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At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Pharmacokinetic properties of tramadol sustained release capsules. 3rd communication: investigation of relative bioavailability under steady state conditions.

In an open, randomized two-period crossover study in 24 healthy male volunteers multiple doses of tramadol (CAS 27203-92-5) test and reference medication were administered as follows: Test: sustained release capsules containing 100 mg tramadol hydrochloride, a total of 6 capsules at intervals of 12 h; Reference: instant release capsules containing 50 mg tramadol hydrochloride, a total of 12 capsules at intervals of 6 h. As a result of the statistical analysis of AUCss(48-72 h) after logarithmic transformation a bioavailability of 100% for the sustained release capsules compared with the instant release capsules was obtained. As expected statistical analysis of the peak trough fluctuation at steady state PTFss(48-72 h) yielded a distinct diminution of the fluctuation.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of capsule endoscopy and magnetic resonance imaging for the detection of polyps of the small intestine in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis or with Peutz-Jeghers' syndrome.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: We have conducted a study to compare the diagnostic yields of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and capsule endoscopy for the detection of small-bowel polyps in patients with inherited polyposis syndromes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: MRI was performed in 20 patients, with either Peutz-Jeghers' syndrome (PJS; n = 4) or familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP; n = 16), and capsule endoscopy was done the next day. The number, size, and location of polyps were analyzed. RESULTS: Overall, 448 polyps ranging from about 1 mm to 30 mm in size were detected in eight patients by capsule endoscopy, whereas with MRI only 24 polyps all bigger than 5 mm could be seen in the four PJS patients. CONCLUSIONS: Polyps bigger than 15 mm were detected similarly with capsule endoscopy and MRI, whereas smaller polyps were seen much more often with capsule endoscopy. Polyps smaller than 5 mm were exclusively seen with capsule endoscopy. However, location of the detected polyps and determination of their exact sizes was more accurate by MRI.

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli↗
PubMed2006

PillCam colon capsule endoscopy compared with colonoscopy for colorectal tumor diagnosis: a prospective pilot study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Colonoscopy is regarded as the gold standard for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. PillCam capsule endoscopy could be an alternative approach for screening large populations. We report a pilot evaluation in humans of the safety, feasibility, and performance of colon capsule endoscopy compared with colonoscopy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients included in this single-center comparative study had presented for screening colonoscopy or there was suspicion of polyps or CRC. The capsule was ingested in the morning. After excretion, colonoscopy was performed. Significant findings were defined either as polyps > 6 mm, or three or more polyps of any size. Colonoscopy and colon capsule endoscopy (CCE) review were performed by independent physicians. RESULTS: 41 patients (26 women), mean age 56 years (range 26 - 75) were included, and all had complete colonoscopies. Four patients were excluded due to technical problems and one could not swallow the capsule; thus, 36 patients were considered in the analysis. In six the capsule had not been expelled at 10 hours and was retrieved endoscopically. CCE identified 19 of the 25 patients (76 %) with positive findings and 10 of the 13 (77 %) with significant lesions detected by colonoscopy. CCE detected seven lesions not seen at colonoscopy and two tumors were detected by both examinations. Overall sensitivity of CCE to detect significant lesions was 77 %, specificity was 70 %, positive predictive value was 59 %, and negative predictive value was 84 %. No adverse events occurred. CONCLUSION: CCE showed promising accuracy compared with colonoscopy. This new noninvasive technique deserves further evaluation as a potential CRC screening tool.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The enthesis of the elbow-joint capsule of the dog humerus.

The enthesis of the elbow-joint capsule in the dog is described histologically in relation to the specific mechanical forces that operate in different regions along its line of attachment. Special attention is given to the collagen fibre-bone interface in those parts of the capsule that are highly affected by mechanical stress. The histological features of the enthesis are heterogeneous along the entire circumference of the attachment site. Three types of collagen fibre-bone interconnections can be distinguished: (1) periosteal insertion: attachment to the periosteum of the humerus; (2) bony insertion: attachment directly to peripheral osteons; (3) fibrocartilaginous insertion: attachment to the bone via fibrocartilage. The periosteal insertion covers the greatest part of the joint capsule attachment line, along the peripheral borders of the radial and olecranon fossae. In contrast, bony insertions and fibrocartilaginous insertions are focally arranged: bony insertions in the caudoproximal aspect of the olecranon fossa, related to nutrient foramina; fibrocartilaginous insertions in combination with the attachment of distinct ligaments. This distribution reflects a strict relation between the type of enthesis and the biomechanical stress at the attachment site. The periosteal insertion type is predominant in entheses adjacent to pouches of a loose joint capsule -- i.e., regions less dependent on the high tensile strength of collagen fibres. Fibrocartilaginous insertions characterise areas of the joint capsule which are subjected to high biomechanical traction during joint movement. Both structurally and functionally, the entheses of the fibrous layer of the joint capsule are similar to those of tendons and ligaments.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Advanced glycation end products in intervertebral discs and hip joint capsules: correlation with senile amyloid?

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) may be involved in either amyloidogenesis or complications related to amyloid. The incidence of AGE increases with age as does the prevalence of amyloid affecting the hip joint capsule and intervertebral discs. We hypothesized that AGEs may be involved in the pathology of these amyloidoses and investigated the spatial and temporal relationship between AGEs and amyloid of intervertebral discs and hip joint capsules. Using immunohistochemistry, AGEs were found in all 71 intervertebral discs and all 87 hip joint capsules. Amyloid was present in 59 (83%) intervertebral discs and 65 (75%) hip joint capsules. AGEs were found in the immediate vicinity of amyloid deposits in 104 of 253 (41%) investigated amyloid deposits of the intervertebral discs and 159 of 311 (51%) investigated amyloid deposits of the hip joint capsules. However, only rarely were AGEs demonstrated within amyloid deposits. No linear correlation was found between the amount of AGEs and the amount of amyloid deposited. As AGEs are more common than amyloid in intervertebral discs and hip joint capsules, it is conceivable to suggest that AGEs might be involved in the pathogenesis of amyloid at these anatomical sites. However, the amyloid proteins appear not to be modified and AGE modification is not a general characteristic of senile amyloidoses.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Dissolution properties of piroxicam powders and capsules as a function of particle size and the agglomeration of powders.

The poor dissolution characteristics of relatively insoluble drugs have long been a problem to the pharmaceutical industry. An example is piroxicam, a highly potent anti-inflammatory agent. In many countries, a large number of generic piroxicam products are available to the prescriber. The aim of this study was to investigate the cause of the dissolution problems experienced by manufacturers of generic piroxicam capsules. Two raw material batches and the dissolution properties of several piroxicam capsules were studied. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) results showed that the two raw material samples were identical with respect to polymorphic modification. The particles of powder 1 were smaller than those of powder 2, but the dissolution of powder 1 was much slower than that of powder 2. The dissolution results for the capsules showed a marked difference among different brands, with capsule C not meeting the USP tolerance. Adding surfactant to the dissolution medium increased the dissolution of both powder 1 and capsule C. Failure of powder 1 or capsule C to meet USP dissolution criteria could result in differences in product efficacy, as well as in potential side effects. Such observations should be taken into account along with other relevant considerations when decisions regarding the generic substitution of oral piroxicam products are made.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

Calcium pectinate capsules for colon-specific drug delivery.

The calcium pectinate (CaP) capsule, a novel, colon-specific delivery system, was designed and developed using 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) as a model drug. Technically, CaP capsules were prepared by dipping a glass or stainless steel rod successively into pectin and calcium chloride solutions, followed by subsequent air-drying and coating. In vitro studies showed that the release of 5-FU from CaP capsules markedly increased in the presence of rat cecal contents, and the release characteristic was mainly associated with some capsule parameters such as calcium content, shell thickness, and coat amount. Gamma scintigraphic studies demonstrated that CaP capsules could pass through the stomach and small intestine intact and could release drug in colon. The 5-FU releasing characteristics acquired both from in vitro biomimic dissolution experiments and from healthy volunteers indicated that the newly developed CaP capsule possessed the ideal colon-specific drug delivery characteristic.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

Effect of supplementation with cobalamin carried either by a milk product or a capsule in mildly cobalamin-deficient elderly Dutch persons.

BACKGROUND: A high prevalence of cobalamin deficiency occurs in the elderly population, which may be treated orally or with injections. Little is known about the relative bioavailability of crystalline cobalamin added to food products. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to assess the effect of supplementation with 1000 microg crystalline cobalamin, carried either by a milk product or a capsule, on cobalamin status in mildly cobalamin-deficient elderly Dutch persons. DESIGN: Two double-blind randomized controlled intervention studies, each covering a 12-wk supplementation period, were carried out in parallel. Mildly cobalamin-deficient elderly persons (n = 112) were separately recruited for the milk and capsule trials. Mild cobalamin deficiency was defined as a cobalamin concentration between 100 and 300 pmol/L and a plasma methylmalonic acid (MMA) concentration > or = 0.30 micromol/L. Allocation to the placebo or cobalamin carrier was carried out independently in both trials. RESULTS: In the fortified-milk group, the mean (+/-SD) increase in serum cobalamin was 250 +/- 96 pmol/L, the median (5th and 95th percentiles) decrease in plasma MMA was 0.19 (-0.76, -0.04) micromol/L, and the median decrease in plasma homocysteine was 4.0 (-7.3, 3.0) micromol/L. All changes were significantly different from those in the placebo milk group (P < 0.01). Likewise, in the cobalamin-capsule group, the mean increase in serum cobalamin was 281 +/- 136 pmol/L, the median decrease in plasma MMA was 0.18 (-2.95, 0.14) micromol/L, and the median decrease in plasma homocysteine was 1.8 (-10.6, 2.4) micromol/L; all changes were significantly different from those in the placebo capsule group (P < 0.01). No significant differences were observed between the fortified-milk and capsule groups (P > 0.40). CONCLUSION: Crystalline cobalamin added to milk is an effective alternative to cobalamin capsules for improving cobalamin status.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

The cricoarytenoid joint capsule and its relevance to endotracheal intubation.

UNLABELLED: Impaired movement of the cricoarytenoid joint with hoarseness and immobility of the vocal ligament may occur as a consequence of endotracheal intubation. Little is known about the cricoarytenoid joint capsule and its role in intubation. We investigated the joint capsules of 48 cricoarytenoid joints by means of gross anatomy microscopy, histology, and scanning electron microscopy; 30 unfixed cadaver larynges were also subjected to attempts to simulate traumata such as those that may occur during intubation trials. The larynges were intubated with the arytenoid tip entering the lumen of the tracheal tube or extubated with the cuff of the tube only partially deflated. Subsequently, i.e., after dissecting the left and right cricoarytenoid joint from each larynx, the morphologic changes induced experimentally were analyzed by using histologic methods. The cricoarytenoid joint was found to be lined by a wide joint capsule. Unexpectedly large and intensively vascularized synovial folds projected into the joint cavity. After simulation of intubation and extubation, histologic analysis revealed injuries to the synovial folds and joint surface impressions, but no trauma or rupture of the outer joint capsule. We conclude that laxity of the joint capsule and the large synovial folds are predisposing factors for intubation trauma of the cricoarytenoid joint, potentially leading to hemarthros and finally to cricoarytenoid joint dysfunction. IMPLICATIONS: The present study illustrates by morphological investigations and intubation experiments that laxity of the joint capsule and large synovial folds are predisposing factors for intubation trauma of the cricoarytenoid joint, potentially leading to hemarthrosis and finally to cricoarytenoid joint dysfunction.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Role of medical capsule and transverse metatarsal ligament in hallux valgus deformity.

The role of the medial capsule and transverse metatarsal ligament in hallux valgus deformity including stability of the first metatarsophalangeal and adjacent joints was investigated in vitro. The three-dimensional positions of the proximal phalanx, first metatarsal, and second metatarsal before and after sectioning the medial capsule and metatarsal ligament were measured using a magnetic tracking system. Valgus deformity of the hallux increased with medial capsule sectioning an average of 22.3 degrees +/- 6 degrees. Valgus deformity of the hallux increased with medial capsule and metatarsal ligament sectioning an average of 27.4 degrees +/- 9.1 degrees. Valgus deformity of the hallux did not change significantly after sectioning the metatarsal ligament only. No significant changes were found in varus and eversion of the first metatarsal, in valgus of the second metatarsal, in the distance between first and second metatarsal heads after sectioning the medial capsule, or in the metatarsal ligament. This study shows the importance of the medial capsule in hallux valgus deformity. The transverse ligament did not contribute substantially to cause the deformity.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Lactobacillus crispatus capsules: single-use safety study in the Macaca nemestrina model.

BACKGROUND: Lactobacillus crispatus is a part of the normal vaginal microflora of humans. GOAL: The goal of this study was to assess whether a capsule containing an H2O2-producing strain of L crispatus (CTV-05) would alter the vaginal microflora and/or epithelial tissues when applied intravaginally in the pig-tailed macaque model. STUDY DESIGN: Ten sexually mature female Macaca nemestrina were assessed at baseline for quantitative vaginal microbiology and vaginal pH and with colposcopy. One capsule containing 108 colony forming units of desiccated L crispatus CTV-05 was inserted into the vaginal fornix of each animal. Vaginal assessments were repeated on days 1 and 2 after capsule insertion. The L crispatus CTV-05 strain was identified with use of a DNA fingerprinting method. RESULTS: Before product use, four of 10 animals had detectable levels of H2O2-producing lactobacilli. L crispatus CTV-05 was detected in 1 of 10 animals on day 1 and in 3 of 10 animals on day 2 following insertion of the capsule. There were no tissue changes observed by colposcopy. Vaginal pH decreased in two animals colonized by CTV-05, from 7.0 at baseline to 4.5+/-0.5 on days 1 and 2 after product use. CONCLUSIONS: A single intravaginal application of capsules containing 108 L crispatus CTV-05 resulted in vaginal colonization in three of 10 animals 2 days after use. The absence of colposcopic changes in the vagina/cervical tissues indicates that L crispatus capsules are well tolerated.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed2005

High rate of joint capsule matrix turnover in chronic human elbow contractures.

The joint capsule is a key component in posttraumatic joint contractures. The capsule is described as thickened, but little data exist supporting the observation. Our hypotheses were that mRNA levels of (1) collagen; (2) decorin and biglycan; (3) matrix metalloproteinases; and (4) tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases were significantly elevated in anterior joint capsules obtained from 11 patients having surgery for posttraumatic contractures when compared with nine elbows, from organ donors, that were free of contractures. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate mRNA expression normalized to a housekeeping gene, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. In the joint capsules of the patients with elbow contractures, relative mRNA levels were increased for: collagen Types I, III, and V (1.5-2.5 times); biglycan (1.5 times); and matrix metalloproteinases-1, -2, -9, -13, and -15 (1.6-3.9 times). In contrast, expression of tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases-1, -2, and -4 were decreased (1/3-3/4 times) in the capsules of patients with contractures. There was no difference between the groups in relative mRNA expression for decorin, matrix metalloproteinases-8, -14 and -16, and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-3. The results indicate that joint capsule matrix molecule mRNA levels are altered in the chronic stages of posttraumatic elbow contractures in humans, potentially creating an environment with high matrix turnover rates.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Posterior capsule opacification.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This paper assesses the factors that contribute to the formation of an effective capsular bend as a deterrent to posterior capsule opacification. Its goal is to assist the practicing ophthalmologist in separating current understanding of this process from various working models previously proposed. RECENT FINDINGS: While a square-edge design appreciably improves resistance to posterior capsule opacification, significant factors remain under the control of the surgeon. These factors combine to form the physical and psychological barrier of a capsular bend. Innovative digital imaging has shown lens epithelial cell migration, allowing for a more rapid assessment of posterior capsule opacification resistance. A three-piece intraocular lens allows for full 360 degree capsular bend formation surrounding the optic edge; some single-piece designs may inhibit capsular bend formation. Decreasing, but not eliminating, the surviving lens epithelial cell population may diminish capsular bend strength, which may decrease resistance to posterior capsule opacification in the face of a regenerating cortex. All demographic features of clear/refractive lens exchange suggest higher rates of posterior capsule opacification than with standard cataract surgery. SUMMARY: The quality of capsular bend formation will determine how resistant an intraocular lens will be to posterior capsule opacification as a consequence of regenerating cortex. As refractive lens exchange and new accommodating intraocular lens designs become more popular, the problems of regenerating cortex will increase in magnitude.

Cataract↗
PubMed2006

Esophageal capsule endoscopy in patients refusing conventional endoscopy for the study of suspected esophageal pathology.

AIM: Esophageal capsule endoscopy is a well tolerated procedure that does not require sedation and has proved its value for the study of the esophagus. The aim of our study was to assess the feasibility, accuracy, safety and acceptability of esophageal capsule endoscopy for the study of gastroesophageal reflux disease and esophageal varices in patients who refused conventional upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty consecutive examinations performed in 28 patients (15 men/13 women; mean age: 58.5+/-12.4 years; range: 23-87 years) were reviewed. Twenty-five examinations were performed in 23 patients presenting with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms and the remaining five were carried out in patients with cirrhosis for screening of esophageal varices. The procedures were done with the new PillCam ESO that harbors two viewing cupules and takes a total of 14 frames/s. Technical data (total recording time, esophageal transit time and Z-line visualization), clinical findings (Savary-Miller grade; presence and characteristics of esophageal varices or portal hypertension gastropathy), and patient's opinion (quality and comfort questionnaire) were analyzed. RESULTS: All the patients ingested and excreted the capsule without complications. Two examinations in the gastroesophageal reflux disease group were repeated; one was issued as a follow-up and the other because no images were recorded in the first capsule endoscopy. From the former, only the satisfaction questionnaire was analyzed. Mean total recording time and esophageal transit time were 1224 and 243.79 s, respectively (range: 2-1192 s). Complete study of the Z-line was possible in 23 examinations (23/29; 79.3%). Esophageal erosions were seen in 58.33% (14/24) of the examinations carried out in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Nine out of 14 patients (64.29%) presented with grade I esophagitis and the other five (35.71%) with grade II esophagitis. Among the five patients with cirrhosis, small varices were visualized in one (1/5; 20%), while large varices with red spots were evidenced in the remaining three (3/5; 60%). All four patients showing esophageal varices were found to have portal hypertension gastropathy. In most examinations, patients found the capsule easy to swallow (28/30; 93.33%), asymptomatic (29/30; 96.66%), evaluated the procedure as comfortable (29/30; 96.66%), and would repeat it if necessary (30/30; 100%). CONCLUSIONS: Esophageal capsule endoscopy is an adequate alternative diagnostic method for the study of gastroesophageal reflux disease and for the screening of esophageal varices in patients refusing to undergo conventional upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Bacterial capsules: no barrier against Bdellovibrio.

Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J attached to both capsulated and non-capsulated Escherichia coli K29 cells. Electron microscopy revealed penetration of the thick polysaccharide capsule without any major disintegration of the neighbouring capsular matrix. The capsule remained intact during bdelloplast formation and lysis was unaffected by capsulation of the prey cell. This study shows that, in contrast to its effect on bacteriophage penetration and its protective activities against immune defence mechanisms, the capsule of E. coli does not serve as a barrier against invasion by B. bacteriovorus.

Bacterial Capsules↗
PubMed2004

Wireless capsule endoscopy in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding: a comparative study with push enteroscopy.

BACKGROUND: The identification and treatment of lesions located in the small intestine in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding is always a clinical challenge. AIM: To examine prospectively the diagnostic precision and the clinical efficacy of capsule endoscopy compared with push enteroscopy in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. METHODS: Forty-two patients (22 men and 20 women) with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (overt bleeding in 26 cases and occult blood loss with chronic anaemia in 16) and normal oesophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy were analysed. All patients were instructed to receive the capsule endoscopy and push enteroscopy was performed within the next 7 days. Both techniques were blindly performed by separate examiners. The diagnostic yield for each technique was defined as the frequency of detection of clinically relevant intestinal lesions carrying potential for bleeding. RESULTS: A bleeding site potentially related to gastrointestinal bleeding or evidence of active bleeding was identified in a greater proportion of patients using capsule endoscopy (74%; 31 of 42) than enteroscopy (19%; eight of 42) (P = 0.05). The most frequent capsule endoscopy findings were: angiodysplasia (45%), fresh blood (23%), jejunal ulcers (10%), ileal inflammatory mucosa (6%) and ileal tumour (6%). No additional intestinal diagnoses were made by enteroscopy. In seven patients (22%), the results obtained with capsule endoscopy led to a successful change in the therapeutic approach. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with push enteroscopy, capsule endoscopy increases the diagnosis yield in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, and allows modification on therapy strategy in a remarkable proportion of patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Stability of bendrofluazide in a low-dose extemporaneously prepared capsule.

The stability of bendrofluazide 1.25 mg in capsules was studied. The formulation is intended to provide a unit dose powder for administration by dispersing the contents in liquid. The capsules were prepared from ground bendrofluazide tablets 5 mg from two different manufacturers, diluted with lactose and packed manually by weight into hard gelatin capsule shells. The capsules were stored at ambient temperature exposed to light or 75% relative humidity, and at 45 or 60 degrees C. The ambient temperature and 60 degrees C conditions were studied for up to 1 year. Bendrofluazide was determined by a stability-indicating HPLC method. The capsule contents remained easy to disperse in liquid by the end of the study. The weight of contents which could be extracted from the capsules also remained satisfactory. A 7-month storage life at ambient temperature would be feasible, based on the lower 95% confidence limits of the time to 5% degradation.

Bendroflumethiazide↗
PubMed1997

Abnormality in fatty acid composition of gastric mucosal phospholipids in patients with liver cirrhosis and its correction with a polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched soft oil capsule.

The abnormal composition of the fatty acids in gastric mucosal phospholipids was examined in 11 patients with non-alcoholic liver cirrhosis accompanied by gastritis and in 10 healthy subjects without liver disease and gastritis. The cases positive for serum anti-Helicobacter pylori immunoglobulin G antibody were excluded. The arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4n-6) contents of the two main components of phospholipid, the phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) fractions, in gastric biopsy specimens were significantly lower in the cirrhosis group, although PC and PE contents in gastric biopsy specimens were not altered. In the cirrhosis group, AA contents of the PC fractions in gastric biopsy specimens were significantly correlated with AA contents of plasma PC fractions and serum albumin levels. Soft oil capsules containing polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) such as AA, eicosapentanoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA, C20:6n-3) were administered after each meal daily for 4 weeks to six cirrhotic patients and four control subjects, who were randomly selected from the patients and control subjects. After administration of PUFA-enriched oil capsules, gastric mucosal AA contents of PC and PE fractions were significantly improved almost to the control levels. In three cirrhotic patients with severe or mild gastritis whose gastric mucosal lesions were endoscopically shown to have responded to PUFA-enriched oil capsules, AA contents of plasma PC and PE fractions before administration were much lower than in the remaining three cirrhotics that did not respond to the PUFA-enriched oil capsules, but significantly improved to the control levels after administration of oil capsules. The results demonstrate that administration of PUFA-enriched soft oil capsules increased AA contents of the phospholipids in gastric mucosa and thus improved gastric mucosal lesions endoscopically in cirrhotic patients with gastritis.

Adult↗