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PubMed2006

Bovine respiratory disease in feedlot cattle: environmental, genetic, and economic factors.

The objective of this study was to characterize genetic, environmental, and economic factors related to the incidence of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in feedlot calves. Records from 18,112 calves representing 9 breeds (Angus, Braunvieh, Charolais, Gelbvieh, Hereford, Limousin, Pinzgauer, Red Poll, and Simmental) and 3 composite types (MARC I, MARC II, and MARC III) over a 15-yr period (1987 to 2001) were evaluated. Disease incidence was observed and recorded by station veterinary and technical staff. The incidence of BRD varied across years, with the annual observed incidence ranging from 5 to 44%. From 1987 to 1992, the annual average incidence generally exceeded 20%. However, in later years the annual incidence did not exceed 14%. The epidemiological pattern indicated that BRD infection increased dramatically after 5 d on feed and remained high until approximately 80 d on feed. Previous BRD infection during the preweaning period did not influence subsequent BRD infection in the feedlot. Steers were more likely to become sick with BRD than heifers; castration before entry in the feedlot may be a predisposing cause. Few significant differences among breeds were detected for BRD incidence. Adjusted solutions from mixed model analyses indicated that Herefords were generally more susceptible to BRD infection (P < 0.05) than MARC I and III composite types. Composite breed types had similar susceptibility compared with other purebred breeds. Mortality associated with BRD was greatest in Red Poll calves (9%) compared with the average over all breeds (4%). Estimates of heritability for resistance to BRD ranged from 0.04 to 0.08 +/- 0.01. When the observed heritability was transformed to an underlying continuous scale, the estimate increased to 0.18. Selection for resistance to BRD could be effective if phenotypes for BRD resistance were known. Thus, development of an inexpensive and humane method of challenging animals with BRD to determine resistance would be an important step in reducing the incidence of BRD. This study also demonstrated that producer-collected field data could be used for selection against this disease. The economic loss associated with lower gains and treatment costs for BRD infection in a 1,000-cattle feedlot was estimated as dollar 13.90 per animal, not including labor and associated handling costs.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1995

Pathology of experimentally induced chronic selenosis (alkali disease) in yearling cattle.

Prolonged oral exposure of cattle to elevated dietary selenium (Se) in forage and seleniferous plants in seleniferous areas of the western United States is associated historically with 2 clinical syndromes: alkali disease and "blind staggers." The potential for Se-induced disease in cattle and other species is considerable in areas with seleniferous shales, Se-accumulating plants, arid climates, and alkaline soils. These 2 Se-associated conditions were defined in the 1930s and 1940s, and the nosology of blind staggers is questionable. Seventeen yearling steers fed 0.15, 0.28, and 0.8 mg Se/kg body weight as selenomethionine or selenite for 120 days were euthanized and examined postmortem. Significant lesions were confined to 4 steers in the medium- and high-dose selenomethionine group and to 1 steer in the high-dose selenite group. Grossly, dystrophic hoof lesions developed in 2 steers, 1 of which had extensive separation of horn from lamellar and coronary epidermis and also lost hair from the tail switch. Histologically, tubules in the stratum medium of hooves from these 5 steers were replaced by islands of parakeratotic cellular debris, separated by more normal hoof matrix. Two of the 5 steers also had hyperplasia, acanthosis, parakeratosis, and disorganized germinal epithelium of varying severity in hoof epithelium, particularly at the tips of epidermal lamellae. These changes may distinguish the hoof lesions of chronic selenosis from those of chronic laminitis in cattle, in which dermal (chorial) changes predominate. In skin from the distal part of the tail of the animal that lost its switch, most follicles were atrophic and devoid of hairshafts and displayed dyskeratosis and mild superficial follicular keratosis. No significant lesions developed in tissues other than integument. Autometallographic staining for catalytic Se bonds in various tissues, including skin, liver, and kidney, revealed no positive staining of hair shafts; the correlation between stain intensity and dose group was poor. These findings indicate that dietary exposure for 4 months to 0.28 and 0.8 mg Se/kg in the form of selenomethionine and to 0.8 mg Se/kg in the form of sodium selenite reproduces in some cattle mild (subclinical) to severe (clinical) forms of alkali disease. No significant neurological, renal, or hepatic lesions developed, supporting the contention that blind staggers is caused by factors other than excessive dietary selenium.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2006

Use of participatory epidemiology to compare the clinical veterinary knowledge of pastoralists and veterinarians in East Africa.

Because of severe resource and logistical constraints in large areas of Africa, disease surveillance systems need to maximize the use of information provided by livestock keepers and make correct interpretations of indigenous livestock knowledge. This paper describes the use of participatory epidemiology (PE) to compare the names, clinical signs and epidemiological features of cattle diseases as perceived by pastoralists and veterinarians. Using results from two previous studies with pastoralists in southern Sudan and Kenya, provisional translations of local disease names into modem veterinary terminology were used to develop a matrix scoring method for use with veterinarians. Matrix scoring data from pastoralists and veterinarians were then compared using simple visual comparison of summarized matrices, hierarchical cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling. The results showed good agreement between pastoralists' and veterinarians' disease names and diagnostic criteria. The matrix scoring method was easy to use and appropriate for use in under-resourced areas with minimal professional support or laboratory services. Matrix scoring could be used to assist livestock disease surveillance workers to design surveillance systems that make better use of pastoralist's indigenous knowledge and correctly interpret local disease names. The method should be combined with conventional veterinary investigation methods where feasible.

Africa, Eastern↗
PubMed1981

Cloned viral protein vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease: responses in cattle and swine.

A DNA sequence coding for the immunogenic capsid protein VP3 of foot-and-mouth disease virus A12, prepared from the virion RNA, was ligated to a plasmid designed to express a chimeric protein from the Escherichia coli tryptophan promoter-operator system. When Escherichia coli transformed with this plasmid was grown in tryptophan-depleted media, approximately 17 percent of the total cellular protein was found to be an insoluble and stable chimeric protein. The purified chimeric protein competed equally on a molar basis with VP3 for specific antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus. When inoculated into six cattle and two swine, this protein elicited high levels of neutralizing antibody and protection against challenge with foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Potency control of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine in cattle. Comparison of the 50% protective dose and the protection against generalization.

Potency tests of a total of 658 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine batches by bovine protective dose (PD50) showed that 22% of the tests did not follow the expected theoretical model and the results could not be interpreted because of the lack of a dose-response relationship. The protection against generalization (PG) method, using undiluted vaccine, proved to be highly reliable from the analysis of the results of 65 replicate potency tests of three hydroxide-saponin (HS) vaccines and two oil-adjuvanted (OL) vaccines. The PG results were consistent in 64 out of the total of 65 tests. The data obtained indicated that, with regard to direct tests in cattle, the PG test is the preferred method for FMD vaccine potency control. This study also showed that the incorporation of a reference vaccine in routine potency tests is essential to ensure normality of the test system and that good quality HS and OL FMD vaccines may maintain immunogenic stability for at least 27 and 36 months, respectively, when stored at 2-8 degrees C.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Transmission of foot-and-mouth disease by vaccinated cattle following natural challenge.

Cattle vaccinated with a conventional monovalent type O1 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine were challenged between four and 21 days after vaccination by short-term exposure to homologous airborne virus produced by pigs. Transmission was then assessed by housing susceptible cattle with the vaccinated animals and testing and observing all the animals for signs of infection and clinical disease. All 18 cattle vaccinated three weeks before challenge resisted clinical disease and although four contracted subclinical infection, there was no transmission to susceptible cattle in contact. One of the two groups of cattle vaccinated two weeks previously transmitted subclinical infection, but not disease, to susceptible animals housed with them from day 0 after challenge. Subclinical infection was manifested by a transient viraemia which was not followed by a detectable circulating antibody response. Shorter periods (seven or four days) from vaccination to challenge resulted in transmission of disease from clinically normal vaccinated to in-contact animals in one of two experiments. The severe challenge presented by the diseased in-contact animals than overwhelmed the immunity of the vaccinated animals. The results indicate that during emergency vaccination programmes it is advisable to vaccinate all FMD-susceptible animals within the vaccination zone and that at the outer boundary of the zone vaccinated animals should be kept separated from unvaccinated animals for at least three weeks.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Taxonomy, ecology, and physiological and biochemical characteristics of industrially important microorganisms].

The work is dedicated to the investigations which were carried out in the Department of Physiology of Industrial Microorganisms in the recent years. Fundamental results of investigations dedicated to development of systematics of nocardio- and coryne-like bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and yeast; to the study of their distribution in nature, physiological-and-biochemical peculiarities. Considerable attention is paid to growth physiology of lactic acid bacteria and yeast, to lectin-forming microorganisms, to the study of fungi shaping under deep cultivation, as well as to microorganisms, taking part in the environment purification from heavy metals and oil products. Drugs created for treatment and prophylaxis of cattle diseases, for fodder siloing; new lactic acid preparations of functional direction, technological bases of sewage treatment for oil products and heavy metals are described.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1997

BSE, public anxiety and private neurosis.

Following the recent focus of media attention on BSE, and the putative link between the cattle disease and cases of variant CJD in humans in the UK, we report two cases of "BSE phobia." The relationship between popular conceptions of science and psychopathology is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Examination of cattle with respiratory diseases for Mycoplasma and bacterial bronchopneumonia agents].

A total of 247 mycoplasma strains was isolated from 435 lungs, tracheobronchial secretions and nasal swabs originating from cattle with symptoms of bronchopneumonia. Mycoplasma (M.) bovis was found 89 times (36%) and was the most common mycoplasma species in the lungs. M. bovirhinis, M. bovigenitalium, M. spec. and Acholeplasma (A.) laidlawii were isolated 158 times (64%). Among these mycoplasmas M. bovirhinis was the most widespread species (114 isolations). In 55 cases (62%) M. bovis was associated with Pasteurella or Actinomyces (A.) pyogenes. The other mycoplasma species were found in 67 cases (42%) together with these bacteria. Without mycoplasmas Pasteurella and A. pyogenes occurred in 33 of the probes investigated (21%). Beside mycoplasmas Haemophilus (H.) somnus was isolated from 16 of 162 tracheobronchial secretions investigated. The results confirm earlier suppositions that in most of the cases bronchopneumonia of cattle is a multifactorial event, frequently associated with mycoplasmas--especially M. bovis.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed2003

Herd management practices associated with paratuberculosis seroprevalence in Dutch dairy herds.

We describe the paratuberculosis management practices applied in dairy herds in the Netherlands. The findings from paratuberculosis seronegative and seropositive herds were compared to discover possible risk factors. In total, 370 randomly selected herds with > or =20 dairy cows were surveyed. A questionnaire was used to collect data on current and previous paratuberculosis management practices. All cattle aged > or =3 years were serologically tested for paratuberculosis using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Herds with >33 tested cattle, of which only one was seropositive, were excluded to reduce the risk of including false-positive herds in the analysis. A comparison of the management data of the seronegative herds (n = 166) and the seropositive herds (n = 143) showed that in both groups important management measures for the prevention of paratuberculosis, such as calving in a cleaned calving area, removing the calf immediately after birth, and feeding paratuberculosis non-suspect roughage to calves, were used only rarely. However, such measures should be regarded as the critical first step to control the disease and/or reduce its prevalence. Using univariable analysis, four factors were statistically different between seronegative and seropositive herds: herd size, cows with clinical signs of paratuberculosis, prompt selling of clinically diseased cattle and feeding milk replacer. Using a multivariable logistic regression model, only herd size was a significantly different factor. These results indicate that most of the paratuberculosis preventive management measures were executed on these Dutch dairy farms only to a limited extent.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2004

Efficacy of danofloxacin in the treatment of respiratory disease in European cattle.

The efficacy of an injectable formulation of danofloxacin (180 mg/ml) in the treatment of naturally occurring bovine respiratory disease was evaluated in field studies on farms in France, Ireland and the United Kingdom. Cattle aged one week to 15 months with clinical respiratory disease were randomly allocated to treatment with 6 mg/kg danofloxacin or 10 mg/kg tilmicosin, administered by a single subcutaneous injection on day 0. A second injection of danofloxacin was administered on day 2, only if predefined clinical criteria were met. Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida and Haemophilus somnus were isolated from pretreatment nasopharyngeal swabs taken on all the farms. After the treatment, there was a more rapid improvement in the clinical response of the 178 animals treated with danofloxacin by day 2 (P < 0.01) than in the 90 treated with tilmicosin. For both treatments, there were similar significant (P < 0.001) reductions in the mean rectal temperature and severity of clinical signs of abnormal respiration and depression, on days 4 and 10 compared with day 0; 78.1 per cent of the animals treated with danofloxacin and 78.5 per cent of those treated with tilmicosin completed the studies. Danofloxacin 18 per cent was clinically safe and as effective as tilmicosin in the treatment of bovine respiratory disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

In vitro activity of 2-alkyl-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones against Theileria parva.

A variety of naphthoquinones have veen prepared and evaluated in vitro against the causative agent of the cattle disease East Coast Fever-Theileria parva infection. It is concluded from structure-activity studies that a 2-hydroxyl moiety es essential for high activity. The most active compounds tested were 2-hydroxy-3-alkyl-1,4-naphthoquinones in which the alkyl moiety was cyclohexyl, cyclohexylcyclohexyl, tridecyl, or tetradecyl.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

A novel 27 kDa lipoprotein antigen from Mycobacterium bovis.

A novel Mycobacterium bovis antigen was identified from an expression library using sera from naturally infected cattle. The Escherichia coli recombinant clone expressed a 27 kDa protein, named P27. A rabbit serum against the recombinant antigen recognized a protein of 27 kDa in cellular extracts from M. bovis and M. tuberculosis. No protein was recognized in the culture supernatant. Sequence analysis indicated that P27 has a molecular mass of 24 kDa, showing a characteristic signal sequence for lipoprotein modification (a signal peptidase type II site). The gene is identical to a gene identified in the M. tuberculosis genome sequencing project. Cellular fractionation experiments suggested that P27 is an integral membrane protein. The antigen was recognized by individual sera and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from diseased cattle. PCR experiments with specific primers directed to the P27 structural gene indicated that it is only present in the M. tuberculosis species complex. In conclusion, a novel immunogenic lipoprotein in M. bovis/M. tuberculosis has been identified. The results presented here and elsewhere suggest that mycobacterial lipoproteins should be considered in the design of new recombinant vaccines and diagnostic methods.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

The transmission of Jembrana disease, a lentivirus disease of Bos javanicus cattle.

Methods of transmission of Jembrana disease, an acute and severe disease of Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) caused by a recently-identified bovine lentivirus known as Jembrana disease virus, are described. During the acute disease virus can be detected in saliva and milk. There is evidence of direct transmission from acutely affected animals in close contact with susceptible cattle, possibly by virus in these secretions infecting cattle by the conjunctival, intranasal or oral routes, by which it was possible to infect cattle experimentally. During the acute disease the titre of infectious virus in blood is high, about 10(8) 50% cattle infectious units (ID50)/ml, and it is probable that the virus is also transmitted mechanically by haematophagous arthropods. Recovered cattle are also a potential but probably infrequent source of infection; recovered cattle are persistently viraemic but the titre of infectious virus in blood decreases to about 10(1) ID50/ml by 60 days after recovery from the acute disease, and virus cannot be detected in secretions.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1974

Serological evidence for the association of bovine respiratory syncytial virus with respiratory tract disease in Alabama cattle.

A serological investigation for neutralizing antibody to bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) was conducted using an antigenically related human strain of respiratory syncytial virus. Results demonstrated the effectiveness of the procedure. Sixty-seven percent of healthy, adult cattle tested were found to have antibody to BRSV. Calves in several herds were exposed to conditions to encourage development of respiratory tract disease. In three herds in which respiratory tract disease subsequently developed, the incidence of BRSV seroconversions approached 100%. In a herd in which no respiratory tract disease was detected, BRSV seroconversions indicated a high incidence of subclinical infections. It was concluded that, in this country as has been shown in others, BRSV is probably a significant pathogen of the bovine respiratory tract.

Alabama↗
PubMed1977

Treatment of cystic ovarian disease in dairy cattle. Comparative observation of the effects of an intramuscular injection of corticosteroids and an intravenous injection of a combination of human chorionic gonadotropin and progesterone.

Of 67 cows with cystic ovarian disease (COD), 34 were injected intramuscularly with 20 mg of betamethasone of 10 mg of dexamethasone (CC) and 33 intravenously with a combination of 3,000 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin and 125 mg of progesterone (HCG -P). Pregnancy rates and intervals between treatment and conception were 32.4% and 32.1 +/- 30.5 days, respectively, in the CC-treated cows and 30.3% and 51.6 +/- 29.5 days in the HCG -P-treated ones. Cows which had not responded to gonadotropin treatment showed a considerably higher pregnancy rate when treated with CC and a lower pregnancy rate when administered with HCG -P than those which had received no treatment before. There was a trend that the earlier a cow was treated, the more readily she recovered. CC injection gave a satisfactory result even when performed long after calving. The estrous behaviour seemed to be related with prognosis in cows with COD. In both CC-treated and HCG -P-treated cows, the pregnancy rate was the highest in cows showing anestrus and the lowest in those exhibiting irregular estrus.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Investigation of some risk factors in tubercular infection in children].

A total of 2057 children, from a village with an isolated farm of tuberculous cattle have been classified in the following groups: A--1843 children from healthy families; B--140 children whose parents were working at the bovine farm; C--70 tb contacts, and D--4 children with parents working at the farm and relatives suffering with tuberculosis. All were skin tested simultaneously with 1 and 10 PPD units. Milk was brought home from the farm by those who worked there, that was used without boiling. A total of 14,5% of all the children had a reaction of more than 5 mm to one PPD unit. The percentages were of 8,4 in group A 52,1 in group B and 94,3 in group C (P less than 0,001). Incidence of more than 9 mm reactions was of 5% in group A, 45% in group B and 91,4% in group C (P less than 0,001). The mean diameter for one PPD unit was of 1,1 mm in group A, 7,58 mm in group B and 15,88 mm in group C (P less than 0,001). The major risk factor is represented by the tuberculous patients, but use of milk, or of milk derivatives from diseased cattle could also be incriminated. Synchronous neutralization of these two sources of contamination remains the primary action to be carried out for the prevention of the tuberculous infection dissemination.

Adolescent↗