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At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

[Role of novel G-protein-coupled receptors and their ligands in the cardiovascular system].

INTRODUCTION: Despite current drug therapies, cardiovascular disease remains the major cause of morbidity and mortality, which suggests that yet unknown transmitter systems might be also involved in this disease. AIMS: Recent years discoveries have mainly focused on the most common type of cardiac receptors--the seven-transmembrane-spanning G-protein coupled receptors. mRNA encoding several recently discovered, orphan' receptors and their putative ligands has been identified in human tissues such as heart, vessels and plasma. RESULTS: Data obtained from in vitro pharmacological studies using healthy and pathological surgical samples of human arteries, veins and heart muscle as well as from subsequent in vivo studies are proving advantageous in characterization of potent vasoactive and direct cardiac effects of these peptide ligands, such as apelin, relaxin, ghrelin, and urotensin II. These novel peptides also have a clinical relevance as they are shown to be differentially expressed in human heart failure. CONCLUSIONS: The pharmacological characterization of these emerging peptide-receptor systems is therefore a tantalizing area of cardiovascular research, with the prospect of identifying new diagnostic and therapeutic targets.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The reaction of the cardiovascular system to terrain cure in patients with ischemic heart disease who have undergone surgical myocardial revascularization].

Muscular training in IHD patients who have undergone surgical revascularization of the myocardium should be planned on the individual basis regarding functional condition of the cardiovascular system. Patients with reduced left ventricular contractility should exercise under Holter ECG monitoring to control episodes of ventricular arrhythmia.

Cardiovascular System↗
PubMed1976

Report of the Inter-Society Commission for Heart Disease Resources. Optimal resources for examination of the chest and cardiovascular system. A hospital planning and resource guideline. Radiologic facilities for conventional x-ray examination of the heart and lungs. Catheterization-angiographic Laboratories. Radiologic resources for cardiovascular surgical operating rooms and intensive care units.

This is an updated and expanded planning and oprimal resource guideline for diagnostic examinations of the cardiovascular system. Catheterization-angiographic laboratories are described and detailed specifications given for radiologic and physiologic equipment. Case loads for maintaining safe and effective performance are recommended and complication rates discussed. An optimal location for the laboratory is defined and the status of affiliated laboratories reviewed. Professional staff qualifications, relationships and requirements are enumerated and recommendations are made for organization and administration of the services. There is a protocol for electrical safety and radiation protection and a data base for assessing case loads in hospitals within a community or region. This statement also defines optimal facility and equipment criteria for conventional chest x-rays and radiologic equipment requirements for cardiovascular surgical operating rooms and intensive care units.

Angiocardiography↗
PubMed2006

Cell death in the cardiovascular system.

Cell death is important for both development and tissue homeostasis in the adult. As such, it is tightly controlled and deregulation is associated with diverse pathologies; for example, regulated cell death is involved in vessel remodelling during development or following injury, but deregulated death is implicated in pathologies such as atherosclerosis, aneurysm formation, ischaemic and dilated cardiomyopathies and infarction. We describe the mechanisms of cell death and its role in the normal physiology and various pathologies of the cardiovascular system.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed1996

Effect of eel ventricular natriuretic peptide on the kidney and cardiovascular system in the dog.

Ventricular natriuretic peptide (VNP), a possibly new type of natriuretic peptide with an extended C-terminal tail, has been isolated from eel cardiac ventricles. We investigated the effects of eel VNP on the kidney and cardiovascular system and compared these results with those of mammalian peptides in dogs. Eel VNP, human (dog) ANP, human and dog BNPs were infused into the renal artery at non-hypotensive doses. All peptides produced similar diuresis and natriuresis, but cardiac output and the left and right ventricular stroke work were decreased by BNPs, but ANP and eel VNP did not change these parameters. Systemic vascular resistance was increased by BNPs, but unaffected by other peptides. These results show that eel VNP has renal effects similar to ANP and BNP, but it elicits responses in the heart different from those of BNPs in anesthetized dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Transgenic mouse models of angiotensin receptor subtype function in the cardiovascular system.

Angiotensin II mediates is biological actions via different subtypes of G protein-coupled receptors, termed AT(1) and AT(2) receptors. In rodents, two AT(1) receptors have been identified, AT(1A) and AT(1B), whereas in humans a single AT(1) receptor exists. Recently, a number of transgenic animal models have been generated which overexpress or lack functional angiotensin II receptor subtypes. This review focuses on the physiological significance of angiotensin II receptor subtype diversity in the cardiovascular system. In the mouse, AT(1A) receptors are the major regulators of cardiovascular homeostasis by determining vascular tone and natriuresis. In addition, AT(1A) receptors mediate growth-stimulating signals in vascular and cardiac myocytes. AT(1B) receptors participate in blood pressure regulation, and their functions become apparent when the AT(1A) receptor gene is deleted. Deletion of the mouse gene for the AT(2) receptor subtype led to hypersensitivity to pressor and antinatriuretic effects of angiotensin II in vivo, suggesting that the AT(2) receptor subtype counteracts some of the biological effects of AT(1) receptor signalling.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed2006

Enhanced baroreceptor control of the cardiovascular system by polyunsaturated Fatty acids in heart failure patients.

OBJECTIVES: The intention of this study was to test the hypothesis that, in heart failure patients, dietary supplementation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) enhances arterial baroreceptor control of the cardiovascular system. BACKGROUND: Administration of PUFA reduces the risk of life-threatening arrhythmias in patients surviving myocardial infarction. This might result from potentiation of arterial baroreflexes, but whether or not PUFA enhance baroreflex function has never been studied in humans. METHODS: Patients with post-myocardial infarction left ventricular dysfunction underwent beat-to-beat blood pressure (BP) (Finapres, Ohmeda Inc., Englewood, Colorado) and R-R interval (electrocardiogram) recording; baroreceptor reflexes were assessed from the bradycardic and depressor responses to graded neck suction (NS) as well as by computation of the alpha "spontaneous" baroreflex sensitivity index. Assessments were repeated after prolonged treatment with PUFA (2 g/die, n = 15) or placebo (n = 10). RESULTS: Baseline BP and R-R interval were unaffected by PUFA. Both reflex depressor and bradycardic responses to NS increased after PUFA (respectively from -0.09 +/- 0.01 to -0.16 +/- 0.01 mm Hg x mm Hg(-1), p < 0.01, and from 1.25 +/- 0.9 to 1.76 +/- 1.1 ms x mm Hg(-1), p < 0.04) but not after placebo. The spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity increased in the PUFA (from 8.99 +/- 1.4 to 12.2 +/- 1.2 ms x mm Hg(-1), p < 0.02) but not in the placebo group. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (but not placebo) treatment also significantly increased R-R interval total variance and low-frequency and high-frequency spectral powers. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary PUFA supplementation markedly potentiates baroreflex function and enhances heart rate variability in patients with stable congestive heart failure.

Baroreflex↗
PubMed1988

The role of histamine in the cardiovascular system.

This article reviews briefly the role of histamine through its H1 and H2 receptors on the cardiovascular system and its action on calcium and catecholamines. The analogy between the adrenergic and the histaminergic systems is well demonstrated and there is evidence that histamine participates in myocardial damage and arrythmias, but the question of its exact role in the early stages of cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial ischaemia and atherosclerosis, requires further study.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Melatonin and the cardiovascular system.

Melatonin concentrations in serum, as well as urinary levels of its main metabolite, 6-sulphatoxymelatonin, decrease with age. In the course of aging, the frequency of heart diseases, both acute and chronic, systematically increases. The evidence from the last 10 years suggests that melatonin influences the cardiovascular system. The presence of vascular melatoninergic receptors/binding sites has been demonstrated; these receptors are functionally linked with vasoconstrictor or vasodilatory effects of melatonin. Melatonin can contribute in cardioprotection of the rat heart, following myocardial ischemia. It has been shown that patients with coronary heart disease have a low melatonin production rate, especially those with higher risk of cardiac infarction and/or sudden death. There are clinical data reporting some alterations of melatonin in human stroke and coronary heart disease. The suprachiasmatic nucleus and, possibly, the melatoninergic system may also modulate cardiovascular rhythmicity. Hypercholesterolemia and hypertension are the other age-related symptoms. People with high levels of LDL-cholesterol have low levels of melatonin. It has been shown that melatonin suppresses the formation of cholesterol by 38% and reduces LDL accumulation by 42%. A 10-20% reduction of cholesterol concentration in women using the B-oval pill has been observed. It is a very important because, even a 10-15% reduction in blood cholesterol concentration has bee shown to result in a 20 to 30% decrease in the risk of coronary heart disease. People with hypertension have lower melatonin levels than those with normal blood pressure. The administration of the hormone in question declines blood pressure to normal range. It has been observed that melatonin, even in a dose 1 mg, reduced blood pressure and decreased catecholamine level after 90 min in human subjects. Melatonin may reduce blood pressure via the following mechanisms: 1) by a direct effect on the hypothalamus; 2) as an antioxidant which lowers blood pressure; 3) by decreasing the level of catecholamines, or 4) by relaxing the smooth muscle in the aorta wall.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

NO/redox disequilibrium in the failing heart and cardiovascular system.

There is growing evidence that the altered production and/or spatiotemporal distribution of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species creates oxidative and/or nitrosative stresses in the failing heart and vascular tree, which contribute to the abnormal cardiac and vascular phenotypes that characterize the failing cardiovascular system. These derangements at the integrated system level can be interpreted at the cellular and molecular levels in terms of adverse effects on signaling elements in the heart, vasculature, and blood that subserve cardiac and vascular homeostasis.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Behaviour of cardiovascular system during obstetric neuroleptanalgesia, using droperidol/fentanyl (author's transl)].

Intravenous injection of 2.5 mg of droperidol and 0,05 mg of fentanyl to ten women with clinically intact cardiovascular system in advanced pregnancy and the cardiovascular effects of such injection were studied by means of quantitative sphygmometry. - Mean arterial blood pressure was found to drop slightly but with significance, while the blood pressure amplitude went up. Heart rates remained largely constant. Significant increase in cardiac output, consequently, resulted solely from increase in stroke volume. Total peripheral resistance was reduced with significance. Medication, using the above combination of drugs, may be recommended for obstetric analgesisa, because of its favourable impact in terms of hemodynamics.

Cesarean Section↗
PubMed1991

X-ray computed tomography of the cardiovascular system.

X-ray CT of the heart is an evolving field. The ultrafast CT scanner provides a practical method of applying the high spatial resolution, high density resolution, and tomographic capabilities of conventional CT scanning, permitting an evaluation of the cardiovascular system. Multiple reports demonstrate that the basic ultrafast technology, while in an evolving state, permits comprehensive evaluation of cardiac structure and function. Recent studies suggest that with further modification ultrafast CT may ultimately be able to delineate the anatomy of the proximal coronary arteries and bypass grafts and to quantitate perfusion. If all these are possible, x-ray CT will have an expanded role in the evaluation of patients with known or suspected heart disease.

Aorta, Thoracic↗
PubMed2000

General compartmental models of the cardiovascular system.

A systematic discussion on linear as well as non-linear compartmental models of the cardiovascular system and its various feedback mechanism is given. Most of the results are independent of explicit functional expressions. The topological structure of the model is essential for the response to a local change in peripheral resistance. Inclusion of Parallel paths versus serial paths gives qualitatively different response. Global asymptotic stability follows from the general theory.

Baroreflex↗
PubMed2003

Orthogonal properties of the redox siblings nitroxyl and nitric oxide in the cardiovascular system: a novel redox paradigm.

Endogenous formation of nitric oxide (NO) and related nitrogen oxides in the vascular system is critical to regulation of multiple physiological functions. An imbalance in the production or availability of these species can result in progression of disease. Nitrogen oxide research in the cardiovascular system has primarily focused on the effects of NO and higher oxidation products. However, nitroxyl (HNO), the one-electron-reduction product of NO, has recently been shown to have unique and potentially beneficial pharmacological properties. HNO and NO often induce discrete biological responses, providing an interesting redox system. This article discusses the emerging aspects of HNO chemistry and attempts to provide a framework for the distinct effects of NO and HNO in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of some 8-aminoalkanol derivatives of theophylline on cardiovascular system.

Novel 7,8-disubstituted theophyllines 1-6a, with chiral or achiral moiety of 1,2-aminoalcohol in position 8, were obtained as the compounds with expected activity on circulation. Preliminary evaluation of their antiarrhythmic activity and the effect on the cardiovascular system was carried out. The antiarrhythmic activity similar to that of quinidine (with ca. 20 times lower toxicity) was found only for racemic 7-beta-hydroxyethyl-8-(1'-hydroxybut-2'-yl) aminotheophylline 1 and its enantiomers 2, 3 which did not differ markedly in their efficacy. The compounds with the hydroxyethyl moiety in position 7 of theophylline (1-3, 5) showed the hypotensive effect.

Amino Alcohols↗