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PubMed1989

Ipsilateral inhibition and contralateral facilitation of simple reaction time to non-foveal visual targets from non-informative visual cues.

Orienting to an extrafoveal light cue without foveating it induces a temporary inhibition of responses to subsequent targets presented in the same visual hemifield, as evinced from the fact that reaction time (RT) to targets ipsilateral to the cue relative to fixation is longer than RT to targets contralateral to the cue. This study has tested the hypothesis that ipsilateral RT inhibition is associated with contralateral RT facilitation by attempting to divide the difference between ipsilateral and contralateral RTs into costs and benefits. A neutral condition suited to this purpose should involve a cue that does not require a lateral orientation. Such neutral condition was provided by measuring RT to lateralized light targets following a central overhead auditory cue (experiment 1) or a foveal visual cue (experiment 2). In both experiments RT in the neutral condition was intermediate between ipsilateral and contralateral RTs, and the differences reaches significance in the second experiment. Benefits over the neutral condition measured in the contralateral condition were thus associated with costs in the ipsilateral condition. These results suggest that a reciprocal antagonism between opposite turning tendencies underlies the organization of covert orienting. They also agree with general multi-channel theories of selective attention according to which the facilitation of given channels is an obligatory accompaniment of the inhibition of other competing channels and vice versa.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Cues to obsessive-compulsive symptoms: relationships with other patient characteristics.

The waxing and waning of symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) suggests that environmental cues may impact on exacerbations of this disorder. Eighty-one Ss with OCD completed the Cues Checklist (CCL; Mackenzie, Ristvedt, Christenson, Lebow & Mitchell, 1992), a 339-item checklist of rationally-derived cues and circumstances that might be expected to elicit or worsen symptoms. Principal components analysis revealed four components: household order and organization, contamination and cleaning, negative affect, and prevention of harm and checking. Total number of cues endorsed and component scores were correlated with other characteristics of the disorder, and with the presence of other Axis I and II disorders. Patterns of cue endorsement related to standard measures of obsessive-compulsive content but not to symptom severity. Early-onset Ss endorsed a greater number of cues. History of depression, anxiety disorders and Axis II pathology related most strongly to scores on the negative affect component. The values and limitations of this approach are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Motion coherency rules are form-cue invariant.

Object features can be made manifest by differences in a variety of physical attributes or figural cues. In this study we provide evidence that motion signals arising from different figural cues can be combined to produce a percept of a coherently moving (heterogeneous-cue) pattern. Moreover, as is true for homogeneous-cue patterns, similarity along the dimensions of contrast (we introduce the idea of contrast equivalence) and spatial frequency determines whether coherent motion is perceived. These results are in accordance with recent physiological evidence demonstrating that directional selectivity of many neurons in cortical visual area MT is invariant over changes in the figural cue that defines the moving stimulus ("form-cue invariance").

Contrast Sensitivity↗
PubMed2005

Micropatterns of positive guidance cues anchored to polypyrrole doped with polyglutamic acid: a new platform for characterizing neurite extension in complex environments.

This paper describes a method for preparing substrates with micropatterns of positive guidance cues for the purpose of stimulating the growth of neurons. This method uses an oxidizing potential, applied to a micropattern of indium tin oxide in the presence of pyrrole and polyglutamic acid, to electrodeposit a matrix consisting of polypyrrole doped with polyglutamic acid. The resulting matrix subsequently can be modified with positive guidance cues via standard amide coupling reactions. Cells adhered to the micropatterned substrates can be stimulated electrically by the underlying electrodeposited matrix while they are in contact with positive guidance cues. This method can be extended to include both positive and negative guidance cues in a variety of combinations. To demonstrate the suitability of this method in the context of nerve guidance, dorsal root ganglia were grown in the presence of a micropatterned substrate whose surface was modified with molecules such as polylysine, laminin, or both. Cell adhesion and neurite extension were found to occur almost exclusively in areas where positive guidance cues were attached. This method is easy to execute and is of general utility for fundamental studies on the behavior of neurons in the presence of complex combinations of guidance cues as well as advanced bioelectronic devices such as neuronal networks.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Gender specific effects of a mild stressor on alcohol cue reactivity in heavy social drinkers.

RATIONALE: Stress plays an important role in the development and maintenance of alcohol-abuse. Some of the effects of stress on alcohol-related behaviours, however, appear to be gender-dependent. AIM: The present study set out to examine the effects of stress on feelings of desire for alcohol, skin conductance response and alcohol consumption in the presence of alcohol-related cues in relation to gender. Participants were heavy non-dependent alcohol drinkers. METHODS: Thirty-two (16 males) participants drinking more than 21 units of alcohol per week were randomly allocated to undergo the experimental stress (based on the 'Trier Social Stress' Test) or the non-stress procedure before the alcohol cue exposure procedure, during which participants handled and smelled their preferred drink. Mood and saliva cortisol level changes were used as indices of the stress effects, while alcohol craving, skin conductance and alcohol consumption were the cue reactivity measures. RESULTS: Self ratings of anxiety and tension increased and cortisol levels remained high in the stress compared to the non-stress condition; no gender differences were found. Stress induced gender-specific effects with regard to skin conductance response and alcohol consumption measurements. Stressed females did not show an increase from baseline in the skin conductance response during the alcohol cue-exposure session, which was observed in the non-stressed females; they also consumed less alcohol than males under stress. CONCLUSION: Female participants respond less to alcohol-related cues when in a negative mood state. Such a finding suggests that females when in a negative mood may be less sensitive to positive incentive processes mediating cue reactivity compared to males.

Affect↗
PubMed1997

Aging and multiple cue probability learning: the case of inverse relationships.

Multiple Cue Probability Learning (MCPL) is an important cognitive ability for all age groups that, like other cognitive abilities, depends on information processing speed and working memory capacity--skills that have been found to decline with age. The relation between age and ability to learn direct and inverse probabilistic relationships was studied in two MCPL experiments involving subjects in three age groups. In the first experiment, subjects learned two three-cue tasks following the MCPL paradigm. In the first task, all cues had a direct relation (DR) with the criterion. In the second, one cue had an inverse relation (IR) with the criterion. In the DR task, older subjects were able to learn nearly as well as younger subjects. In the IR task, older subjects performed significantly worse than younger subjects due to an inability to use the inverse cue. In a second experiment involving the IR task, task information (TI) was given, that is, the relation between each cue and the criterion was explicitly described. This eliminated the need for subjects to discover the inverse relation on their own, thus reducing the burden on working memory. Provision of TI resulted in improved performance for the 20-30 and 65-75 year old groups, but not in the 76-90 year old group. Significant differences in performance among age groups remained. These results cannot be fully explained by differences in working memory capacity. It is suggested that flexibility of functioning also plays a role.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Spatial coincidence of cues in visual learning by the honeybee (Apis mellifera).

The discrimination of patterns was studied in a Y-choice chamber fitted with a transparent baffle in each arm, through which the bees had a choice of two targets via openings 5cm wide. The bees see the positive (rewarded) and the negative (unrewarded) targets from a fixed distance. The patterns were bars (subtending 22 degrees x5.4 degrees at the point of choice) presented in one-quarter of each target. The bars were moved to a different quarter of the target every 5min, to make the location of black useless as a cue. A coincident presentation is when the bar on the left target is on the same side of the target as the bar on the right target. The bees learn the orientation cue when the presentation is coincident but otherwise cannot learn it. This experiment shows that bees do not centre their attention on the individual bars, otherwise they would always discriminate the orientation. Centring the target as a whole precedes learning. Having learned with the bar on one side of the targets, bees do not recognize the same cue presented on the other side. A separate orientation cue can be learned on each side. A radial/tangential cue is preferred to a conflicting orientation cue.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1983

Taste aversion learning: simulation of interference with the gustatory cue during conditioning.

Rats were taught an aversion to a sucrose taste cue of varying strengths. The concentration of the sucrose solution was either, 10, 7.5, 5, 2.5, 1, 0.5, or 0.25% which the animals drank for 5 min. Thirty minutes later they were poisoned with lithium chloride. On the test day all animals had access to a 10% sucrose solution regardless of the concentration they had drunk on the conditioning day. Animals conditioned with a 10, 7.5, or 5% sucrose cue subsequently displayed an identically strong aversion to the 10% cue. Only those animals conditioned with a sucrose cue which was 1% or less displayed a significantly weaker aversion to the 10% cue. The results are discussed in terms of the theory that interference with taste aversion learning by such agents as pentylenetetrazol and electroconvulsive shock may have their effect by disrupting the gustatory engram. If this assumption is correct then it suggests that the memory of the gustatory cue may be stored, at least prior to poisoning, in a quite labile state and an apparently limited disruption of taste aversion learning may in fact represent a substantial amnesic effect.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reducing overselective attention to compound visual cues with extended training in adolescents with severe mental retardation.

Because of the devastating impact a disturbance in responding to multiple cues can have on a child's development, this investigation determined whether computer touch-screen technology could be utilized to improve the attentional skills of students with severe developmental disabilities after attentional deficits were initially identified. In particular, we assessed whether establishing prior reinforcement histories for separate stimuli would control how adolescents with severe mental retardation attended to visual compounds when extended training was given. Initially, prior reinforcement contingencies of individual stimuli failed to control the attention of the adolescents (Huguenin, 1997). Longer single stimulus pretraining and additional exposure to compounds containing stimulus components with conflicting reinforcement histories, however, eventually proved effective in determining what aspects of complex visual cues they attended to. In most instances, the adolescents selectively responded to stimulus elements whose prior reinforcement histories were unchanged in the compound after additional training was administered. Stimulus elements with a reversed prior reinforcement contingency were usually ignored. The reliability of the effect of prior reinforcement histories of individual stimulus elements on attention to visual compounds following additional training was confirmed with multiple testing procedures, automatically administered by a computer. Even though presenting conflict compounds initially identified students with overselective attention, extended exposure to single stimulus training and conflict compounds alleviated stimulus overselectivity and improved their attentional skills. After individual stimulus-response relations were reestablished and sufficiently reinforced to reduce disrupting effects when compound training cues were presented, stimulus overselectivity was eliminated. Through longer single stimulus pretraining and additional exposure to training compounds, adolescents with severe mental retardation learned to selectively attend to each component of visual compounds when prior reinforcement histories associated with the individual stimulus elements were manipulated. The findings of this investigation indicated that overselective attention among students with developmental disabilities is not an unmodifiable perceptual characteristic. They also revealed that overselective attention may be due to the disrupting effects of compound training cues which can be minimized through longer single stimulus pretraining and repeated presentations of compound training cues. Utilizing computer technology to administer procedures similar to those described in this study may permit students with developmental disabilities to acquire essential attentional skills for learning educational tasks involving complex cues.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Chemosensory assessment of predation risk by slimy sculpins (Cottus cognatus): responses to alarm, disturbance, and predator cues.

Slimy sculpins (Cottus cognatus) are small benthic fish that commonly co-occur with predatory fishes throughout most of their range in North America. In two laboratory experiments we examined the nature and extent of responses of slimy sculpins to chemosensory cues from predatory brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and chemical alarm cues released by conspecific sculpins. Sculpins responded to three different classes of chemical stimuli: (1) cues of predatory brook trout, (2) damage-released alarm cues from conspecific sculpins, and (3) disturbance cues from conspecific sculpins. Sculpins did not distinguish between trout fed different diets; however, the presence of damage-released alarm cues did enhance the intensity of response to the predator chemicals. A histological analysis of the skin of sculpins revealed the presence of large sacciform cells that may act as the source of chemical alarm signals.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Chemical cues for surface colonization.

Colonization of surfaces in marine benthic environments is often one of the most significant moments in the life history of benthic organisms, representing, for example, a change from a planktonic to a benthic existence, a shift from a mobile to a sessile life form, or the initiation of pathogenesis. Many of the surfaces that are colonized are, in fact, other marine organisms, and in a general sense there is widespread evidence that specific chemical cues derived from marine organisms affect colonization by both marine prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However, detailed information for any one system on the nature of such cues, their distribution in situ, and their effects on the demography of colonizers is rare. Here, we selectively review the literature on chemical cues for colonization in the sea, focussing on contrasts between positive (inducers) and negative (inhibitors, deterrents) cues and on prokaryote/eukaryote interactions. We also consider whether generalized life history or natural history characteristics of colonizers (i.e., the mobility of a propagule, the extent to which a species is a habitat generalist or specialist, etc.) affect their response to chemical cues, and we touch briefly on some recent highlights relevant to the critical interplay between hydrodynamics and chemistry. A number of important methodological concerns are now being addressed through the introduction of field assays and analyses for chemical cues, and through molecular techniques for the characterization of microbial biofilms. These developments are encouraging, as is the increasingly multidisciplinary and cross-taxonomic approach to research in this area.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

The cue-familiarity heuristic in metacognition.

Four experiments contrasted the cue-familiarity hypothesis of feeling-of-knowing judgments (FKJs) and tip-of-the-tongue feelings (TOTs) to the target-retrievability hypothesis. Familiarity of the cues was contrasted to memorability of the targets in a paired-associate design (e.g., A-B A-B, A-B A-B', A-B A-D, A-B C-D), in which the number of repetitions of the cue A terms was dissociated from the memorability of the target B terms. Little support was found for the target-retrievability hypothesis, because in none of the 4 experiments were FKJs related to target memorability. In one experiment, an omnibus retrieval hypothesis (which implicates total retrieval rather than just correct retrieval) and the cue-familiarity hypothesis produced isomorphic predictions that were borne out by the FKJ and TOT results. All 4 experiments supported the cue-familiarity hypothesis, because FKJs and TOTs were directly related to the number of presentations (and thereby the familiarity) of the cues.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Retrieving information from memory: spreading-activation theories versus compound-cue theories.

McNamara (1992a) attacked compound-cue theories on a number of grounds. Using free association as a measure of distance between concepts in memory, he argued that compound-cue theories cannot explain mediated priming effects. The authors show that free-association production probabilities do not accurately predict priming effects, either directly or in the context of current spreading-activation models, and so remove the basis for McNamara's criticism. McNamara also claimed that compound-cue theories cannot account for the sequential effects of items that precede a target on responses to the target, but the authors show that sequential effects are consistent with compound-cue models if the target item is weighted more heavily than preceding items in the calculation of familiarity that determines response time and accuracy for the target. It is concluded that, although compound-cue and spreading-activation theories are both consistent with available data, the compound-cue theory, having less freedom, has passed more stringent tests.

Attention↗
PubMed2005

Reactivity to alcohol cues: isolating the role of perceived availability.

Perceived availability of a substance has been proposed to play a role in cue reactivity by both traditional classical conditioning models and S. T. Tiffany's (1990) cognitive processing model (CPM) of substance use. This study investigated the role of availability information on alcohol cue reactivity. Subjects were 134 heavy drinkers in a 2 x 2 between-subjects design, crossing cues (alcohol vs. neutral) and availability information (availability vs. unavailability). The results indicated significant main effects for cue type, with alcohol cues eliciting greater reactivity on multiple measures, and an interaction effect on the Alcohol Urge Questionnaire (M. J. Bohn, D. D. Krahn, & B. B. Staehler, 1995), such that exposure to alcohol cues in conjunction with unavailability information elicited a greater urge. This was largely a result of changes in self-reported craving and was interpreted as consistent with the CPM. Alternative methodologies and limitations are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Burst and transition cues to voicing perception for spoken initial stops by impaired- and normal-hearing listeners.

The use of cues to voicing perception of initial stop consonants in multiple spoken syllables was studied for moderately/severely hearing-impaired (n = 43) and normal-hearing listeners (n = 12). The test stimuli were ten utterances each of the syllables/baed, gaed, daed, paed, kaed, taed/. The utterances were analyzed acoustically to confirm the presence of certain cues to initial-stop voicing, namely, differences in voice onset time (VOT), aspiration, and vowel-onset values of the first formant and of fundamental frequency (fo). Test conditions were prepared in which different portions of the syllable onsets were either deleted or interchanged for voicing-cognate syllables. Also the fo contour was flattened for syllable pairs via analysis/synthesis using linear predictor code (LPC) processing. The results confirmed that VOT was a strong voicing cue for both the hearing-impaired and normal-hearing listeners. When the aspirations of the voiceless stops were inserted between the release and the vowel of the voiced-stop syllables, the normal-hearing listeners perceived voiceless stops predominantly. The transition portions of the vowel onsets in burstless /baed, gaed, daed/ contained strong cues for voicing perception of /b,g,d/. The hearing-impaired listeners seemed less sensitive than the normal-hearing listeners to the aspiration-presence and the vowel-onset cues. The fo difference at vowel onset appeared to have no cue value for either group of listeners.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Effect of consonant-vowel ratio modification on amplitude envelope cues for consonant recognition.

This investigation examined the degree to which modification of the consonant-vowel (C-V) intensity ratio affected consonant recognition under conditions in which listeners were forced to rely more heavily on waveform envelope cues than on spectral cues. The stimuli were 22 vowel-consonant-vowel utterances, which had been mixed at six different signal-to-noise ratios with white noise that had been modulated by the speech waveform envelope. The resulting waveforms preserved the gross speech envelope shape, but spectral cues were limited by the white-noise masking. In a second stimulus set, the consonant portion of each utterance was amplified by 10 dB. Sixteen subjects with normal hearing listened to the unmodified stimuli, and 16 listened to the amplified-consonant stimuli. Recognition performance was reduced in the amplified-consonant condition for some consonants, presumably because waveform envelope cues had been distorted. However, for other consonants, especially the voiced stops, consonant amplification improved recognition. Patterns of errors were altered for several consonant groups, including some that showed only small changes in recognition scores. The results indicate that when spectral cues are compromised, nonlinear amplification can alter waveform envelope cues for consonant recognition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The influence of stimulus cue on the initiation of stepping in young and older adults.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the influence of different reaction stimulus cues on the characteristics of ground reaction forces during the initiation of rapid forward stepping, and to determine whether age-related differences in step initiation are influenced by the type of stimulus cue used to trigger stepping. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: University-based research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Fifteen healthy younger adults and 35 community-dwelling older adult volunteers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Subjects performed forward step initiation in response to 3 different reaction stimulus cues (light, sound, electrocutaneous) during simple reaction-time conditions. Ground reaction force data were collected and used to characterize the timing and magnitude features of the postural (weight-transfer) and step components. RESULTS: In comparison with the light and sound stimuli, the nonnoxious electrocutaneous trigger cue was associated with an increase in the magnitude of the initial displacement of the center of pressure (COP) in the mediolateral direction. Overall, older subjects were slower to initiate the postural and step components, and displayed a reduction in the initial posterior displacement of the COP. CONCLUSIONS: The postural component for lateral weight transfer was augmented by the electrocutaneous trigger cue, suggesting its potential to enhance step initiation among clinical populations. Age-related changes in stepping were unaffected by the type of stimulus cue, but the older group had a slower response initiation time and less forward propulsion. The abilities of many older persons may be compromised in situations where rapid adjustments in the base of support through stepping are triggered by environmental stimuli.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Independence of contour and biological-motion cues for motion-defined animal shapes.

The effects of different kinds of cues on the perception of second-order motion-defined animal shapes were assessed. In the first experiment discrimination thresholds for motion-defined animals without biological motion (non-BioM) were compared with motion-defined animals with biological motion (BioM). The results show no significant difference between the two conditions, suggesting that BioM does not interact with simple contour motion. In order to isolate the relative strength and interaction between the motion cues a second experiment was conducted where four conditions were used. The first condition consisted of animal contours with non-BioM, the second condition consisted of animal contours with BioM, the third condition was composed of dots present at the joints of the animals with non-BioM, and the fourth condition was composed of dots with BioM. In all cases the animal shapes traveled across the screen for a given number of frames. As in the first experiment, the results of the second study show no interaction between cues. Furthermore, the data show that the thresholds are similar whether BioM or contour cues are presented. The only condition which is significantly different is the condition without either contour or BioM cues. It is concluded that the form representation generated from these cues in motion-defined animal shapes consists of separate mechanisms which appear equally efficient for discrimination and which do not interact with one another.

Adult↗