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PubMed2001

Cytochrome cd1, reductive activation and kinetic analysis of a multifunctional respiratory enzyme.

Paracoccus pantotrophus cytochrome cd(1) is an enzyme of bacterial respiration, capable of using nitrite in vivo and also hydroxylamine and oxygen in vitro as electron acceptors. We present a comprehensive analysis of the steady state kinetic properties of the enzyme with each electron acceptor and three electron donors, pseudoazurin and cytochrome c(550), both physiological, and the non-physiological horse heart cytochrome c. At pH 5.8, optimal for nitrite reduction, the enzyme has a turnover number up to 121 s(-1) per d(1) heme, significantly higher than previously observed for any cytochrome cd(1). Pre-activation of the enzyme via reduction is necessary to establish full catalytic competence with any of the electron donor proteins. There is no significant kinetic distinction between the alternative physiological electron donors in any respect, providing support for the concept of pseudospecificity, in which proteins with substantially different tertiary structures can transfer electrons to the same acceptor. A low level hydroxylamine disproportionase activity that may be an intrinsic property of cytochromes c is also reported. Important implications for the enzymology of P. pantotrophus cytochrome cd(1) are discussed and proposals are made about the mechanism of reduction of nitrite, based on new observations placed in the context of recent rapid reaction studies.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Analysis of lymphocytic infiltration in uveal melanoma.

Among 27 uveal melanomas, five were found to contain tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Four had high levels of lymphocytes, and the fifth had comparatively low levels but adequate numbers for comprehensive analysis. The TILs were analyzed by flow cytometry to determine the relative proportions of lymphocyte subsets and markers of lymphocyte activation. The results show the predominance of T-suppressor/cytotoxic lymphocytes and insignificant levels of B-cells present in the infiltrate. The T-suppressor/cytotoxic cells were generally activated to a higher degree than the T-helper cells when assayed for levels of the histocompatibility antigen, HLA-DR. T-helper cells expressed more interleukin (IL-2) receptor (Tac) than T-suppressor/cytotoxic cells.

Biomarkers↗

PubMed2005

Prognostic relevance of methylation markers in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder carcinoma.

There is increasing evidence for the role of epigenetic gene silencing in superficial bladder cancer. The aim of the current study was to investigate the prognostic value of epigenetic alterations in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder carcinoma. We checked the methylation status of 20 cancer associated genes (p14ARF, p16 CDKN2A, STAT-1, SOCS-1, DR-3, DR-6, PIG-7, BCL-2, H-TERT, BAX, EDNRB, DAPK, RASSF-1A, FADD, TMS-1, E-Cadherin, ICAM-1, TIMP-3, MLH-1, COX-2) for DNA methylation. We analysed microdissected tumour samples from 105 consecutive patients with primary non-muscle invasive bladder carcinoma. Quantitative methylation analysis of CpG sites in the promoter region of the genes was performed with methylation sensitive quantitative real time PCR ('Methylight'). Univariate analysis for association with tumour recurrence was carried out with the Kaplan-Meier analysis and the log-rank test. Follow-up data were available in 95/105 patients (91.4%). A tumour recurrence was observed in 26 patients (27.3%). We could identify six genes (SOCS-1, STAT-1, BCL-2, DAPK, TIMP-3, E-Cadherin), where methylation was associated with tumour recurrence. In Kaplan-Meier analysis, TIMP-3 showed a significant association with recurrence free survival. Methylation of TIMP-3 predicted prolonged disease free interval. In this study, we report a comprehensive analysis on prognostic relevance of gene methylation in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. We identified one gene (TIMP-3) where methylation was associated with a more favourable outcome. Our data strongly support the usefulness of gene methylation as a prognostic marker in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

Atopic dermatitis and the risk of osteoporosis and fractures: a meta-analysis of cohort studies.

BACKGROUND: This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the risk of osteoporosis and fractures in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) by synthesizing data from cohort studies. We also provide a comprehensive analysis of fracture risks across different severities of AD and anatomical sites. METHODS: Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library up to May 30, 2025. Studies that investigated the relationship between AD and osteoporosis or fractures were included in the analysis. Data extraction and screening were performed independently by two reviewers. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). A random-effects meta-analysis was applied, alongside sensitivity and subgroup analyses. Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots and Egger's test. RESULTS: Ten cohort studies, involving 368 to over 2 million AD patients, were included. NOS scores ranged from 7 to 8, indicating generally high study quality. The pooled analysis revealed a 56% increased risk of osteoporosis (OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.14-2.13; I2 = 99.9%, p < 0.0001) and an 8% increased risk of all-cause fractures (OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.05-1.10; I2 = 82.1%, p < 0.0001) in AD patients. Subgroup analyses demonstrated a progressive increase in fracture risk with the severity of AD. Specific risks were significantly higher for vertebral fractures (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.08-1.20; I2 = 67.3%, p = 0.009) and lower limb fractures (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.08-1.13; I2 = 65.0%, p = 0.014). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these findings, and no significant publication bias was detected (p = 0.316). CONCLUSION: AD is associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis and fractures, particularly among patients with severe AD and those experiencing vertebral or lower limb fractures. These findings highlight the importance of targeted bone health monitoring in the clinical management of AD patients.Registration: (PROSPERO: CRD420251066550).

Humans↗

PubMed2025

Comparative analysis of DREB gene family in buckwheat: the role of FtDREB02 in the delphinidin biosynthesis and drought stress response.

Dehydration response element binding (DREB) transcription factors play a pivotal role in plant abiotic stress responses, but its evolutionary and functional characterization in buckwheat remains unexplored. Here, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the DREB gene family across three buckwheat species, revealing segmental duplication as the primary driver of family expansion and potential purifying selection during evolution. A FtDREB02 gene, classified as group A2, was identified through genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) on drought tolerance and delphinidin content. Functional validation in Arabidopsis thaliana and the hairy root of Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) demonstrated that overexpression of this gene promotes delphinidin biosynthesis and enhances plant resistance to water scarcity. Through the integration of DAP-seq and PEG transcriptome cluster analysis, a FtANS candidate was screened. Functional studies showed that FtDREB02 regulates delphinidin content by binding directly to DRE elements of the FtANS promoter. This research identifies and comprehensively analyzes the DREB family within buckwheat species, elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of FtDREB02 in controlling flavonoid biosynthesis and drought resistance, providing potential genetic resources for breeding buckwheat varieties with excellent agronomic traits.

Anthocyanins↗

PubMed2002

Gene expression signature of benign prostatic hyperplasia revealed by cDNA microarray analysis.

BACKGROUND: Despite the high prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in the aging male, little is known regarding the etiology of this disease. A better understanding of the molecular etiology of BPH would be facilitated by a comprehensive analysis of gene expression patterns that are characteristic of benign growth in the prostate gland. Since genes differentially expressed between BPH and normal prostate tissues are likely to reflect underlying pathogenic mechanisms involved in the development of BPH, we performed comparative gene expression analysis using cDNA microarray technology to identify candidate genes associated with BPH. METHODS: Total RNA was extracted from a set of 9 BPH specimens from men with extensive hyperplasia and a set of 12 histologically normal prostate tissues excised from radical prostatectomy specimens. Each of these 21 RNA samples was labeled with Cy3 in a reverse transcription reaction and cohybridized with a Cy5 labeled common reference sample to a cDNA microarray containing 6,500 human genes. Normalized fluorescent intensity ratios from each hybridization experiment were extracted to represent the relative mRNA abundance for each gene in each sample. Weighted gene and random permutation analyses were performed to generate a subset of genes with statistically significant differences in expression between BPH and normal prostate tissues. Semi-quantitative PCR analysis was performed to validate differential expression. RESULTS: A subset of 76 genes involved in a wide range of cellular functions was identified to be differentially expressed between BPH and normal prostate tissues. Semi-quantitative PCR was performed on 10 genes and 8 were validated. Genes consistently upregulated in BPH when compared to normal prostate tissues included: a restricted set of growth factors and their binding proteins (e.g. IGF-1 and -2, TGF-beta3, BMP5, latent TGF-beta binding protein 1 and -2); hydrolases, proteases, and protease inhibitors (e.g. neuropathy target esterase, MMP2, alpha-2-macroglobulin); stress response enzymes (e.g. COX2, GSTM5); and extracellular matrix molecules (e.g. laminin alpha 4 and beta 1, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 2, lumican). Genes consistently expressing less mRNA in BPH than in normal prostate tissues were less commonly observed and included the transcription factor KLF4, thrombospondin 4, nitric oxide synthase 2A, transglutaminase 3, and gastrin releasing peptide. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a diverse set of genes that are potentially related to benign prostatic hyperplasia, including genes both previously implicated in BPH pathogenesis as well as others not previously linked to this disease. Further targeted validation and investigations of these genes at the DNA, mRNA, and protein levels are warranted to determine the clinical relevance and possible therapeutic utility of these genes.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

In situ analysis of p16/INK4 promoter hypermethylation in esophageal carcinoma and gastric carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: Inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene by CpG hypermethylation is a common event in a variety of tumors. The present study was designed to be a comprehensive analysis of p16/INK4 methylation in carcinomas of the upper digestive tract. METHODS: Series of esophageal carcinomas (34 cases) and gastric carcinomas (25 cases) were examined for CpG methylation in p16/INK4 using methylation-specific PCR (MSP). The tissue sections underwent MSP in situ and were then examined microscopically. Immunohistochemical detection of the expression of p16 in the tumor specimens was also performed. RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry detected positive p16 expression in 8 cases of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and 15 cases of gastric carcinoma. In esophageal carcinoma, hypermethylation of the p16/INK4 promoter region was detected in 5 cases without statistical correlation with its loss of expression, whereas in the gastric carcinomas, p16 expression was positively correlated with the T-classification (r = 0.488, P = 0.01); p16/INK4 methylation was identified in 8 cases. In addition, p16 expression was lower in the methylated samples than in the non-methylated samples (25% vs 76.47%, P = 0.03). Analysis of the MSP-in-situ sections showed that the distribution of methylated cells in esophageal carcinoma differed from that in gastric carcinoma. CONCLUSION: The role of DNA methylation in the silence of p16/INK4 may different between these two types of upper digestive tract tumor.

Carcinoma↗

PubMed2001

[Analysis of relationship between risk factors of malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia and the LSCP system].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical significance of the LSCP (lesion size, site of lesion, clinical aspects, pathological aspects) classification and staging system through a comprehensive analysis of relationships between the risk factors of malignant transformation of 209 cases with oral leukoplakia and the LSCP classification and staging system. METHODS: Single factor Chi-square test was first performed to examine the associations between LSCP stages (I, II, III, IV) of oral leukoplakia and each of risk factors, including sex, site, size, numbers of lesion, alcohol and tobacco consumption, clinical classification and histopathological classification respectively, to select the most significant factors which influence the LSCP classification and staging. Then, the association of these selected factors with LSCP stages of oral leukoplakia (stage IV vs. I, II and III) was evaluated using multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Sex, site of lesions, clinical aspect and histopathological features of lesions were chosen as risk factors incorporated into the multiple logistic regression models. The results demonstrated that the risk of oral leukoplakia of the female patients classified as LSCP stage IV was 2.49 times as high as that of the male patients. The risk of lesions occurring in tongue and/or that floor of mouth was higher than that in other sites. Among the different clinical subtypes of lesions, the verrucous leukoplakia was the highest and 10.00 times as high as that of the homogeneous one. Among the different histopathological types, when hyperplasia and mild dysplasia were set as the basic level, the risk of severe dysplasia classified as LSCP stage IV was the highest and 499.55 times as high as the basic level, while that of moderate dysplasia was 276.48 times as high as the basic level. Pathological features with moderate and severe dysplasia were the most important contributory factors to the LSCP staging. CONCLUSIONS: The LSCP classification and staging system provides a comprehensive description of the features of oral leukoplakia, which is helpful in evaluating the overall risk of malignant transformation of oral lesion, and is valuable in clinical follow-up and developing the best treatment plan.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Voltage-gated and two-pore-domain potassium channels in murine spiral ganglion neurons.

The systematically varied firing features of spiral ganglion neurons provide an excellent model system for the exploration of how graded ion channel distributions can be used to organize neuronal firing across a population of neurons. Elucidating the underlying mechanisms that determine neuronal response properties requires a complete understanding of the combination of ion channels, auxiliary proteins, modulators, and second messengers that form this highly organized system in the auditory periphery. Toward this goal, we built upon previous studies of voltage-gated K+-selective ion channels (Kv), and expanded our analysis to K+-selective leak channels (KCNK), which can play a major role in setting the basic firing characteristics of spiral ganglion neurons. To begin a more comprehensive analysis of Kv and KCNK channels, a screening approach was employed. RT-PCR was utilized to examine gene expression, the major results of which were confirmed with immunocytochemistry. Initial studies validated this approach by accurately detecting voltage-dependent K+ channels that were documented previously in the spiral ganglion. Furthermore, an additional channel type within the Kv3 family, Kv3.3, was identified and further characterized. The major focus of the study, however, was to systematically examine gene expression levels of the KCNK family of K+-selective leak channels. These channel types determine the resting membrane potential which has a major impact on setting the level of neuronal excitation. TWIK-1, TASK-3, TASK-1, and TREK-1 were expressed in the spiral ganglion; TWIK-1 was specifically localized with immunocytochemistry to the neuronal somata and initial processes of spiral ganglion neurons in vitro.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Genotypes with phenotypes: adventures in an RNA toy world.

Evolution has created the complexity of the animate world and deciphering the language of evolution is the key towards understanding nature. The dynamics of evolution is simplified by considering it as a superposition of three less sophisticated processes: population dynamics, population support dynamics, and genotype-phenotype mapping. Evolution of molecules in laboratory assays provides a sufficiently simple system for the quantitative analysis of the three phenomena. Coarse-grained notions of structures like RNA secondary structures are used as model phenotypes. They provide an excellent tool for a comprehensive analysis of the entire complex of molecular evolution. The mapping from RNA genotypes into secondary structures is highly redundant. In order to find at least one sequence for every common structures one need only search a (relatively) small part of sequence space. The existence of selectively neutral phenotypes plays an important role for the the success and the efficiency of evolutionary optimization. Molecular evolution found a highly promising technological application in the design of biomolecules with predefined properties.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2003

The ERGO genome analysis and discovery system.

The ERGO (http://ergo.integratedgenomics.com/ERGO/) genome analysis and discovery suite is an integration of biological data from genomics, biochemistry, high-throughput expression profiling, genetics and peer-reviewed journals to achieve a comprehensive analysis of genes and genomes. Far beyond any conventional systems that facilitate functional assignments, ERGO combines pattern-based analysis with comparative genomics by visualizing genes within the context of regulation, expression profiling, phylogenetic clusters, fusion events, networked cellular pathways and chromosomal neighborhoods of other functionally related genes. The result of this multifaceted approach is to provide an extensively curated database of the largest available integration of genomes, with a vast collection of reconstructed cellular pathways spanning all domains of life. Although access to ERGO is provided only under subscription, it is already widely used by the academic community. The current version of the system integrates 500 genomes from all domains of life in various levels of completion, 403 of which are available for subscription.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

SNPs on human chromosomes 21 and 22 -- analysis in terms of protein features and pseudogenes.

SNPs are useful for genome-wide mapping and the study of disease genes. Previous studies have focused on SNPs in specific genes or SNPs pooled from a variety of different sources. Here, a systematic approach to the analysis of SNPs in relation to various features on a genome-wide scale, with emphasis on protein features and pseudogenes, is presented. We have performed a comprehensive analysis of 39,408 SNPs on human chromosomes 21 and 22 from the SNP consortium (TSC) database, where SNPs are obtained by random sequencing using consistent and uniform methods. Our study indicates that the occurrence of SNPs is lowest in exons and higher in repeats, introns and pseudogenes. Moreover, in comparing genes and pseudogenes, we find that the SNP density is higher in pseudogenes and the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous changes is also much higher. These observations may be explained by the increased rate of SNP accumulation in pseudogenes, which presumably are not under selective pressure. We have also performed secondary structure prediction on all coding regions and found that there is no preferential distribution of SNPs in a -helices, b -sheets or coils. This could imply that protein structures, in general, can tolerate a wide degree of substitutions. Tables relating to our results are available from http://genecensus.org/pseudogene.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1994

Application of high-performance liquid chromatography/chemical reaction interface mass spectrometry for the analysis of conjugated metabolites: a demonstration using deuterated acetaminophen.

The combination of a universal high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) interface (UI) and the element and isotope-selective capabilities of the chemical reaction interface (CRI) has potential as a comprehensive analysis system for drug conjugates. In this work, we found equal sensitivity for model compounds as their sulfate or glucuronide conjugates. We examined urine and bile samples from Syrian golden hamsters after dosing with (2H4)acetaminophen (D4-APAP), with particular emphasis on the rich range of conjugated metabolites that are known to be produced. Seventeen metabolites were quantified from a single chromatogram of urine; 14 were conjugates. With a combination of authentic standards, selective hydrolysis, and sulfur-selective CRIMS detection, at least partial identification of most of these metabolites was accomplished. The glutathione conjugate of APAP appears the dominant metabolite in bile. The quantitative pattern of APAP metabolism found here is consistent with literature values. It does appear that this HPLC/UI/CRIMS combination has substantial ability to carry out comprehensive metabolite determinations, especially for conjugated species.

Acetaminophen↗

PubMed2006

Analysis of recent vessel arrivals and ballast water discharge in Alaska: toward assessing ship-mediated invasion risk.

Ships are a dominant vector for biological invasions through ballast water discharge (BWD) and hull fouling. Here, we provide a first comprehensive analysis of shipping in Alaska, summarizing (a) the number, type and origin of vessel arrivals to Alaska for 2003 and 2004, (b) the spatial and temporal variation in vessel traffic, and (c) the available data on ballast water discharge in order to prioritize locations for tracking biological invasions. Most arrivals were passenger vessels, followed by ferries and fishing vessels, all of which carried little ballast water. Regional and seasonal patterns in arrivals and BWD were unevenly distributed among vessel types. The majority of vessels reporting BWD were from foreign ports, and most of this ballast was untreated. The largest volumes of ballast were from tankers at Valdez and Kenai Peninsula ports. Although Alaska has few documented invasions, opportunities for ship-mediated transfer now appear high and warrant further scrutiny.

Alaska↗

PubMed1993

Speech breathing in young adults: effect of body type.

Chest wall kinematic records were obtained from 60 healthy young adults aged 18 to 23 years using a strain-gauge belt pneumograph transduction system. Recordings were taken with the subjects seated in an upright position for measurement of general respiratory function and speech breathing. The 30 males and 30 females also underwent analysis of body type and spirometric assessment. The present study aimed to investigate normative variations in speech breathing kinematics as a function of body type. Measurements of lung volume levels were referenced to two kinematic respiratory points (the 0% limit and resting-end expiratory level) and relative volume displacement of the rib cage and abdomen. Various other assessments of connected speech were analyzed for each subject. Results gathered from four speech tasks (vowel prolongation, syllable repetition, counting, and reading) indicated that an analysis of the three major subdivisions of body type (endomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy) did not show any between-group differences. Further analysis of six subdivisions from the three major subdivisions of body type groups showed few between-group differences. The present investigation provides clinicians and researchers with a comprehensive analysis of the speech breathing characteristics of the young adult population. The need for comparative studies and research into the different methods of assessing chest wall kinematic behavior during speech breathing is highlighted.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. IV. The coding sequences of 40 new genes (KIAA0121-KIAA0160) deduced by analysis of cDNA clones from human cell line KG-1.

In this series of projects regarding the accumulation of sequence information of unidentified human genes, we newly deduced the sequences of 40 full-length cDNA clones of human cell line KG-1, and predicted the coding sequences of the corresponding genes, named KIAA0121 to 0160. The results of a computer search of public databases indicated that the sequences of 13 genes were unrelated to any reported genes, while the remaining 27 genes carried sequences which showed some similarities to known genes. Obvious unique sequences noted were as follows. A stretch of triplet repeats was contained in each of three genes: These were GAG(Glu) in KIAA0122 and KIAA0147, and TCC(Ser) in KIAA0150. A stretch of 10 amino acid-residues was repeated 21 times in KIAA0139, and a homologous sequence of 76-78 nucleotides was found repeated 6 times in the untranslated region of KIAA0125. Northern hybridization analysis demonstrated that 13 genes were expressed in a cell- or tissue-specific manner. Although a vast number of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) have been registered for comprehensive analysis of cDNA clones, our sequence data indicated that their distribution is very unbalanced: e.g. while no EST hit 7 genes, 85 ESTs fell in a single gene.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2005

Diagnostic value of C4d in renal biopsies.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Capillary C4d is now an established marker of antibody-mediated rejection in graft biopsies. The technique is widely used to further define the clinical relevance of humoral alloreactivity in various patient subgroups. These include highly sensitized patients, recipients with late graft failure and also some with 'stable' graft function. RECENT FINDINGS: The C4d technique compares favourably with other techniques that are explored, for example detection of C3d. Capillary C4d can be associated with any graft pathology, including transplant glomerulopathy. C4d is related to circulating alloantibodies but not autoantibodies, and is probably not derived from local sources. Presensitization and de-novo sensitization are important scenarios of humoral alloreactivity that require refined analysis and treatment. SUMMARY: Detection of C4d in graft biopsies has emerged as an important tool that could substantiate the clinical significance of antibody-mediated rejections. The comprehensive analysis of humoral alloreactivity in the posttransplantation period is still ongoing and will hopefully result in improved patient care and better long-term graft survival.

Autoantibodies↗

PubMed1987

[A method for the quantitative analysis of steroid hormones by HPLC/RIA].

To solve the problem of cross-reaction in immunoassay and determine various steroid hormones simultaneously in a small amount of sample, a method for the quantitative analysis of steroid hormones was developed. This method is a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and radioimmunoassay (RIA). The purpose of the study is the comprehensive analysis of steroid hormones profiles in normal subjects and adreno-cortical diseases. One hundred microliters of plasma was extracted by ether and the ether layer was evaporated. The residue was redissolved and separated by HPLC. Then fractions of steroid hormones were taken and determined by RIA. In this study, cortisol (F), androstenedione (A), 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), testosterone (T), progesterone (P), estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2) were analyzed in normal adults, congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency and Cushing's syndrome. Results in normal adults were similar with those had been previously reported. In CAH, F was remarkably low and 17-OHP, A, T and P were remarkably high before treatment. During treatment some cases showed that 17-OHP, A, T and P were high, and 17-OHP and P tended to be within normal range, if F had been kept higher than about 20 micrograms/dl. In the analysis of Cushing's syndrome before treatment, there were definite differences between adenoma and hyperplasia. A, 17-OHP, T, E1 and E2 were higher in hyperplasia than those in adenoma. It is suggested that it is possible to diagnose the type of Cushing's syndrome with a small amount of plasma using this method. As a mass screening method of CAH at present, 17-OHP in dried blood on filter paper is determined, therefore the quantitative analysis of 17-OHP in dried blood on filter paper (9 mm disc) was attempted. The quantitative analysis proved to be possible, and it was considered to be applied as the secondary screening method of CAH by the use of dried blood on filter paper.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗