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[Principle of determining the human requirements for basic foodstuffs in relation to climatic conditions].

A nomographic method is described for determination of the mans requirements of proteins, fats and carbohydrates depending on the climatic factor and physical activity. The authors propose that the principle of the territorial division of the country into climatic zones be used for a differentiated study of the influence of climatic factors on the human body. A mathematical principle of the assessment of the man's requirement of the main foodstuffs has been developed, based on the physiological correlation of proteins, fats and carbohydrates according to to their calorific value (14:27:59). The method proposed allows the assessment of the requirement of food for a person, or different groups of the population with respect to their environment (climatic conditions) and physical activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Climate change, human health, and sustainable development.

Human-induced climate change threatens ecosystems and human health on a global scale. In order to withstand the worldwide threats to ecosystems, the concept of sustainable development was introduced during the 1980s. Since then, this concept has been widely applied to guide and focus policy-making. The present article reviews the health consequences of human-induced climate change on sustainable development, particularly the potential impact of such change of food supply, natural disasters, infectious diseases, ecosystems, and sea level rise. Discussed is an integrated model containing the key indicators of sustainable development. The relevance of climate change, human health, and sustainable development for international climate change policy is also examined.

Climate↗
PubMed1997

[Tropical climate pathology].

In addition to being a determinant factor for the development of infectious and parasitic diseases, tropical weather conditions can have harmful effects for the human organism different from those of temperate climates. Adverse effects can result from aggressive environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation, extreme heat, abrupt changes in temperature, and tropical storms. In weather-sensitive subjects, exposure to tropical conditions increases the risk of acute reactions including ischemic heart disease, asthma attacks, and kidney stones. Adverse effects can be enhanced by suddenness of change in climate as underlined by the stress experienced by air travelers. In practice it is important to recognize that different tropical climates have different effects on health. Intertropical climates range from dry and rainy areas to plains and mountain areas. Knowledge of the concepts of climatopathology is necessary to advise patients on the choice of destination and the most favorable period for travel.

Asthma↗
PubMed1990

The impact of school emotional climate on student psychopathology.

Reports of differences among schools in emotional and social climate were related to changes in behavioral and emotional problems and alcohol use in students who remained in these schools over a 2-year interval. Four dimensions of school climate were examined. School conflict and social facilitation were shown to be related to increases in childhood psychopathology, whereas student autonomy was not. Effects of academic focus were even stronger than those of conflict, in the sense of being independently related to more syndromes. School climate effects were examined for conditionality on student characteristics and for synergism, It was concluded that intervention to alter the school climate may promote the emotional and behavioral well-being of children and adolescents.

Achievement↗
PubMed1989

Classification and validation of family climate subtypes in kibbutz fathers of disabled and nondisabled children.

The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of disabled children on their fathers. Perceptions of family climate, sense of coherence, and satisfaction from family life were measured among 66 fathers of disabled children and among 74 fathers with nondisabled children in an Israeli kibbutz. The fathers of disabled children showed lower sense of coherence, derived less satisfaction from family life, and viewed their families as less encouraging of personal growth among family members. Four subtypes of family climate patterns, perceived by fathers of disabled children, were identified by cluster analysis and validated by the sense of coherence and global family satisfaction measures. Cluster analysis for the fathers of nondisabled children replicated the subtypes identified. The four subtypes were conceptualized as families with a (a) personal growth orientation, (b) conflict orientation, (c) conflict avoidance orientation, and (d) recreation avoidance orientation. Significant differences were found between the subtypes with regard to the family climate variables and satisfaction and coherence measures. Results demonstrated that different patterns of family climate characterized the two groups of fathers: In almost every cluster the measures of personal growth were lower for the fathers of disabled children.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

Sexual climate and reported rape: a state-level analysis.

Data on the US states are used to study two aspects of sexual climate: sexually liberal attitudes and sex magazine readership, and their relationship to reported rape. The two sexual climate measures are correlated (r = 0.50), but each also seems to measure a different facet of sexual climate: tolerance for the sexual behavior of others in the case of the Sexual Liberalism Index, and perhaps sexuality per se in the case of sex magazine readership. States in the Northeast have the highest average sexual liberalism score, and states in the West have the highest average readership of sex magazines. The relationship between sexual climate and the incidence of reported rape was investigated using multiple regression. Results indicate no relationship between sexually liberal attitudes and rape, but that sex magazine readership, urbanization, poverty, and a high percentage of divorced men are each significantly associated with the incidence of reported rape. The findings are interpreted within a theoretical model that posits rape as a function of social disorganization and hypermasculine gender roles and sexuality.

Attitude↗
PubMed2001

[Endonasal temperature and humidity profile after exposure to various climate-controlled inspiratory air].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The nose as the first segment of the upper respiratory tract is exposed to different climatic conditions of the ambient air. The purpose of this study was to determine whether nasal air conditioning of ambient air is influenced by a short-term exposure to air of different climatic conditions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifteen healthy volunteers were enclosed into the study. A miniaturised humidity sensor and thermocouple was used for detection of humidity and airway temperature at three detection sites within the anterior nasal cavity. Both parameters were measured at the end of inspiration during breathing of ambient air after exposure to cold dry air, "normal" ambient air, and warm humid air for 10 minutes. RESULTS: The end-inspiratory intranasal humidity during breathing of ambient air increased at all locations within the nose when the temperature and humidity of the exposure condition increased. At the most anterior detection site, the effect of increase in humidity after exposure to the different climatic conditions was the most pronounced. The increase in intranasal temperature had no relation to the different climatic conditions during the short-term exposure. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that nasal humidification in ambient air can be influenced by short-term exposure to air of extreme temperature and humidity prior to breathing of ambient air.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Polymorphism at rDNA loci in barley and its relation with climatic variables.

The variation in length of the intergenic spacer (IGS) region of the ribosomal DNA repeat unit was examined in 63 accessions of wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum, and seven accessions of cultivated barley, Hordeum vulgare. The accessions of wild barley were collected from ecologically diverse climatic and edaphic microsites in Israel, and the barley cultivars were those grown in India. Sixteen spacer-length variants (slvs) observed in the present study presumably belonged to two known rDNA loci ( Rrn1 and Rrn2). Each accession had one or more variants, which together represented the rDNA phenotype. The rDNA phenotypes of wild barley accessions were widely diverse and differed substantially from those of cultivated barley. The slv phenotypes and the corresponding alleles were shown to be largely correlated with different climatic, edaphic and ecogeographical microsites and niches (the "Evolution Canyon" at Lower Nahal Oren, Mount Carmel; and Tabigha, Eastern Upper Galilee Mountains), so that a particular rDNA phenotype of an accession could be used to predict the climate and soil to which the accession belonged. This sharp microsite ecogeographic variation in ribosomal DNA appears adaptive in nature, and is presumably driven by climatic and edaphic natural selection.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

An intergroup contact-theory framework for evaluating racial climate on predominantly white college campuses.

This study examined the association of racial climate to social integration outcomes among 215 African American students and 144 White students from a predominantly White university. Presented is preliminary evidence regarding the utility of an ecological approach based on Allport's (1954) intergroup contact theory in examining students' climate perceptions and their impact. Responses to a racial climate scale previously used in secondary settings were collected from participants, and, through factor analysis, a revised scale was developed. The revised scale showed evidence for five subscales assessing perceived intergroup interactions on campus at individual and institutional levels, as well as individuals' personal intergroup interactions. Group differences were found for the subscales and in relationships between subscales and college integration outcomes. Findings suggest the importance of understanding college climate at interpersonal and institutional levels and of assessing impact for both majority and minority students.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1992

Faculty/student perception of organizational climates in the schools of nursing, Oyo State, Nigeria.

This study examined the influence of educational status and gender on the faculty and students' perceptions of their school climates. A self-designed questionnaire was used to elicit information from the 385 subjects (320 students and 65 tutors). Analysis using the t-test technique revealed that there were no significant differences at the 0.05 level of probability in the perceptions of: (a) faculty and students on climate variables "thrust" (t = 0.31) and "control" (t = 1.19); and (b) both sexes on climate variables "thrust" (t = 1.69), "control" (t = 1.13) and "disengagement" (t = -0.53). The conclusion therefore, is that educational status and gender have little or no influence on the peoples' perception of their school climates.

Educational Status↗
PubMed1991

The global carbon cycle and climate change: responses and feedbacks from below-ground systems.

According to most global climate models, a continued build-up of CO2 and other greenhouse gases will lead to significant changes in temperature and precipitation patterns over large parts of the Earth. Below-ground processes will strongly influence the response of the biosphere to climate change and are likely to contribute to positive or negative biospheric feedbacks to climate change. Current global carbon budgets suggest that as much as 2000 Pg of carbon exists in soil systems. There is considerable disagreement, however, over pool sizes and flux (e.g. CO2, CH4) for various ecosystems. An equilibrium analysis of changes in global below-ground carbon storage due to a doubled-CO2 climate suggests a range from a possible sink of 41 Pg to a possible source of 101 Pg. Components of the terrestrial biosphere could be managed to sequester or conserve carbon and mitigate accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Climate change and human history. Some indications from Europe, ad 400-1400.

The influence of climate change on history is discussed in such a way as to take account of recent research while seeking to herald, rather than foreclose, the much more focussed and definitive debates that will become possible by the turn of the century. By then, much more elaborated time series of global climatic change over the last several millennia should be available. The period chosen for examination is the 1000 years or so following the collapse of Roman Europe. During this time, civilization seems to wane, wax and wane again, very much in phase with the climate deteriorating, improving and then deteriorating once more. What this overview high-lights is the great vulnerability to climatic perturbation of societies that are marginally poised for other reasons. In several major respects, the whole of world society will be marginal in the 21st century.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Global climate change: modelling the potential responses of agro-ecosystems with special reference to crop protection.

Pests and diseases reduce yields to lower levels than those that could have been potentially obtained, given the restrictions of climate, nutrients and crop varieties. Climatic change not only affects the potential yield levels, but it may also modify the effects of pests and diseases. Modelling can serve as a tool to integrate these processes, ranging from simple removal of plant material to subtle toxic and hormonal effects. Modelling can help to quantify different modes of action such as on photosynthesis, root activity, assimilate partitioning, morphology, and their interactions. As to climatic change, little is known about pests, diseases and weeds. If climatic change causes a gradual shift of agricultural regions, crops and their associated pests, diseases and weeds will migrate together, though at different rates maybe. To a limited extent, new outbreaks can be foreseen given the changed environmental conditions. Methodology is available, and some interesting results are on record. Specific changes such as an increase in the CO(2) content in the air and in UV radiation are not likely to have large effects. Increasing atmospheric CO(2) reduces crop nitrogen content, which may retard many pests and diseases, and change the composition of the weed flora which accompanies crops. Some cautionary remarks are made to avoid jumping to conclusions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Comparing maltreating fathers and mothers in terms of personal distress, interpersonal functioning, and perceptions of family climate.

OBJECTIVE: This study compared perceptions of personal distress, interpersonal and marital problems, and aspects of family climate of maltreating fathers and mothers. METHODS: Subjects were 2841 offenders (1918 of whom were fathers or father-figures) who were identified and treated by the USAF Family Advocacy Program between 1988 and 1996. Independent variables for the analysis were parent sex (mother vs. father) as well as type and severity of maltreatment, history of repeat offenses, and history of abuse in childhood. RESULTS: Maltreating mothers were more distressed and reported more problems from individuals outside the family than maltreating fathers; fathers reported more rigid expectations for children, less cohesive families, and less organized families than did maltreating mothers. Regardless of parental sex, victimization in the family of origin was related to distress and unhappiness. Similarly, both victimization in the family of origin and history of repeated offenses were powerful predictors of a more negative family climate regardless of the offending parent's sex. No significant statistical interactions between parental sex and other independent variables were found when predicting personal and interpersonal distress, marital problems, or family climate. CONCLUSIONS: Studies rarely examine maltreating fathers except in the context of sexual abuse. Fewer still compare maltreating mothers and fathers. This study identified meaningful, though generally small, differences between maltreating mothers and fathers. Patterns suggest that maltreating mothers may tend to cope more poorly with personal distress, whereas maltreating fathers tend to operate in a family climate that is both distant and rigid, while holding inappropriate expectations for children's behavior. The absence of interactions between parental sex and the other independent variables included in the analysis indicate that these patterns do not vary by the history of victimization in the family of origin, the type or severity of child maltreatment, or the history of prior maltreatment in the family.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Global climate change and introduced species in United States forests.

Introduced species already cause billions of dollars of damage annually in United States forests, plus massive ecological damage whose economic value has often not been estimated. The variety of impacts is staggering and includes herbivory, predation, disease, parasitism, competition, habitat destruction, hybridization, and changed disturbance regimes and nutrient cycles. How global climate change will affect these impacts has scarcely been assessed. Range changes of existing introduced species will be prominent, as many species' biogeographic ranges are set primarily by climate. Similarly, some species that might otherwise not have survived will be able to establish populations in a changed climate. It is more difficult to predict what the impacts of the introduced species will be. What is most needed are studies of the combined impacts of changing climate, CO2, and nutrients. Certain aspects of the biology of introduced species, such as evolution and autonomous dispersal, greatly complicate the prediction of spread and impact of introduced species.

Ecosystem↗
PubMed1994

Climatic warming and increased malaria incidence in Rwanda.

Global climatic change is expected to increase the incidence of vector-borne diseases, especially malaria. This study assessed the contribution of climate to a malaria epidemic in Rwanda, focusing on the catchment area of one health centre where diagnosis was consistent and non-climatic variables well monitored. In late 1987 malaria incidence in the area increased by 337% over the 3 previous years. The increase was greatest in groups with little acquired immunity--children under 2 years (564%) and people in high-altitude areas (501%). Case-fatality rose significantly (relative risk = 4.85, p < 0.001). 1987 also saw record high temperatures and rainfall. An autoregressive equation including lagged effects of these two variables explained 80% of the variance in monthly malaria incidence. Temperature (especially mean minimum) predicted incidence best at higher altitudes where malaria had increased most. Empirically derived relations were consistent with the estimated generation time of the disease and with the known sensitivity of the plasmodium parasite to temperature. The patterns of climatic warming between day and night and among seasons will be critical to the effect on malaria. These findings are most relevant to regions near the altitude or latitude limits of the disease, where several epidemics have lately been reported.

Altitude↗
PubMed1998

The effects of organizational climate and interorganizational coordination on the quality and outcomes of children's service systems.

OBJECTIVE: This study examines the effects of organizational characteristics, including organizational climate and interorganizational coordination, on the quality and outcomes of children's service systems. METHOD: A quasi-experimental, longitudinal design was used to assess the effects of increasing interorganizational services coordination in public children's service agencies. The research team collected both qualitative and quantitative data over a 3-year period describing the services provided to 250 children by 32 public children's service offices in 24 counties in Tennessee. RESULTS: Findings show that organizational climate (including low conflict, cooperation, role clarity, and personalization) is the primary predictor of positive service outcomes (the children's improved psychosocial functioning) and a significant predictor of service quality. In contrast, interorganizational coordination had a negative effect on service quality and no effect on outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Efforts to improve public children's service systems should focus on creating positive organizational climates rather than on increasing interorganizational services coordination. This is important because many large-scale efforts to improve children's service systems have focused on interorganizational coordination with little success and none to date have focused on organizational climate.

Child↗
PubMed2001

A study of the impacts of climate change on the geographic distribution of Pinus koraiensis in China.

The climatic conditions and elevation of the potential distribution area of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc) in China were determined by an ecological information system GREEN that has been developed by [Yan H, Booth TH, Zuo H, editors. GREEN--a climatic mapping program for China and its use in forestry. In: Matching trees and sites, ACIAR Proceedings No. 63. Australia: ACIAR, 1996]. The potential distribution areas of this tree species under current and predicted climatic conditions were mapped using IDRISI GIS. Based on the averages of rainfall and temperature predicted by 5 GCMs (GISS, NCAR, OSU, UKMO and MPI, i.e., an "averaged" model) and a new model HadCM2 for 2030, predictions were made on the future distributions of Korean pine. The result shows that the southern boundary of the potential distribution area of Korean pine will have a northward shift of 0.1 degrees to 0.6 degrees in latitude, and the northern boundary will have a northward shift of 0.3 degrees to 0.5 degrees, resulting in an expansion of the potential distribution area by 3.4% according to the average of the five models. However, the distribution areas will be decreased by 12.1% and 44.9% according to the scenarios predicted by HadCM2, which assumes annual increments of CO2 concentrations of 0.5% and 1%, respectively. The authors concluded that if the thresholds were properly selected the actual distribution and potential distribution of a tree species might agree. The projected distribution under changed climatic conditions depends on the GCM scenarios applied. Different GCM scenarios may sometimes give opposite conclusions, as in the case of Korean pine projected by the "averaged" and HadCM2 models.

China↗