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At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

The effect of subtenon triamcinolone acetonide injection for diabetic macular edema on retinal and choroidal circulation.

PURPOSE: To evaluate changes in retinal and choroidal circulation after subtenon triamcinolone acetonide (TA) injection for diabetic macular edema. DESIGN: Prospective interventional case series. METHODS: Thirteen eyes of 13 patients with diabetic macular edema were studied. Fluorescein and indocyanine green angiograms were performed at three periods: before the injection and 1 week and 6 months after subtenon injection of TA (40 mg). Retinal arteriovenous passage time (as an indicator of retinal circulation) and choroidal tau (as an indicator of early filling velocity of choroid) were obtained with image analysis software. RESULTS: Choroidal tau values before and 1 week after subtenon TA injection were, respectively, 3.2 +/- 0.4 and 4.0 +/- 0.7 seconds, which showed a significant delay (P = .01, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). The delayed choroidal tau values returned to pretreatment level at 6 months after TA injection. In contrast, the arteriovenous passage time remained unchanged. CONCLUSION: Subtenon TA injection transiently influences choroidal blood flow.

Blood Circulation↗
PubMed2006

Rationale for combination therapies for choroidal neovascularization.

PURPOSE: To provide a conceptual framework for the development and use of combination therapies for choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration. DESIGN: Literature review, integration of data, and creation of hypothesis. METHODS: An assessment of angiogenesis, cancer therapy, and inflammation was performed as they may pertain to choroidal neovascularization. A conceptual framework was created in which therapies for choroidal neovascularization could be evaluated alone or in combination. RESULTS: Angiogenesis occurs because cells produce angiogenic stimuli to encourage blood vessels to develop. This growth of vessels involves an orchestrated interaction among many mediators offering opportunity to modulate or inhibit the entire process. A two-component model for choroidal neovascularization is proposed. The vascular component of choroidal neovascularization is comprised of vascular endothelial cells, endothelial cell precursors, and pericytes. The extravascular component, which by histopathology appears to be both the source of angiogenic stimuli and often the largest component volumetrically, is comprised of inflammatory, glial and retinal pigment epithelial cells, and fibroblasts. Tissue damage can be caused by either component. Each component can be targeted through as variety of monotherapies. Combination therapies offer the possibility of attacking one component in more than one way or by attacking both components simultaneously. CONCLUSIONS: The two-component model of choroidal neovascularization can be used to evaluate the mechanism of action and possible interactions of these agents in a conceptual framework. Extension of these ideas can help guide development of new treatment agents and approaches.

Angiogenesis Inhibitors↗
PubMed2004

Comparative anatomy of nitrergic intrinsic choroidal neurons (ICN) in various avian species.

Intrinsic choroidal neurons (ICN) represent a peculiar feature of eyes in higher primates and birds. They account for up to 2000 in human and duck eyes but are virtually absent or rare in all other mammalian species investigated so far. It has been suggested that ICN are involved in regulation of ocular blood supply, hence influencing intraocular pressure, and changes in choroidal thickness, thus influencing accommodation. The present study was undertaken in order to compare differences in various avian species with respect to ICN as well as to provide data on some avian species relevant for experimental ophthalmic research, i.e. chicken and quail. Choroids from 12 avian species were processed for NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry or, in some cases, neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunocytochemistry. ICN were quantified and normalized to mean choroidal area. Three choroids of each galliformes (i.e. chicken, quail, turkey) and anseriformes (i.e. Muscovy duck, Mallard duck, goose) were rastered in squares of 1 mm2 and x/y coordinates were transferred into a 3D-diagram with the amount of ICN represented in the z-axis. ICN were detected in all species investigated. They were predominantly small cells with soma diameters of 20-30 microm. In turkey, and to a lesser amount in chicken, a subpopulation of ICN with somal diameters of up to 70 microm was observed. Highest mean cell counts were found in goose (6195.4; turkey 3558.4; chicken 1681.4; Muscovy duck 785.4; Mallard duck 640.8; quail 440.2). Normalized to choroidal area, highest mean cell counts were (per mm2): 12.62 in goose, 4.42 in both chicken and turkey, 2.86 in quail, 2.66 in Mallard duck and 1.89 in Muscovy duck. In galliformes, ICN were found to be accumulated temporo-cranial, while in anseriformes they were arranged in a more belt-like fashion, passing from cranio-nasal to temporo-caudal. Our results show that besides Muscovy duck, other avian species appear as suitable models for further functional experiments on ICN. The temporo-cranial accumulation of ICN in galliformes and the belt-like arrangement in anseriformes may reflect special functional requirements in regions of high visual acuity.

Anatomy, Comparative↗
PubMed2006

Krypton laser photocoagulation induces retinal vascular remodeling rather than choroidal neovascularization.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the retina and choroid response following krypton laser photocoagulation. Ninety-two C57BL6/Sev129 and 32 C57BL/6J, 5-6-week-old mice received one single krypton (630 nm) laser lesion: 50 microm, 0.05 s, 400 mW. On the following day, every day thereafter for 1 week and every 2-3 days for the following 3 weeks, serial sections throughout the lesion were systematically collected and studied. Immunohistology using specific markers or antibodies for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (astrocytes, glia and Muller's cells), von Willebrand (vW) (vascular endothelial cells), TUNEL (cells undergoing caspase dependent apoptosis), PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) p36, CD4 and F4/80 (infiltrating inflammatory and T cells), DAPI (cell nuclei) and routine histology were carried out. Laser confocal microscopy was also performed on flat mounts. Temporal and spatial observations of the created photocoagulation lesions demonstrate that, after a few hours, activated glial cells within the retinal path of the laser beam express GFAP. After 48 h, GFAP-positive staining was also detected within the choroid lesion center. "Movement" of this GFAP-positive expression towards the lasered choroid was preceded by a well-demarcated and localized apoptosis of the retina outer nuclear layer cells within the laser beam path. Later, death of retinal outer nuclear cells and layer thinning at this site was followed by evagination of the inner nuclear retinal layer. Funneling of the entire inner nuclear and the thinned outer nuclear layers into the choroid lesion center was accompanied by "dragging" of the retinal capillaries. Thus, from days 10 to 14 after krypton laser photocoagulation onward, well-formed blood capillaries (of retinal origin) were observed within the lesion. Only a few of the vW-positive capillary endothelial cells stained also for PCNA p36. In the choroid, dilatation of the vascular bed occurred at the vicinity of the photocoagulation site and around it. Confocal microscopy demonstrates that the vessels throughout the path lesion are located within the neuroretina while in the choroid (after separation of the neural retina) only GFAP-positive but no lectin-positive cells can be seen. The involvement of infiltrating inflammatory cells in these remodeling and healing processes remained minimal throughout the study period. During the 4 weeks following krypton laser photocoagulation in the mouse eye, processes of wound healing and remodeling appear to be driven by cells (and vessels) originating from the retina.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Age-related changes in sympathetic neurotransmission in rat retina and choroid.

While age-related night vision loss and age-related macular degeneration are well characterized, less is known about the normal aging process in the retina and choroid. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), beta1- and beta2-adrenergic receptor gene and protein expression are altered in the retina and choroid with age. The retina and choroid were dissected from F344xBNF1 hybrid rats aged 8, 22, and 32 months. Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis were conducted to determine steady-state mRNA and protein expression. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was conducted to localize DBH protein expression in the retina. DBH protein expression was substantially decreased with age in the retina, particularly in the outer nuclear layer, with no changes in DBH expression noted in the choroid. There was a significant increase in beta1-adrenergic receptor protein expression in retinal samples at 22 months, while beta2-adrenergic receptor protein expression was not affected by age. Decreased expression of DBH with age in the retina could lead to reduced production of norepinephrine, potentially resulting in an increase of beta1-adrenergic receptor expression due to denervation supersensitivity. Gene expression for DBH, beta1- and beta2-adrenergic receptors were observed to peak at 22 months and return to baseline levels by 32 months of age in the choroid. Our findings suggest that the retina may be more sensitive to age-related loss of sympathetic neurotransmission than the choroid, which may partially explain normal age-related vision loss in the elderly.

Aging↗
PubMed2005

Optical coherence tomography characteristics of choroidal metastasis.

PURPOSE: To report 4 patients (7 eyes) with choroidal metastasis (primary: breast [2], lung [1], and unknown [1]) visualized with optical coherence tomography (OCT). DESIGN: Retrospective case series. PARTICIPANTS: Four patients (7 eyes) with choroidal metastasis participated in the study. METHODS: Clinical examination, ultrasonography, fluorescein angiography, and OCT were performed in all cases. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Optical coherence tomography characteristics. RESULTS: Three patients suffered a gradual onset of blurred vision in both eyes. The fourth presented a unilateral decrease in visual acuity. Bilateral choroidal lesions with various degrees of exudative retinal detachment (RD) were present in 3 of our 4 patients, and there was 1 case of a unilateral unifocal choroidal lesion. Optical coherence tomography revealed anterior displacement of the photoreceptor layer by subretinal fluid (hyporeflective space) overlying a hyperreflective thickened retinal pigment epithelium-choriocapillaris complex. Subretinal deposits with several degrees of hyperreflectivity were seen, as well as loss of normal retinal architecture with intraretinal splitting, identified as regions of low reflectance within the neurosensory retina. After chemotherapy, OCT demonstrated improvement of the serous RD and reduction of the lesion's size with recovery of the normal retinal architecture. CONCLUSIONS: Optical coherence tomography in patients with choroidal metastasis allows evaluation of secondary retinal-retinal pigment epithelial changes. In addition, the technique is useful in the follow-up of lesions after treatment. However, some limitations result from the choroidal location of the metastasis. Further studies with clinicopathological correlation are needed to confirm our observations.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2005

Verteporfin therapy combined with intravitreal triamcinolone in all types of choroidal neovascularization due to age-related macular degeneration.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of photodynamic therapy with verteporfin combined with intravitreal triamcinolone in choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). DESIGN: Prospective, noncomparative, interventional case series. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred eighty-four patients undergoing treatment for neovascular AMD at one retinal referral center. METHODS: One hundred eighty-four eyes of 184 consecutive patients (63.6% female, 36.4% male) with a mean age of 76.5 years and a follow-up of a median of 38.8 weeks (range, 12-103) were included in a case series. One hundred forty-eight (80.4%) patients had subfoveal choroidal neovascularization, 19 patients (10.3%) had juxtafoveal choroidal neovascularization, and 17 patients (9.2%) had extrafoveal choroidal neovascularization. Verteporfin photodynamic therapy was performed using the recommended standard procedure. A solution containing 25 mg of triamcinolone was injected intravitreally 16 hours after photodynamic therapy in 184 patients. The combined therapy procedure was repeated at the 3-month follow-up visits whenever persistent choroidal neovascularization leakage was documented angiographically. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mean change in best-refracted visual acuity (VA) between baseline and the last visit, and number of treatments necessary to achieve absence of leakage. RESULTS: Visual acuity improved in the majority of patients (baseline VA, mean 20/125) by a mean increase of 1.22 Snellen lines and 1.43 lines using laser interferometry (P<0.01). The mean number of required treatments was 1.21. Twenty-three eyes (12.5%) required 2 treatments, 6 eyes (3.26%) required 3 treatments, and 1 eye (0.5%) required 4 treatments. The combination treatment including laser and intravitreal steroid administration was well tolerated. Forty-six patients (25%) required glaucoma therapy due to a transient steroid-induced intraocular pressure (IOP) increase. Twelve patients (6.5%) were on topical medication for preexisting glaucoma. Two patients (1%) whose IOP increase could not be controlled with topical therapy required surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Verteporfin photodynamic therapy combined with intravitreal triamcinolone may improve the outcome of standard verteporfin photodynamic therapy in the treatment of choroidal neovascularization secondary to AMD. A significant improvement in VA was observed in a majority of treated patients and was maintained during the maximum follow-up. In addition, retreatment rates were lower than anticipated.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

The choroidal circulation assessed by laser-targeted angiography.

The choroid plays an important role in supplying nutrients to and removing waste products from the outer region of the retina. Abnormal choroidal blood flow can disrupt normal retinal function and lead to alterations in visual function. Visualization of the choriocapillaris in vivo is a great challenge to understanding its normal physiology and involvement in the disease process. Laser-targeted angiography (LTA) is a relatively new method used to visualize and analyze the choroidal circulation. Carboxyfluorescein (CF), encapsulated in heat-sensitive liposomes, is released locally in the choroid through the application of a heat beam provided by an infrared laser. Video angiograms are generated with excitation illumination provided by an argon laser. Obtained images are highly selective to the choriocapillaris and are sharply contrasted against underlying and overlying structures. The images can be obtained repetitively, during which period the circulating liposome concentration is sufficient to generate adequate angiograms. These high-quality images have revealed three distinct phases (filling, plateau, and draining) of the choriocapillaris. In the plateau phase, a cluster of lobules fed by a common arteriole has been uniformly illuminated. This defined cluster area does not change in size while an infrared laser is continuously applied to the same spot, which demonstrates that each cluster is functionally independent and no physiological communication exists between them. Only in posterior regions do the angiograms demonstrate during the filling and draining phases that each lobule is filled from a central spot and drained along a peripheral ring, showing honeycomb flow patterns. The regional differences in choriocapillaris flow patterns revealed by LTA suggests that the choriocapillaris provides a more highly efficient system of outflow in posterior regions than in peripheral regions. LTA is useful in analyzing choroidal circulation in vivo and has the potential for clinical application in the future. Additionally, LTA has a unique capability to image choroidal neovascularization in animal models and it promises potential application in age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Tissue interaction between the retinal pigment epithelium and the choroid triggers retinal regeneration of the newt Cynops pyrrhogaster.

Complete retinal regeneration in adult animals occurs only in certain urodele amphibians, in which the retinal pigmented epithelial cells (RPE) undergo transdifferentiation to produce all cell types constituting the neural retina. A similar mechanism also appears to be involved in retinal regeneration in the embryonic stage of some other species, but the nature of this mechanism has not yet been elucidated. The organ culture model of retinal regeneration is a useful experimental system and we previously reported RPE transdifferentiation of the newt under this condition. Here, we show that cultured RPE cells proliferate and differentiate into neurons when cultured with the choroid attached to the RPE, but they did not exhibit any morphological changes when cultured alone following removal of the choroid. This finding indicates that the tissue interactions between the RPE and the choroid are essential for the former to proliferate. This tissue interaction appears to be mediated by diffusible factors, because the choroid could affect RPE cells even when the two tissues were separated by a membrane filter. RPE transdifferentiation under the organotypic culture condition was abolished by a MEK (ERK kinase) inhibitor, U0126, but was partially suppressed by an FGF receptor inhibitor, SU5402, suggesting that FGF signaling pathway has a central role in the transdifferentiation. While IGF-1 alone had no effect on isolated RPE, combination of FGF-2 and IGF-1 stimulated RPE cell transdifferentiation similar to the results obtained in organ-cultured RPE and choroid. RT-PCR revealed that gene expression of both FGF-2 and IGF-1 is up-regulated following removal of the retina. Thus, we show for the first time that the choroid plays an essential role in newt retinal regeneration, opening a new avenue for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying retinal regeneration.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Optical coherence tomography patterns of choroidal osteoma.

PURPOSE: To determine the optical coherence tomographic images that are commonly observed in eyes with choroidal osteoma (choroidal ossification). METHODS: Three patients with choroidal osteoma were examined by optical coherence tomography. RESULTS: We found two optical coherence tomographic patterns in the eyes with choroidal osteoma. First, multiple tracks of high refractivity were present posterior to the tumor lesion. Second, thick and irregular plate-like, high-signal intensity areas were present in the choroid in the region of the tumor. CONCLUSIONS: Optical coherence tomography can be useful in the diagnosis of choroidal osteoma.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Metastatic adenocarcinoma with rupture through the Bruch membrane simulating a choroidal melanoma.

PURPOSE: To report a case of adenocarcinoma metastatic to the choroid with rupture through the Bruch membrane, thus, simulating a choroidal melanoma. METHODS: Interventional case report. Evaluation in a university-based clinic, including a complete eye examination, fluorescein angiography, and ultrasonography; oncological evaluation; and eventual enucleation with histopathological study, including immunohistochemical stains. RESULTS: A 62-year-old Hispanic female presented with visual loss, right eye, of short duration because of a choroidal mass with retinal detachment. Ultrasonography showed a dome-shaped lesion with an eccentric collar-button projection and medium internal reflectivity, which suggested a choroidal melanoma. Initial systemic evaluation was negative. Severe pain necessitated enucleation, RE, and histopathology of the choroidal mass demonstrated an adenocarcinoma. Further examination revealed a left, upper lobe, nonsmall cell lung carcinoma. CONCLUSION: Metastatic choroidal tumors may present, although rarely, with collar-button configurations.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2002

Photodynamic therapy with verteporfin for choroidal neovascularization in patients with angioid streaks.

PURPOSE: To evaluate safety and efficacy of photodynamic therapy with verteporfin for subfoveal choroidal neovascularization associated with angioid streaks. DESIGN: Prospective interventional case series. METHODS: Eight patients (eight eyes) with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization secondary to angioid streaks were reviewed. Standardized protocol refraction, visual acuity testing, ophthalmologic examinations, color photographs, fluorescein angiograms and indocyanine angiograms were used to evaluate the results of photodynamic therapy with verteporfin. Follow up ranged from 6 to 12 months with a mean (+/- SD) of 8.75 (+/- 2.37) months. RESULTS: Photodynamic therapy with verteporfin was well tolerated in patients with choroidal neovascularization related to angioid streaks. No deterioration in visual acuity was observed. Increase in median best-corrected visual acuity was 1.37 lines (SD +/- 1.59 lines, range 1-5 lines) at the last follow up. Two (25%) patients had no improvement of visual acuity. At the last follow up three (37.5%) patients showed no leakage and three (37.5%) patients had minimal leakage from choroidal neovascularization. Photodynamic therapy related ocular complications were not reported in any case. CONCLUSIONS: Photodynamic therapy with verteporfin generally achieved short-term cessation of or decrease of fluorescein leakage from subfoveal choroidal neovascularization without loss of vision in patients with angioid streaks. Further studies with longer follow up are necessary to confirm whether verteporfin therapy is beneficial for subfoveal choroidal neovascularization related to angioid streaks.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Intrachoroidal microvascular abnormality: a previously unrecognized form of choroidal neovascularization.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the histopathologic and histochemical characteristics of intrachoroidal microvascular abnormality. METHODS: Forty eyes obtained at autopsy from human donors ranging in age from 20 to 91 years (25 diabetics, 15 nondiabetics) were analyzed. Choroids were processed for alkaline phosphatase flat-embedding. Vascular patterns were examined and analyzed before embedding and serial sectioning. RESULTS: Intrachoroidal microvascular abnormality had the most prominent alkaline phosphatase reaction product of choroidal vessels. These formations appeared as ameboid or cobweb-like vascular networks (area, 0.05 to 4.6 mm2) in the choroidal stroma external to the choriocapillaris. They appeared as both single or groups of formations in the posterior pole and equatorial regions in all subjects. Intrachoroidal microvascular abnormality was found in five subjects with diabetes: four with type I diabetes mellitus, and one with type II diabetes mellitus. One subject had proliferative diabetic retinopathy, three had background retinopathy, and one had no retinopathy. Intrachoroidal microvascular abnormality was connected with all levels of choroidal vasculature. Microaneurysms were observed within intrachoroidal microvascular abnormality formations in most subjects but not in other choroidal vessels. CONCLUSIONS: Intrachoroidal microvascular abnormality is a form of intrachoroidal neovascularization. This neovascularization has features similar to intraretinal microvascular abnormalities found in diabetic subjects but seems to form independently of the status of retinopathy. The presence of microaneurysms in intrachoroidal microvascular abnormalities and not other choroidal vessels supports the view that aneurysms may be aborted attempts at neovascularization.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor are present in epiretinal and choroidal neovascular membranes.

PURPOSE: To determine whether vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor, which may be critical mitogens for neovascularization, are present together in human retinal and choroidal neovascular membranes. METHODS: Light microscopic immunocytochemistry using antibodies against vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and several cellular "marker" proteins on frozen sections from three choroidal neovascular membranes from patients with age-related macular degeneration, seven surgically excised epiretinal membranes from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and six epiretinal membranes from patients with nonischemic proliferative retinopathies. RESULTS: All three choroidal neovascular membranes and all seven epiretinal membranes stained positive for vascular endothelial growth factor. Two choroidal neovascular membranes and six of the epiretinal membranes were positive for basic fibroblast growth factor. The same cells were often positive for both antigens. None of the epiretinal membranes from patients with nonischemic proliferative retinopathies were positive for either growth factor. Many of the cells that demonstrated growth factors were glial cells, vascular endothelial cells, and retinal pigment epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS: Colocalization of two growth factors in the same cells of ocular neovascular membranes suggests that more than one growth factor may contribute to pathologic angiogenesis. Growth factors in neovascular tissues are not localized exclusively in the vascular endothelium. Because expression of some growth factors is stimulated by hypoxia, their localization within choroidal neovascular membranes suggests that hypoxia may be an etiologic factor for choroidal as well as for retinal neovascularization.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Epstein-Barr virus antibodies in multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis.

Although it has been reported that patients with multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis have serologic evidence of a chronic or persistent Epstein-Barr virus infection, our patients did not seem to have other stigmata of Epstein-Barr virus infection. To reappraise the serologic evidence of chronic Epstein-Barr virus infection, the Epstein-Barr antibody levels in 11 patients with multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis and 11 sex- and age-matched control patients were measured. Neither the antiviral capsid antigen IgG (P = .15) nor the antinuclear antigen (P = .2) antibody titers of the patients with multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis were significantly different than those of the control patients. Neither the patients with multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis nor the control patients had increased antiviral capsid antigen IgM titers. One patient with multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis and three control patients had positive anti-early antigen antibody titers (P = .59). The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that patients with multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis have serologic evidence of chronic or persistent Epstein-Barr virus infection as a characteristic finding.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Clinicopathologic correlations of surgically excised type 1 and type 2 submacular choroidal neovascular membranes.

PURPOSE: To correlate the histologic and clinical classification of type 1 (subretinal pigment epithelium) and type 2 (subsensory retina) choroidal neovascularization. METHODS: Ten eyes of 10 patients with surgically excised choroidal neovascularization that were routinely processed and could be histologically classified as having a type 1 or type 2 configuration were studied. The patients were clinically classified as having type 1 or type 2 choroidal neovascularization according to preoperative fundus appearance of both eyes and patient age. The histologic and clinical classifications were made in a masked fashion, and the results were compared. RESULTS: The histologic classification was type 1 and type 2 for three and seven specimens, respectively. The clinical classification matched the histologic classification in nine of 10 cases. Clinical fundus characteristics that distinguished type 2 choroidal neovascularization included a subretinal pigmented halo or pigmented plaque in the area of the choroidal neovascularization and sharply defined borders. Patients with type 1 membranes were on average older (76 years) than patients with type 2 membranes (53 years). CONCLUSIONS: It is generally possible to clinically ascertain by clinical fundus appearance and age of a patient whether subfoveal choroidal neovascularization represents a type 1 or type 2 configuration.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Choroidal metastasis in men with metastatic breast cancer.

PURPOSE: To report two cases of choroidal metastasis in metastatic breast cancer in men. METHOD: Case reports of a 50-year-old man with an 8-year history of breast cancer who was initially examined with a solitary amelanotic choroidal tumor and a 62-year-old man with an 8-month history of breast cancer who was initially examined with numerous unilateral amelanotic choroidal tumors. RESULTS: Ophthalmoscopic and echographic characteristics of the choroidal tumors were typical for breast cancer metastasis. Systemic screening disclosed advanced metastatic disease in both patients. Choroidal metastasis could be effectively treated by external beam irradiation. CONCLUSIONS: Although breast cancer is a rare condition in men, it should be considered as a possible primary cancer in cases of choroidal metastasis.

Bone Neoplasms↗
PubMed2003

Expression of aquaporin 1 and aquaporin 4 water channels in rat choroid plexus.

The role of aquaporins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secretion was investigated in this study. Western analysis and immunocytochemistry were used to examine the expression of aquaporin 1 (AQP1) and aquaporin 4 (AQP4) in the rat choroid plexus epithelium. Western analyses were performed on a membrane fraction that was enriched in Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and AE2, marker proteins for the apical and basolateral membranes of the choroid plexus epithelium, respectively. The AQP1 antibody detected peptides with molecular masses of 27 and 32 kDa in fourth and lateral ventricle choroid plexus. A single peptide of 29 kDa was identified by the AQP4 antibody in fourth and lateral ventricle choroid plexus. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated that AQP1 is expressed in the apical membrane of both lateral and fourth ventricle choroid plexus epithelial cells. The immunofluorescence signal with the AQP4 antibody was diffusely distributed throughout the cytoplasm, and there was no evidence for AQP4 expression in either the apical or basolateral membrane of the epithelial cells. The data suggest that AQP1 contributes to water transport across the apical membrane of the choroid plexus epithelium during CSF secretion. The route by which water crosses the basolateral membrane, however, remains to be determined.

Animals↗