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At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Calretinin immunoreactive neurons in the basolateral amygdala of the rat and monkey.

The calcium-binding protein calretinin was localized in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) of the rat and monkey using immunohistochemical techniques. In both species the predominant cell type exhibiting calretinin-like immunoreactivity (CR-ir) was a small non-pyramidal neuron with a bipolar or bitufted dendritic arborization pattern. Some pyramidal neurons also exhibited light CR-ir. In the monkey there was an additional population of large moderately-stained neurons with well-stained dendrites. These results indicate that calretinin is found in specific cell types in BLA. The small non-pyramidal CR-ir neurons are morphologically similar to BLA neurons that exhibit immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). These CR-ir neurons in BLA closely resemble the small bipolar CR-ir neurons of the cerebral cortex.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1994

Parvalbumin, calretinin and carbonic anhydrase in the trigeminal and spinal primary neurons of the rat.

The cell-body size of parvalbumin-immunoreactive (-ir) primary neurons was measured in the trigeminal (TG) and lumber dorsal root ganglia (DRG). In the DRG, parvalbumin-ir was mostly detected in large cells (94% in the range of 600-2800 microns2). Parvalbumin-ir TG cells were smaller than similar DRG cells and yet parvalbumin-ir TG cells of < 400 microns2 (2.86%) were rare. Trichrome stains for parvalbumin, calretinin (CR) and carbonic anhydrase (CA), and for parvalbumin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and CA were performed to estimate possible overlap of these substances. Virtually all parvalbumin-ir DRG cells contained CA activity while a small subpopulation (28.5%) of CR-ir DRG cells lacked CA activity. All the CR-ir DRG cells that exhibited CA were also ir for parvalbumin. 31.1% of parvalbumin-ir DRG cells exhibited CR-ir while 71.5% of CR-ir DRG cells showed parvalbumin-ir. All the CR-ir DRG cells of < 400 microns2 lacked CA activity and parvalbumin-ir while all those of > 800 microns2 exhibited both activities. Approximately 30% of CR-ir DRG cells in the size range of 400-800 microns2 co-expressed CA. DRG cells co-expressing parvalbumin and CGRP were rare (approximately 1%). As was the case for the DRG, most of parvalbumin-ir TG cells exhibited CA activity (89.24%) and lacked CGRP-ir (96.6%). CR-ir TG cells were also subdivided into two groups; one with and the other without co-expression of CA. Unlike in the DRG, however, co-expression of parvalbumin and CR could never be detected in the TG.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Differential vulnerability of neurochemically identified subpopulations of retinal neurons in a monkey model of glaucoma.

The vulnerability of subpopulations of retinal neurons delineated by their content of cytoskeletal or calcium-binding proteins was evaluated in the retinas of cynomolgus monkeys in which glaucoma was produced with an argon laser. We quantitatively compared the number of neurons containing either neurofilament (NF) protein, parvalbumin, calbindin or calretinin immunoreactivity in central and peripheral portions of the nasal and temporal quadrants of the retina from glaucomatous and fellow non-glaucomatous eyes. There was no significant difference between the proportion of amacrine, horizontal and bipolar cells labeled with antibodies to the calcium-binding proteins comparing the two eyes. NF triplet immunoreactivity was present in a subpopulation of retinal ganglion cells, many of which, but not all, likely correspond to large ganglion cells that subserve the magnocellular visual pathway. Loss of NF protein-containing retinal ganglion cells was widespread throughout the central (59-77% loss) and peripheral (96-97%) nasal and temporal quadrants and was associated with the loss of NF-immunoreactive optic nerve fibers in the glaucomatous eyes. Comparison of counts of NF-immunoreactive neurons with total cell loss evaluated by Nissl staining indicated that NF protein-immunoreactive cells represent a large proportion of the cells that degenerate in the glaucomatous eyes, particularly in the peripheral regions of the retina. Such data may be useful in determining the cellular basis for sensitivity to this pathologic process and may also be helpful in the design of diagnostic tests that may be sensitive to the loss of the subset of NF-immunoreactive ganglion cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Parvalbumin- and calretinin-immunoreactive trigeminal neurons innervating the rat molar tooth pulp.

Calcium-binding proteins and neuropeptides were examined in trigeminal neuronal cell bodies retrogradely labeled with Fast blue (FB) from the maxillary molar tooth pulp of the rat. FB-labeled cells were located in the maxillary division of the trigeminal ganglion. Approximately 30 and 50% of the labeled cells were immunoreactive for parvalbumin and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), respectively. The coexpression of these substances was observed in 9.5% of FB-labeled cells. On the other hand, 2.4% of FB-labeled cells exhibited calretinin-immunoreactivity (CR-ir) and 20% tachykinin (TK)-ir. The coexpression of CR and TK was observed in 1.9% of FB-labeled cells, i.e., most of CR-ir FB-labeled neurons coexpressed TK-ir. An immuno-EM method revealed that all parvalbumin-ir nerve fibers in the root pulp were myelinated and that CGRP-ir nerve fibers were both myelinated (15%) and unmyelinated (85%). The present study indicated that primary nociceptors innervating the rat molar tooth pulp contained parvalbumin and CR and coexpressed these calcium-binding proteins and neuropeptides. It was suggested that peripheral axons of parvalbumin-ir tooth pulp primary neurons are all myelinated. Most peripheral CR-ir axons are probably unmyelinated because TK-ir myelinated axons have never been demonstrated in any peripheral organ.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Calretinin-containing preganglionic nerve terminals in the rat superior cervical ganglion surround neurons projecting to the submandibular salivary gland.

The distribution and targets of calretinin-immunoreactive preganglionic nerve terminals in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat were examined using immunohistochemistry and retrograde neuronal tracing. Calretinin-immunoreactive nerve terminals were found throughout the ganglion, forming distinct pericellular baskets around a sub-population of postganglionic neurons. The targets of postganglionic neurons surrounded by calretinin-immunoreactive nerve terminals were determined after injection of tracer into the submandibular salivary gland, the extra-orbital lacrimal gland, the thyroid gland, the anterior chamber of the eye or the skin of the forehead. Only when tracer was injected into the submandibular gland were neurons labelled that were surrounded by calretinin-immunoreactive nerve terminals. When immunohistochemistry using antisera to neuropeptide Y was combined with retrograde tracing, only submandibular gland projecting neurons lacking neuropeptide Y were surrounded by calretinin-immunoreactive terminals. When retrograde neuronal tracer was injected into the superior cervical ganglion, a proportion of retrogradely-labelled neurons in the upper thoracic spinal cord showed relatively weak calretinin-immunoreactivity. All calretinin-immunoreactive terminals in the superior cervical ganglion disappeared following section of the sympathetic chain distal to the superior cervical ganglion. Thus, calretinin is present in a population of preganglionic neurons projecting exclusively to neuropeptide Y non-immunoreactive (presumably secretomotor) neurons innervating the submandibular salivary gland of the rat.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Calretinin-immunoreactive neurons in the normal human temporal cortex and in Alzheimer's disease.

Calretinin-containing neurons (CR) were visualized by immunocytochemistry in the human temporal cortex. The morphology of calretinin-positive neurons ranged from bipolar, bitufted, fusiform to double bouquet cells, whose long axis was parallel to the radial axis of the cortex. Calretinin-immunoreactive cells were more abundant in layers II, III and less frequent in layer VI and white matter. In layer I, large horizontal neurons resembling Cajal-Retzius cells were observed. Layers IV and V contained few labeled cells. The CR-immunoreactive neuropil was abundant, especially in supragranular layers. However, the most prominent feature of the pattern of calretinin staining was the presence of long, vertically oriented bundles of calretinin-immunoreactive processes. These bundles formed a widespread, regular columnar system descending throughout layers II to VI. Despite the virtually identical morphological features of CR-immunoreactive neurons and certain calbindin-immunoreactive neurons, colocalization studies for both antibodies against calretinin and calbindin, revealed little coexistence (in supragranular layers) or none (in infragranular layers). Thus, double bouquet cells could be considered as forming a chemically heterogeneous neuronal population. In addition, four brains from patients with Alzheimer's disease were immunostained for calretinin. No major differences from normal brains were found; the distribution, morphology and the characteristic, vertically oriented bundles resembled those described in normal brains. These data suggest that these calcium-binding protein-containing interneurons are present in normal human brain and that they are resistant to degeneration in Alzheimer's disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Calretinin as a marker of specific neuronal subsets in primate substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus.

Neurons immunoreactive for the calcium-binding protein calretinin (CR) were visualized in the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta (SNc), reticulata (SNr) and lateralis (SNl), the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the subthalamic nucleus (STN) of squirrel monkeys. The density of CR perikarya was high in VTA, moderate in SNc, low in SNr/SNl, and very low in STN. The SNc/VTA complex also displayed a CR-rich neuropil. Some CR perikarya and fibers occurred in specific sectors of STN. These data suggest that CR may play a role in specific neuronal subpopulations in all components of primate basal ganglia.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Calretinin is largely localized to a unique population of striatal interneurons in rats.

Previous studies have reported the presence of the calcium binding protein calretinin in neurons in the striatal part of the basal ganglia in rats and primates. In the present study, immunofluorescence double-labeling techniques and immunofluorescence combined with retrograde labeling were used in rats to determine whether calretinin is found in any of the known types of striatal neurons. The results showed that a small fraction of the calretinin-containing neurons (< 10%) contain parvalbumin, but none of the calretinin-containing striatal neurons contained markers for the other two major types of striatal interneurons (i.e., choline acetyltransferase-containing cholinergic neurons and somatostatin-containing neurons). Additionally, calretinin was not found in projection neurons, using either calbindin or DARPP32 as immunofluorescent markers of striatal projections neurons in general, or using retrograde labeling to specifically identify either striatonigral or striatopallidal neurons. Thus, calretinin appears to be largely found in a unique population of striatal interneurons in rats. This population appears to be about one third the abundance of any of the previously identified populations of striatal interneurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Sparing of striatal neurons coexpressing calretinin and substance P (NK1) receptor in Huntington's disease.

Immunohistochemical studies of the striatum in normal human subjects with a double-antigen localization method have revealed the presence of large and medium-sized aspiny neurons displaying immunoreactivity for both the calcium-binding protein calretinin and substance P (neurokinin-1) receptor. These large and medium-sized cells from two distinct classes of striatal interneurons, which together represent less than 3% of the total neuronal population of the human striatum. Observations made in four cases of Huntington's disease revealed that such doubly labeled interneurons are still present in the striatum of these patients, despite the marked atrophy of the structure. This study provides the first evidence for the existence of interneurons containing calretinin and expressing tachykinin receptors in the human striatum. It also demonstrates the selective sparing of these chemospecific striatal neurons in Huntington's disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Expression of the calcium binding protein calretinin in WiDr cells and its correlation to their cell cycle.

Ca2+ ions intervene during different phases of the progression of the cell cycle, but only one calcium-binding protein, calmodulin, has been shown to be associated with dividing cells. We therefore screened cancer cells for the presence of other related calcium-binding proteins. Using molecular biological and immunohistochemical techniques we show that human tumor cells of epithelial origin, express calretinin. Calretinin immunoreactivity can be demonstrated at precise moments of the cell cycle and, in particular, in phase G1 and during mitosis. During mitosis calretinin is localized both in the cytoplasm and in the mitotic spindle. In the cytoplasm we find calretinin after prophase and until telophase. In the spindle apparatus, calretinin is already present in cells in prometaphase and persists in all the succeeding mitotic phases. It is associated with the kinetochore microtubules but, in contrast to calmodulin, also with the polar microtubules. The role that calretinin plays in well-defined moments of the cell cycle of these cells is as yet unknown, but our results strongly suggest that, in collaboration with other molecules, calretinin intervenes in the dynamic phenomena regulating the separation of the chromosomes.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1992

Identification of motor neurons to the longitudinal muscle of the guinea pig ileum.

Motor neurons that innervate the longitudinal muscle of the guinea pig ileum were identified by retrograde transport from the longitudinal muscle plexus in organotypic culture. Motor neurons had short projections, less than 3.5 mm long, and never had Dogiel type II morphology; most labeled neurons had morphological characteristics of Dogiel type I neurons. Immunoreactivity for choline acetyltransferase was present in 97% of retrogradely labeled nerve cell bodies, reflecting the dominant cholinergic input to the longitudinal muscle layer. Substance P immunoreactivity was present in 48% of motor neurons, indicating that it or a similar tachykinin that mediates noncholinergic excitatory transmission is likely to be released by a subset of cholinergic motor neurons. This strongly suggests that the difference in frequency dependence of substance P and acetylcholine release is attributable to different release mechanisms rather than to activation of separate populations of motor neurons. Immunoreactivity for the calcium-binding protein calretinin was present in 87% of longitudinal muscle motor neurons. The neurochemical coding of longitudinal muscle motor neurons indicated that they constitute about one quarter of all myenteric neurons and are distinct from circular muscle motor neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Characterization of a polyclonal antiserum against the purified human recombinant calcium binding protein calretinin.

We have purified recombinant human calretinin (CR) from Escherichia coli lysates and have produced a polyclonal antiserum against it. The antiserum recognizes determinants conserved in fish, chicken, rat, monkey and human CR. We show its use in the qualitative detection of CR by different methods of immunohistochemistry as well as in the detection of CR on immunoblots.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Preservation of the structural integrity of a freshly lesioned or transplanted mouse neocortex and the immunoreactivity of cell-specific marker proteins in demineralized histological material.

Analysis of superficially lesioned or grafted brains poses the problem that their removal from the skull prior to histological processing often causes damage to the operated area and may lead to loss of the graft. Here, we propose an original approach to this problem, developed on mice whose cortices have been surgically lesioned and some grafted with fetal neural tissue. The experimental animals were killed 1, 3 or 6 days after operation. Our procedure was based on the softening of skulls by demineralization in Gendre's picric solution, followed by solidification of the wounded region by embedding in polyester wax. This permitted the preparation of serial sections from brains together with neurocrania. To check their immunoreactivity, the sections were later reacted with specific antisera for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), calbindin, and the thermolabile cell-surface glycoprotein Thy-1. The histological material revealed excellent structural integrity and cytoarchitecture. In transplanted animals, the tiny graft, protected by the overlying bone, was found in the host cavity. Immunostaining showed typical localization of the chosen marker proteins. The anti-Thy-1 antibody enabled us to distinguish between graft and host tissues, which differed, in our experiments, in their expression of two distinct allelic forms of the Thy-1 molecule. The method lends itself perfectly to histochemical study of the earliest stages of freshly operated superficial brain regions in small laboratory animals, and should also be applicable to the evaluation of other brain structures which are difficult to gain access to without being damaged.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Ontogeny of calretinin in chick dorsal root ganglion neurons.

Calretinin immunostaining was performed on chick lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia during embryonic development. Calretinin-immunopositive neurons were first observed at around the 9th day of incubation. Quantitative evaluation revealed a close correlation between the number of immunopositive cells and the duration of incubation. Morphometric measurements disclosed that calretinin-immunoreactive cells belong in the large or intermediate categories of dorsal root ganglion neurons. It was concluded that the appearance of calretinin immunopositivity in spinal ganglion cells during development may be associated with both the morphological and functional maturation of this particular population of primary sensory neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

In vitro detection of calretinin immunoreactivity in chicken embryo dorsal root ganglion neurons: a possible developmental marker.

Calretinin, a cytosolic calcium-binding protein, is widely expressed in mammalian and chicken neurons, including subpopulations of dorsal root ganglion neurons. In chicken embryo spinal ganglion cells, calretinin first appears on the 9th day of incubation. To determine whether the expression of this protein is maintained in vitro and depends on the developmental stage, dissociated dorsal root ganglion cultures from chick embryos at E6 and E10 (before or after establishing connections) were processed for calretinin immunohistochemistry. Cultured neurons from E6 embryos never showed calretinin immunoreactivity at any culture duration, whereas neurons from E10 embryos displayed strong immunostaining immediately after attaching to the culture dish. Quantitative evaluation revealed that the percentage of calretinin-positive neurons increased until day 3 in culture and afterwards declined in parallel the total cell number. These results indicate that primary sensory neurons express calretinin in vitro similarly as in vivo and the gene expression depends from the establishment of connections with peripheral targets.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Localization of calretinin in cells of layer I (Cajal-Retzius cells) of the developing cortex of the rat.

In order to be able to study the still disputed fate and function of the large Cajal-Retzius cells in the marginal zone (prospective layer I) during corticogenesis, it is necessary to have an unambiguous marker for them. We have found that antibodies to the calcium-binding protein calretinin label Cajal-Retzius cells in the rat throughout the whole period of corticogenesis into adulthood. Calretinin positive cells were also detected in the subplate, cortical plate and the ventricular zone. Transient expression of calretinin was observed in cells of the infragranular layers of the developing cortex. We conclude that calretinin can be used as a marker protein for Cajal-Retzius cells.

Aging↗
PubMed1994

Calretinin is expressed in the Leydig cells of rat testis.

Calretinin, a highly evolutionarily conserved E-F hand calcium binding protein, is expressed predominantly in neurons, with a few exceptions. The function of calretinin is not known. We demonstrate the expression of calretinin mRNA and protein in rat testes. Immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization reveal that calretinin expression in testis is localized to the interstitial Leydig cells. Western blot and ribonuclease protection analyses show that calretinin protein and mRNA in testis is the same as that expressed in brain. It is suggested that calretinin may play a role in the production of testosterone.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Calretinin in rat ovary: an in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical study.

Calretinin is a cytosolic calcium-binding protein of the calmodulin superfamily, with high homology with calbindin D28k. The only cells in which calretinin has been described so far are neurons, in the central nervous system and in retina. In the present work, we describe the expression of the calretinin gene in the interstitial cells of rat ovary. Immunohistochemistry, using a calretinin-specific antibody, allowed to detect the protein from 19 days after birth. Western blot from ovary homogenates confirmed the labelling of a 29 kDa band, the size of calretinin. In situ hybridization confirmed immunochemical data; calretinin transcripts were clearly shown in the same cell population. This represents the first description of calretinin outside the nervous system. Its function in ovary remains to be determined.

Animals↗