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PubMed1981

Simultaneous detection of several Fusarium mycotoxins in cereals, grains, and foodstuffs.

A systematic method is described for the simultaneous determination of Fusarium mycotoxins (nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, fusarenon-x, diacetoxyscirpenol, neosolaniol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, butenolide, moniliformin, and zearalenone) in cereals, grains, and foodstuffs. Mycotoxins were extracted with aqueous methanol and purified by a 2-step chromatographic procedure using Amberlite XAD-4 and Florisil columns. The column eluates were concentrated and spotted on a thin layer chromatographic (TLC) plate which was then developed in CHCL3-methanol (93 + 7) and toluene-acetone-methanol (5 + 3 + 2). Each mycotoxin was quantitated by gas chromatography (GC) and TLC densitometry. The minimum detectable concentrations (microgram/kg) in various test materials were: nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, and fusarenon-x, 2.0; diacetoxyscirpenol, neosolaniol, T-2 toxin, and HT-2 toxin, 80; zearalenone, 10; butenolide, 30; and moniliformin, 50. Recoveries of the mycotoxins added to various cereal samples at 1.0-2.0 microgram/g were greater than 71% and averaged 85%.

Chromatography↗
PubMed1993

[Fiber-enriched cereal for constipation and for hypercholesterolemia].

A mixed-grain, high-fiber cereal (Disivit) prepared from oats, corn, wheat and soybean was used to treat 20 patients with chronic constipation and 22 with hypercholesterolemia in double-blind, cross-over trials. Disivit (50 g/d, containing 12.5 g dietary fiber) was given to the constipated patients for 2 weeks and then a low-fiber placebo for another 2 weeks, and similarly for the hypercholesterolemic patients. In those with constipation, the frequency of bowel movements increased significantly, stools became softer and laxative intake decreased. In hypercholesterolemic patients serum cholesterol decreased significantly, but only by 15%. Thus the fiber cereal appears to be a suitable treatment for constipation, while for hypercholesterolemia a larger dose or a longer period of treatment may be required.

Cholesterol↗
PubMed1977

Automated determination of protein-nitrogen in cereals and grains.

This paper presents the design, performance, and operational characteristics of a new direct reading instrument for determining nitrogen in cereal and grain. Precision, accuracy, range, speed, ease of operation, sensitivity, sample size, and flexibility of the instrument are presented. Results on various cereals and grains are presented and compared with those obtained by the Kjeldahl technique. The apparatus is the result of research for a rapid method for determining nitrogen in organic material. The instrument uses a combination of a unique high temperature sample oxidation, a sampling valve for separating combustion products, and thermal conductivity detection for the liberated nitrogen in a helium carrier gas.

Autoanalysis↗
PubMed1997

Identification of the major water/salt insoluble wheat proteins involved in cereal hypersensitivity.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have investigated water/salt soluble proteins which comprise 50% of the proteins in wheat. The remaining 50% of wheat proteins, are water/salt insoluble proteins of which there is limited information on their role in cereal hypersensitivity. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the allergenicity of the water/salt insoluble gliadin and glutenin proteins (prolamins). METHODS: RAST, electrophoresis and Western blotting were used to identify water/salt insoluble wheat allergens. Competitive RAST inhibition was conducted to investigate cross-reactivity between prolamins and water/salt soluble wheat proteins. RESULTS: Specific IgE to alpha-gliadin and to total glutenins were detected in all sera. IgE to beta-, gamma-, fast omega-, and slow omega-gliadin were present in lower numbers of sera. Prolamin allergens of 90-11 kDa were identified by immunoblotting. Water/salt soluble proteins crossreacted with alpha-gliadin and total glutenins. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals who are hypersensitive to water/salt soluble wheat proteins produce specific IgE to water/salt insoluble wheat proteins. Western blotting has shown that gliadins, glutenins and proteins with similar molecular weights as the endogenous water/salt soluble wheat enzyme inhibitors are important allergens. Alpha and fast omega- are the most allergenic gliadins. The water/salt insoluble proteins share cross-reacting epitopes with water/salt soluble proteins. These data show that the numbers of proteins involved in the development of cereal hypersensitivity is greater than previously believed and that the development of specific IgE to alpha-gliadin may in part depend on the presence of cross-reacting antibodies to water/salt soluble flour allergens.

Antibodies, Blocking↗
PubMed1996

[Nutrient mineral content in raw and processed foods derived from cereals and legumes. II: Mineral composition].

Raw and processed foods derived from cereals and legumes were analyzed to determine the mineral content. These data can be used to replace Na, K, Ca, P y Fe values of the out-of-date national composition table and to incorporate new data of Mg and Zn. Results showed that mineral composition in cereal milled products varies directly with the degree of extraction and that losses or intentional addition of inorganic elements were produced during processing. It seems that manufacturers tend to diminish salt addition in prepared and processed foods, as Na content of bakery products and canned legumes were considerably lower than the values reported in the 1945 composition table.

Edible Grain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pollen development in the anthers of several cereal strains and hybrids during cultivation in vitro].

In order to induce androgenesis in vitro anthers of some cereals were cultivated. The highest number of proembryos was obtained in the hybrid Triticale in F3 generation on Blayder's medium supplemented with 3 and 12% sucrose. Proembryos represented multi-nuclear and multicellular formations which stagnated at the globular stage of development. Origin of roots from calluses was not accompanied by formation of buds. There was no formation of embryos from pollen grains in case of lines Triticum aestivum and Secale cereale.

Edible Grain↗
PubMed1976

Loss of chloride in the official method for the determination of sodium chloride in cereal foods.

The official final action method for sodium chloride in cereal foods, 14.129, was found to give erroneously low results because of loss of chloride during ashing. Comparison of the data with values obtained by the official first action potentiometric method, 32.A01-32.A06, which does not require ashing, showed that large and variable losses of chloride occurred. Official ashing methods for other foods specify addition of sodium carbonate to prevent conversion of chloride to volatile forms, but this was not specified in 14.129. In the present study it was found that sodium carbonate did not completely prevent loss of chloride. The official first action potentiometric method, 32.A01-32.A06, has been adopted as official first action for the determination of chloride in cereal foods to replace 14.129, which was repealed, official first action. A cross-reference to 32.A01-32.A06 has been added to 14.096.

Bread↗
PubMed2000

Tarhana as a traditional Turkish fermented cereal food. Its recipe, production and composition.

As a fermented product tarhana is the dry form of yogurt-cereal mixture and represents an important part of the diets of many people in Turkey. It is prepared by mixing wheat flour, yogurt, yeast and a variety of cooked vegetables (tomatoes, onions, green pepper etc.), salt, and spices (mint, paprika) followed by fermentation for one to seven days. Generally one part yogurt is mixed with two parts of wheat flour (w/w). In commercial production there are two methods for tarhana making. First method is called straight method and ingredients in the recipe is mixed and kneaded, fermented, dried and finally sieved. Second method is called sour dough method that contains three steps, each one has a different recipe. Throughout fermentation lactic acid bacteria and yeast give the characteristic taste and flavour of tarhana by producing lactic acid, ethanol, carbondioxide and some other organic compounds. Organic acids composed in fermentation period lower the pH (3.4-4.2), and low moisture content (6-10%) is a poor medium for pathogens and spoilage organisms. The nutrient content of tarhana depends upon yogurt and flour ratios as well as some other ingredients, and it is also considered to be a useful high-protein dietary supplement with average 15% protein content. Addition of set yogurt due to high dry matter content and baker's yeast increase protein content and enhances it's amino acid composition.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Mycotoxins (trichothecenes, zearalenone and fumonisins) in cereals associated with human red-mold intoxications stored since 1989 and 1991 in China.

Two corn powder samples implicated in the human food poisoning that occurred in Guangxi province in 1989, and eight wheat and two barley samples linked to an episode that involved about 130,000 people in gastrointestinal disorders in Anhui province in 1991 were analyzed for trichothecenes including deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and their esters, zearalenone (ZEA) and fumonisins (FMs) by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography, and T-2 toxin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. DON was detected in all samples as a major trichothecene (16-51,450 microg kg(-1)), and NIV was in one corn, one barley and all wheat at relatively low levels (10-6935 microg kg(-1)). ZEA was found in all corn and barley, and six wheat samples (46-3079 microg kg(-1)). In addition, 3-acetyl-DON (2544 microg kg(-1)) and 15-acetyl-DON (2537 microg kg(-1)) were detected separately in one corn and one wheat sample. The highest levels of these mycotoxins were found in one wheat sample associated with the human intoxication in Anhui province. FMs in corn were below 1000 microg kg(-1). Risks of DON and ZEA on the people who consumed the causative cereals were assessed.

Carboxylic Acids↗
PubMed2001

High-performance capillary electrophoresis of meat, dairy, and cereal proteins.

Food proteins play important roles in food functionality, nutrition, and human health. For these reasons, new analytical methods are continually being developed to separate and characterize these important proteins. High-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) is one of the latest analytical methods to be applied to the separation of food proteins. This review covers methods and applications for the separation of three major groups of food proteins, meat, dairy, and cereal proteins.

Edible Grain↗
PubMed1989

Unusual features of cereal seed protein structure and evolution.

The alcohol-soluble (prolamin) storage proteins of barley, wheat and rye vary in their structures, but all have two features in common: the presence of distinct structural domains differing in amino acid compositions, and of repeats within one of these domains. Detailed comparisons of amino acid sequences show that all appear to have evolved from a single ancestral gene consisting of three short related regions (called A, B and C). Regions related to A, B and C are also present in the minor prolamins of maize and in three other groups of seed proteins: inhibitors of alpha-amylase and/or trypsin from cereals. 25 storage globulins from several dicotyledonous species and a 2S albumin from sunflower. It is suggested that these proteins together constitute a protein superfamily with limited sequence homology.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1981

Mycotoxins in cereal grain. Part IV. Inactivation of ochratoxin A and other mycotoxins during ammoniation.

Addition of ammonia to final concentration 2% inactivates ochratoxin A, aflatoxin, citrinin, penicillic acid and partially zearalenon at temperature 20-50 degrees C. Detoxification of contaminated cereal grain (wheat, corn or barley) can be performed on a farm using ammoniation without special investment during 4 to 6 weeks. Ammoniation changes nutritional value of grain as feed in a small extent.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1983

Mycotoxins in cereal grain. Part X. Invasion of fungi mycelium into wheat and barley kernels.

Histochemical examination of wheat kernels invaded by Aspergilli and Penicillia proved penetration of fungal mycelium into subaleurone and endosperm cells through aleurone layer cells. Walls of aleurone layer cells in invaded kernels were found to be thicker and split. Formation of spores in cleistothecia's in endosperm cells was found. The observation of kernels under a stereoscopic microscope was found to be a sensitive way to detect fungi invasion in cereal kernels.

Aspergillus↗
PubMed1986

The protein inhibitors of amylases and peptidases isolated from cereal grains.

The peptidase and amylase inhibitors were isolated from rye and preliminarily purified to investigate some of their properties. It was shown, that both are of albumin character despite the acetic acid solubility of the former. They are not active against the native cereal grain peptidases or amylases (rye, wheat, triticale) but the latter inhibited the animal (hog pancreas, man salivary) and bacterial (Thermamyl, NOVO) alpha-amylases. In the long-term experiments on various rye genotypes there was shown, that the peptidase inhibitor level was rather differentiated between them, but more stable as concerns particular ones. On the other hand the level differentiation of alpha-amylase inhibitor between the genotypes was rather small, but that of climate much more significant.

Amylases↗
PubMed1997

Regulation of fecal bile acid excretion in male golden Syrian hamsters fed a cereal-based diet with and without added cholesterol.

The objective of these studies was to investigate the comparative physiology and regulation of bile acid metabolism in the male Golden Syrian hamster by measuring the rate of fecal bile acid excretion and bile acid pool size in animals fed a cereal-based diet either alone, or with added cholesterol or cholestyramine. In group-housed hamsters fed only the plain diet fecal bile acid excretion in animals at 6, 10, and 15 weeks of age averaged 11.0, 8.0, and 6.9 mumol/d per 100 g body weight (bw), respectively. Pool size, measured by subtracting from the total amount of bile acid washed out over 12 hours of biliary diversion the amount of bile acid excreted in the stools over the same period, equalled 17.8 mumol/100 g bw in 15-week-old hamsters fed the plain diet. Hence, under basal conditions, these animals turned over about 38% of their bile acid pool daily. In hamsters fed a diet with 3% cholestyramine for 18 days, fecal bile acid excretion averaged 20.6 mumol/d per 100 g bw, and the pool size contracted to 5.8 mumol/100 g bw. In matching animals fed a diet containing 0.12% cholesterol for 30 days, hepatic cholesterol levels increased from 1.9 +/- 0.1 to 12.6 +/- 0.7 mg/g, fecal bile acid excretion increased marginally from 5.8 to 8.0 mumol/day per 100 g bw, while pool size was unchanged (16.6 mumol/100 g bw). When the cholesterol content of the diet was raised to 1.0%, hepatic cholesterol levels reached 66.5 +/- 2.6 mg/g, but bile acid excretion remained at 8 mumol/d per 100 g bw. These data define some of the basal features of bile acid metabolism in the hamster, and substantiate the view that the marked cholesterolemic response of this species may relate partly to a limited ability to convert dietary cholesterol to bile acid.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A 150 micron id packed column for the separation of soybean proteins by elution gradient mu-HPLC: simultaneous separation of soybean proteins from cereal and milk proteins.

Mu-HPLC has previously been used to increase the resolution and sensitivity of protein separations but never for the analysis of soybean proteins. In this work, soybean proteins were, for the first time, separated using a capillary column with an internal diameter of 150 microm packed with a Genesis C18 stationary phase (4 microm, 300 angstroms) and UV detection. TFA and acetic acid were investigated as ion-pairing reagents in order to optimise water-ACN gradients to achieve this separation. The column showed good selectivity enabling the separation of soybean proteins from other vegetable proteins such as cereal (wheat, rice and corn) and also from milk proteins. The developed method was applied to the detection of soybean proteins in commercial products elaborated with mixtures of vegetable proteins.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2005

Determination of non-starch polysaccharides in cereal grains with near-infared reflectance spectroscopy.

Cereal grains contain variable amounts of non-starch polysaccharides, such as arabinoxylans and (1-->3),(1-->4)-beta-glucans (beta-glucans), which are associated with their cell walls. The type and composition of these polysaccharides is of increasing interest in both human and animal nutrition. Reference analysis for these polysaccharides requires the use both enzymic and monosaccharide methods. To evaluate fully the non-starch polysaccharides present in grains, some analysts further distinguish between the soluble and insoluble fractions of these components. Near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy provides fast, inexpensive analysis. It is, however, a comparative technique that relies on multivariate calibration of sample spectra and accurate reference analysis. It has the potential to be exploited as a rapid analytical method for nutritionally important polysaccharides. The calibration statistics for arabinoxylans and beta-glucans obtained in this study suggest that NIR can be used in plant breeding, nutritional and product studies to obtain simple and rapid estimates of non-starch polysaccharides. The occurrence of wheats with high cell wall contents together with barleys with high beta-glucan contents is well known. However, to date, this genetic variation has not been extensively exploited for the production of grains for use as human food ingredients.

Calibration↗