the 3 variables proposed in the TPB and intention to consume and consumption of dairy products; the alpha level was set at.05 to determine the statistical significance of results. RESULTS: Attitudes toward eating dairy products and perceived behavioral control contributed to the model for predicting intention, whereas subjective norms did not. Attitudes toward eating dairy products were slightly more important than perceived behavioral control in predicting intention. In turn, intention was strongly related to dairy product consumption, and perceived behavioral control was independently associated with dairy product consumption. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: These results suggest the utility of the TPB in explaining dairy product consumption for older adults. Nutrition education should focus on improving attitudes and removing barriers to consumption of dairy products for older adults.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Encouraging the consumption of fruit and vegetables by older Australians: an experiential study.

OBJECTIVE: To explore perceptions of dietary recommendations for fruit and vegetables, and barriers and opportunities for increasing consumption. DESIGN: Qualitative study with an experiential component. SETTING: Older adults' households. PARTICIPANTS: Six focus groups with 38 Australian adults aged 50 to 64 years who reported low vegetable consumption. INTERVENTION: Week 1: focus group including demonstration of recommended fruit and vegetable servings; week 2: delivery of a week's supply of fruit and vegetables and recipes; week 3: follow-up focus group. VARIABLES MEASURED: Perceptions of a healthful diet, fruit and vegetable recommendations, barriers to consumption, and reactions to the food delivery and recipes. ANALYSIS: Qualitative, thematic analysis. RESULTS: Participants were unfamiliar with serving recommendations. Barriers to consumption were as follows: perceptions that vegetables are eaten only with evening meals, preference for eating meat, believing that recommended quantities were too big, and a lack of preparation time. The delivery had a positive impact on some (especially low fruit consumers), for whom the availability of appealing fruit served as a prompt for consumption. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Possible strategies for enabling consumers to achieve adequate fruit and vegetable consumption are education about the recommended number and size of servings and distribution of fruit and vegetables relative to meat and carbohydrates, encouragement to spread fruit and vegetable consumption over the day, and promoting the appealing sensory attributes of fruit and vegetables.

Australia↗
PubMed2006

Egg consumption, serum total cholesterol concentrations and coronary heart disease incidence: Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study.

Limited egg consumption is often recommended to reduce serum cholesterol concentration for the prevention of CHD. We examined the association of egg consumption and total cholesterol concentration with the risk of CHD. A total of 90 735 subjects (19 856 men and 21 408 women, aged 40-59 years in cohort I; 23 463 men and 26 008 women, aged 40-69 years in cohort II) were followed from 1990-4 to the end of 2001 under the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study. Total cholesterol was obtained in 36 % of the subjects. Men and women were combined for the analyses. The subjects were categorised into four groups according to egg consumption. Subjects with total cholesterol >or=2200 mg/l were less frequent in frequent egg consumption groups in both cohorts (trend P<0.0001). Subjects with <1 d/week of egg consumption were more likely to avoid a cholesterol-rich diet. Egg consumption was not associated with the risk of CHD, although total cholesterol was significantly related to the risk of CHD. The multivariate hazard ratio of CHD in subjects with total cholesterol >or=2400 v. <1800 mg/l was 2.17 (95 % CI 1.22, 3.85; trend P=0.0018). In conclusion, eating eggs more frequently, up to almost daily, was not associated with an increase in CHD incidence for middle-aged Japanese men and women. Subjects with hypercholesterolaemia were less frequently in frequent egg consumption groups, probably because they avoided eating eggs.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Habitual fish consumption and risk of incident stroke: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk prospective population study.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between fish consumption and stroke risk. DESIGN: Prospective population cohort study. SETTING: Norfolk, UK cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC-Norfolk). SUBJECTS: Subjects were 24 312 men and women aged 40-79 years who had no previous history of stroke at baseline. METHODS: Fish consumption was assessed using a food-frequency questionnaire at baseline in 1993-1997 and stroke incidence ascertained to 2004. RESULTS: A total of 421 incident strokes were identified (mean follow-up=8.5 years, total person-years=209 238). There were no significant relationships between total fish, shellfish or fish roe consumption and risk of stroke in men and women after adjusting for age, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, smoking, cholesterol, diabetes, physical activity, alcohol consumption, fish oil supplement use and total energy intake using Cox regression analyses. Oily fish consumption was significantly lower in women who subsequently had a stroke (odds ratio (OR) for consumers vs. non-consumers=0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.51-0.94, P=0.02). The trend in men was similar but not significant (OR for consumers vs. non-consumers=0.88, 95% CI 0.65-1.19, P=0.41). CONCLUSIONS: There was no consistent relationship between fish consumption and stroke in this British population. Inconsistencies in the observed health effects of fish consumption in different populations may reflect different patterns and type of fish consumed and preparation methods.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Inter-household and intra-household patterns of fish and meat consumption in fishing communities in two states in Nigeria.

Fish is generally regarded as a primary source of protein for many poor African fishing communities. The present study compared the relative importance of fish as a high-quality dietary protein source with meat in fishing communities in two states in Nigeria. Fifty fishing households in which active fishing was the primary activity and fifty non-fishing households (agriculture being stated as primary activity) in traditional fishing communities were randomly selected in the coastal state of Lagos and the inland state of Niger. A simple weighing balance was designed and given to each household to measure fish or meat entering the household for consumption. A comparison of consumption using this method against the 24h recall method revealed that the recall method accounted for only one third of actual fish consumed. Overall, the price of fish was higher and consumption lower in Lagos compared with Niger State. At the household level in both states, the consumption of fish in fishing households was twice that of non-fishing households, whereas meat consumption was similar. A total of thirty-nine different fish species were consumed, with Tilapia contributing 24% by weight of the fish consumed. In both states, beef was the most frequently consumed meat, followed by goat meat. The study revealed a high preference for fresh fish. The highest fish consumption occurred in March, corresponding to the period of lowest meat consumption. On a unit weight basis, heads of households consumed 59% more fish than their wives or children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Alternative futures for world cereal and meat consumption.

Fundamental changes in the global structure of food demand will lead to an extraordinary increase in the importance of developing countries in global food markets. Economic growth in developing countries is changing consumption patterns, with slower growth (and in many countries actual declines) in per capita food consumption of grains and rapidly growing per capita and total meat consumption, combined with induced growth in cereal feed consumption. The present paper examines the hypothesis, suggested by some researchers, that high-meat diets in developed countries limit improvement in food security in developing countries. These analysts argue that reduced meat consumption in developed countries would release cereals from livestock feed to food for poorer populations, thus improving food security in developing countries. Using the International Food Policy Research Institute (Washington, DC, USA) global food projections model, the international model for policy analysis of agricultural commodities and trade (see Rosegrant et al. 1995), we first analyse the implications for future global cereal and meat supply and demand resulting from changes in global income, population growth and other structural changes, then simulate alternative scenarios to examine the effect of large reductions in meat consumption in developed countries on food consumption and food security in developing countries. The paper shows that while the long-term prospects for food supply, demand and trade indicate a strengthening of world cereal and livestock markets, the improvement in food security in the developing world will be slow, and changes in the dietary patterns in developed countries are not an effective route to improvement in food security in developing countries.

Child↗