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At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Raising the ambient potassium ion concentration enhances carbachol stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in rat brain hippocampal and cerebral cortical miniprisms.

The influence of the ambient potassium ion concentration ([K+]) upon agonist stimulated hydrolysis of phosphoinositides (PI) has been studied in isolated miniprisms of rat hippocampus and cerebral cortex. When the external [K+] was raised from 6 to 18 mmol/l, there was little or no increase in the hydrolysis of PI in the absence of agonist, however, carbachol (100 mumol/l) stimulated hydrolysis was greatly enhanced in both brain regions studied. Thus, carbachol stimulated the hydrolysis of PI to 146% and 386% of control levels at potassium concentrations of 5.88 and 18.2 mmol/l, respectively, in the rat hippocampus. A similar enhancement of muscarine (100 mumol/l) stimulation was observed in cortical miniprisms with 18 mmol/l [K+]. A further enhancement was seen at higher ambient [K+], although basal hydrolysis of PI was then also increased. The carbachol-stimulated hydrolysis of PI found at both 6 and raised [K+] was prevented by atropine (1 and 10 mumol/l) and tetraethylammonium (20 mmol/l), but not by 10 mmol/l Mg2+. Pirenzepine (50 nmol/l) also reduced this response. The ions Cs+ and Rb+ (but not Li+ or Tris+) produced a similar enhancement of the carbachol stimulation to that found with K+. At a buffer [K+] of 6 mmol/l, noradrenaline (100 mumol/l) produced a 2-fold increase in the hydrolysis of PI whereas 5-hydroxytryptamine (100 mumol/l) and histamine (500 mumol/l) had little or no effect. However, histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine did stimulate the hydrolysis of PI when [K+] was increased. Miniprism ATP content was not changed by a rise in [K+] to 18 mmol/l. The significance of these results is discussed in terms of the postsynaptic cellular events following cholinergic stimulation.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗
PubMed1989

The mononuclear cell infiltrate compared with survival in high-grade astrocytomas.

Frozen samples from 92 malignant astrocytomas were stained with a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed against macrophages and lymphocytes. A follow-up to death was available on 68 cases which form the basis of this study. Large numbers of macrophages were found in all cases; T lymphocytes, mostly of the CD8 phenotype were also seen in moderate numbers in 70% of cases. CD4-positive cells were present in small numbers in 32% and B cells were seen in only 8% of cases. Analysis of the survival showed no demonstrable correlation between the numbers of macrophages or CD4 lymphocytes and survival. The survival curves for parenchymal CD8 infiltration diverged after 9 months suggesting increased survival for those patients without such an infiltration but the difference failed to reach statistical significance (P = 0.37). No correlation between lymphocytic cuffing and survival was seen after studying all paraffin-embedded material. We conclude that there is no significant statistical correlation between survival and the various types of mononuclear cell infiltrating malignant astrocytomas.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1985

[The mutagenicity of caramel colors].

In the present study commercially available caustic and ammoniated caramel colours were tested for their mutagenic potential using the Ames assay. The test was performed using the standard test strains Salmonella typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100 with and without a metabolic activation system (S9-mix). Furthermore, a special preincubation procedure without metabolic activation system was applied. None of the tested caramel colours showed any mutagenic effect in the Ames test.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Uptake by foods of tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, toluene, and benzene from air.

Transition rates from air into food as well as equilibrium concentrations in air and critical foods were determined for tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, benzene and toluene. From these data, maximum concentrations of the four substances in air were estimated that keep contamination of critical foods at an acceptable level. A simple and rapid method allowed us to determine the risk of food contamination from the air, e.g. in shops and kitchens, by the analysis of the air. Estimations showed that concentrations in the air of shops should not exceed 1 mg/m3 if tetrachloroethylene concentrations in foods are limited to 100 micrograms/kg (slightly higher concentrations can be accepted for the other three compounds); in kitchens of restaurants and households, even 0.3 mg/m3 cause the target concentration to be exceeded rather frequently If the limit in foods is 50 micrograms/kg, recommended maximum concentrations in air are 0.5 and 0.15 mg/m3. The data also shows that the recommended limits for concentrations in air conflict with the accepted emission limits: If emission at the accepted limit occurs near shops or households, contamination of foods far exceed that considered as tolerable.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1978

[Residues of ethylene chlorohydrin (ECH) in infusions of cocoa and in chocolate (author's transl)].

With a sensitive method residues of 0.2--0.6 ppm ECH are found in commercial and bendtop infusions of cocoa and 1.8--5.6 ppm ECH in chocolate. The balance is established with time between ECH and ethylene oxide (EO) in the boiling infusion and the distillate depending on time. It is found that the ECH concentration in the infusion is reduced in 15 min to 1/7 by evaporation alone. No reaction to EO or ethylene glycol or other metabolites is detectable. For the determination alkali is added to the sample, followed by distillation of any formed EO into dilute sulfuric acid, where ethylene glycol is oxidized to formaldehyd according to Malaprade. This is distilled off for further enrichment and determined according to Bremanis by photometry at 570 nm. The determination for limit was to 0.01 ppm, the standard deviation is s = 0.0034 ppm (N = 30), the yield 99.8%. The sensitivity may be increased tenfold by increasing sample size.

Cacao↗
PubMed1976

Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates in patients with Crohn's disease.

The nutritional habits of 63 patients with Crohn's disease (C.d.) were explored by means of questionnaires and compared with a control group of 63 persons matched as to age, sex and social status. Before the disease was recognized patients with C.d. consumed 742 grams/week (g/w) sweets and 1380 g/w pastries, during the disease 482 g/w sweets and 905 g/w pastries. The controls only consumed 285 g/w sweets and 563 g/w pastries. The differences between both groups are highly significant. There existed no significant difference in the intake of other foodstuffs such as proteins, fats, vegetables or alcohol. The high intake of refined carbohydrates in patients with C.d. may be partly responsible for its increasing incidence in the developed countries. This might be due to the sugar content as such and/or the food additives.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Survey of the present-day supply of fortified food products in Germany].

A survey and critical evaluation of the present-day supply of fortified common food products on the German market is presented concerning products, nutrients and amounts for fortification. The data were collected from the original food labels by personal informations from the manufacturers (40 asked, 68% answered) and by a local market survey in Dortmund (spring 1994). A total of 288 fortified food products (78 manufacturers) were found out of 6 different food products (78 manufacturers) were found out of 6 different food categories (manufacturers/products): beverages (26/95), sweets (24/57), cereals (5/53), milk products (7/35), powdered instant beverages (10/31), ready-to-eat meals (6/17). Sugar was added to 56% of the fortified products. A total of 10 vitamins (E, B1, B2, B6, B12, C, niacin, folate, biotin, pantothenic acid) and 7 minerals (Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, Mg, Fe) were used for fortification. The number of nutrients used for fortification in single products ranged from 1 (94 products) to 16 (3 products). The amounts used for fortification per average portion varied considerably among the different products and the different nutrients in the food categories. In a considerable number of cases, amounts for fortification of more than 100% (maximum 660%) of the recommended daily dose of a nutrient (EC-directive for nutrition labelling) have been observed. Relatively to the contribution of a portion to meet the energy requirement, the fortification of cereals and milk-products (about 30%) as well as of sweets (about 10%) could be rated as acceptable whereas the fortification of beverages (about 50-100%) was overdone. The present-day supply of fortified food is extremely heterogenous from the qualitative and quantitative point of view. Therefore, it is rather difficult for the consumer to reach an overall nutrient intake that is in accordance with the recommendations. The specific requirements of children, who are a preferred group for food advertising, are not at all considered adequately.

Advertising↗
PubMed1985

The microcomputer: an aid to paediatric parenteral nutrition.

Approximately 50% of the pharmacy man-hours committed to providing a parenteral nutrition service at the Children's Hospital, Birmingham were spent in calculations, form filling and record keeping. An increasing demand for the service, with no extra staff available, meant that the service had to be made more efficient. A 90% time saving was achieved by using a microcomputer to free the pharmacy staff from many of the laborious mathematical and clerical chores. The program was developed by a member of the nutritional care team; this meant that it was designed with the specific needs of the service in mind. In addition the detail and accuracy of patient data recording have been greatly improved.

Child↗
PubMed1991

Evaluation of the esophagus with a marshmallow bolus: clarifying the cause of dysphagia.

We reviewed the radiographic examinations of the esophagus and medical records in 117 patients (55 women and 62 men; mean age, 52 years) in which a marshmallow bolus was also given. A one-third to one-half piece of a standard marshmallow was used with a mean size of 23 mm (+/- 4.5 mm SD) measured in vivo. In 62 patients with no intrinsic structural narrowing of the esophagus, impaction occurred in only seven (11%). Four of these patients had an esophageal motility disorder, and three had a previous Nissen fundoplication. The remaining 55 patients had lower esophageal mucosal rings (47) or peptic strictures (8). Marshmallow impaction was seen in 27 of 47 rings (57%) and was inversely related to ring size, and in six of eight strictures (75%). Also, impaction was related to the ratio of bolus size to ring caliber, and invariably occurred when this ratio was greater than 1.5. Dysphagia was the presenting complaint in 76 (65%) patients, but was found equally in those without intrinsic narrowing and in those with ring or stricture. However, dysphagia was reproduced by the marshmallow bolus only in patients with esophageal narrowing or abnormal motility.

Candy↗
PubMed1988

Trans fatty acid content of selected brands of West German nut-nougat cream.

The fatty acid composition including trans fatty acids of 12 brands of nut-nougat creams were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography. The creams consisted mainly of sugar and partially hydrogenated vegetable oil. The lipid content, which was quantified gravimetrically, amounted to between 30 and 38.2% in the different brands. The fatty acid composition varied considerably between the different creams. Linoleic acid, the major polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), ranged from 12 to 39%. Palmitic acid (16:0), which was the main fatty acid, varied from 9 to 27%. The total trans fatty acid content of the 12 creams ranged from 0.9 to 12.3%. Only two of the creams contained less than 1% of trans fatty acids; 18:1t was the trans fatty acid found in the greatest amounts, whereas 16:1t and 14:1t were only found in trace amounts. Three samples had amounts of 18:2tt, 18:2ct, and 18:2tc between 0.7 and 1.06%; only small amounts of linoleate isomers were detected in the other creams. Our results show that trans fatty acids are present in every brand of chocolate cream tested. Since the potential risk of arteriosclerosis and cancer resulting from the consumption of trans fatty acids is not yet clear, different ways of production should be used in order to eliminate them from the creams that are a preferred bread spread of infants and children.

Cacao↗