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PubMed2004

Neuroanatomy of the human female lower urogenital tract.

PURPOSE: The neuroanatomy of the female lower urogenital tract remains controversial. We defined the topographical anatomy and differential immunohistochemical characteristics of the dorsal nerve of the clitoris, the cavernous nerve and the nerves innervating the female urethral sphincter complex. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 16 normal female human pelvic specimens at 14 to 34 weeks of gestation were studied by immunohistochemical techniques. Serial sections were stained with antibodies raised against the neuronal markers S-100 and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), vesicular acetylcholine transporter, calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P. The serial sections were computer reconstructed into 3-dimensional images. RESULTS: Under the pubic arch at the hilum of the clitoral bodies the branches of the cavernous nerves joined the clitoral dorsal nerve to transform its immunoreactivity to nNOS positive. The cavernous nerves originated from the vaginal nervous plexus occupying the 2 and 10 o'clock positions on the anterolateral vagina and they traveled at the 5 and 7 o'clock positions along the urethra. The urethral sphincter complex was innervated by nNOS immunoreactive and nonimmunoreactive nerve fibers arising from the vaginal nervous plexus and pudendal nerve, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The dorsal nerve of the clitoris receives nNOS positive branches from the cavernous nerve as a possible redundant mechanism for clitoral erectile function. The urethral sphincter complex has dual innervation, which pierces into the urethral sphincter complex at different locations. The study of the neuroanatomy of the female lower urogenital tract is germane to the strategic design of female reconstructive surgery.

Clitoris↗

PubMed1989

A cyanobacterial mutant requiring the expression of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase from a photosynthetic anaerobe.

Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase is essential for both photoautotrophic and photoheterotrophic growth of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803. However, a mutant lacking cyanobacterial carboxylase could be obtained by replacing the natural carboxylase gene with the corresponding gene from Rhodospirillum rubrum, a photosynthetic anaerobe. This treatment produced an organism whose growth depended on the activity of the structurally and functionally dissimilar foreign carboxylase. As a further consequence of this mutagenic replacement, the mutant also lacked microscopically observable carboxysomes, the subcellular inclusion bodies in which the wild-type carboxylase naturally resides. The mutant, dependent on a carboxylase with an inferior relative specificity for CO2 versus O2 and apparently lacking carboxysomes, is extremely sensitive to the CO2/O2 ratio supplied during growth and is unable to grow at all in air. This response to the gas composition should prove useful for selection of various R. rubrum carboxylase mutants with altered specificities for CO2 and O2.

Anaerobiosis↗

PubMed2005

Protein-Protein Docking Benchmark 2.0: an update.

We present a new version of the Protein-Protein Docking Benchmark, reconstructed from the bottom up to include more complexes, particularly focusing on more unbound-unbound test cases. SCOP (Structural Classification of Proteins) was used to assess redundancy between the complexes in this version. The new benchmark consists of 72 unbound-unbound cases, with 52 rigid-body cases, 13 medium-difficulty cases, and 7 high-difficulty cases with substantial conformational change. In addition, we retained 12 antibody-antigen test cases with the antibody structure in the bound form. The new benchmark provides a platform for evaluating the progress of docking methods on a wide variety of targets. The new version of the benchmark is available to the public at http://zlab.bu.edu/benchmark2.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1994

[Anatomo-surgical notes on splanchnicectomy: original research on 15 autopsy observations].

Surgical splanchnicectomy for the relief of neoplastic pain is a palliative strategy in cases of unremovable pancreatic cancer. The first step in the achievement of satisfactory and long-lasting relief of pain is the correct identification of semilunar ganglia and splanchnic nerves during laparotomy. In this light, we tried to estimate the exact location, number, shape, and length of splanchnic nerves and ganglia in 15 corpses (mean age 39.9 years, range 21-74, F/M/ = 5/10). Right and left splanchnic nerves always pierce the diaphragm laterally to the crus. On the right side, the splanchnic nerve always enters the abdomen posterior to the inferior vena cava, on the right edge in 10%, on the middle in 73%, on the left in 17% of the cases. On the left side, the splanchnic nerve pierces the diaphragm strictly thickened to the left edge of the aorta in 66.6% of the cases, close to the left edge in 26.6%, and close to the right edge of the left adrenal gland in 6.8%. The right splanchnic nerve slides almost horizontally on the diaphragmatic bundles, and reaches an area delimited by the coeliac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery. The length of the right splanchnic nerve is 41 mm of the mean (range 20 to 55 mm): the thickness is between 4 and 6 mm. The left splanchnic nerve is shorter (mean 24 mm, range 15; 30 mm). The right splanchnic nerve varies from 2 to 6 ganglionar bodies and varies in size from 4.5 mm to 30 mm; the left nerve varies form 2 to 4 (sizes between 4 mm to 26 mm).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Algorithms↗

PubMed1985

Renal cholesterol granulomas: identification and morphological pattern of development.

Cholesterol granulomas are infrequent and rarely described renal lesions occurring usually in the interstitium, characterized by clusters of foreign body giant cells containing ingested cholesterol crystals. Over a seven-year period, we observed them in 5 of 789 (0.6%) renal biopsies from patients with nephrotic syndrome of varying glomerulopathies. Four patients had renal insufficiency at the time of biopsy, while the fifth developed it within three months. To define the lesions we studied the morphogenesis of cholesterol granulomas by light and electron microscopy. Initially small cholesterol crystals formed in tubular epithelium; the crystals enlarged and were released into tubular lumina where they elongated or were passed in the urine. Further luminal growth caused the crystals to become lodged at some point in the nephron, distort and destroy tubule cells, and pierce through basement membranes with subsequent exposure to interstitial monocytes and formation of granulomas. It is likely these morphological abnormalities evolve from lipid disturbances in the nephrotic syndrome.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Current developments using emerging transdermal technologies in physical enhancement methods.

Transdermal drug delivery using patches offers many advantages, but is limited primarily by the stratum corneum barrier. Amongst the various methods to overcome this barrier, physical methods are gaining in popularity and commercial devices development. Macroflux, MTS and Silex are based on microporation, involving use of microneedles that pierce thereby bypassing the stratum corneum. Intraject , Powderject and Helios are based on needleless jet injectors wherein very fine, solid particulate drug, is fired directly into the skin, using high-pressure gas. Med- Tats incorporate use of modified drug-containing tattoos, which bind to the skin, wherein the drug is absorbed. CHADD is based on use of heat, which increases skin - permeation of drugs. High-power, pulsed lasers transmit positive mechanical forces to the skin and create intercellular channels into the skin transiently. Sonophoresis involves use of ultrasound, which transiently disrupts the stratum corneum barrier. This technique offers a non-invasive transdermal extraction of interstitial fluids of sampling body fluids. Modified Liposomes include Ethosomes (containing alcohol) and Transferosomes (containing surfactants), which have enhanced skin permeability. Pulsed magnetic fields may create transient pores in cell membranes, including skin, resulting in increased permeation. Iontophoresis is based on application of electric potential for enhancing the movement of substances to and from the body. Dupel, Ionzyme, Liposite, ETrans, Phoresor and Drionic are based on iontophoresis. GlucoWatch offers non-invasive blood glucose monitoring, based on reverse iontophoresis. This review outlines recent commercial developments in physical transdermal drug delivery technology and the specific devices and applications being targeted by the pharmaceutical industry.

Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic↗

PubMed2003

Neuroanatomy of the male urethra and perineum.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the topography of the perineal nerves from their pudendal origin to their course into the male genitalia, with specific attention on the course of the perineal nerve along the ventral penis, including branches into bulbospongiosus muscle and corpus spongiosum. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study comprised 18 normal human fetal penile specimens at 17.5-38 weeks of gestation (determined by fetal heel-to-toe length). Specimens were fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin wax and serially sectioned at 6 micro m. The penile specimens contained the whole penis from the glans to the crural bodies, beneath the pubic arch and the perineum up to the anal verge. Immunocytochemistry was assessed on selected sections with antibodies against the neuronal markers S-100 and nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Three-dimensional computer reconstruction of serial sections allowed an in-depth analysis of the neuroanatomy of the fetal penis, perineum and surrounding structures. RESULTS: After the pudendal nerve leaves the pudendal canal it gives rise to the perineal nerve branches in the ischiorectal fossa. Perineal nerves travel alongside the ischiocavernous and bulbospongiosus muscles and before reaching the latter, nerve branches course into the bulbospongiosus muscle. During its pathway within this muscle, fine nerve fibres course into the corpus spongiosum by piercing through the junction of the muscle. At the penoscrotal area, the perineal nerves give branches to the scrotum, funnelling into the interscrotal septum. Perineal nerves continue their pathway over the ventral side of penis covering the ventral surface of corpus spongiosum. Branches of the dorsal nerve of the penis at the junction of corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum assemble into a network with the perineal nerves. All perineal nerves from their main trunk at the ischiorectal fossa until their interaction with dorsal nerve of penis at the base of penis were nNOS negative. After the interaction with the dorsal nerve of penis, they become nNOS positive. CONCLUSION: Integrating neuroanatomical knowledge about the perineal nerves and their communication with the dorsal nerve of penis should facilitate a strategic approach to reconstructive procedures on the penis. Special care should be taken at the junction between the corpora cavernosa and spongiosa, where the dorsal nerve joins the perineal nerve, and at the proximal bulbospongiosus muscle, thereby protecting the fine nerves piercing into the cavernosa spongiosa.

Humans↗

PubMed1996

Hidradenitis suppurativa--characteristics and consequences.

The general characteristics of patients with hidradenitis suppurativa have not been previously described in detail. Although rare complications of the disease have been described, little is known of the average impact of hidradenitis suppurativa. We have now aimed to describe the general characteristics of the disease and its impact on patients with an established diagnosis of hidradenitis (n = 68) and compare these with those of an unselected general population sample (n = 523). Pierced earlobes were more common in patients than in the controls (P < 0.02). Female patients were younger (P = 0.0002) and better educated (P < 0.0001), and fewer had been pregnant (P = 0.0006). The median number of treatments prior to referral was two, and an average of 2.7 work days/patient per year were lost due to hidradenitis. The self-reported health of patients was significantly inferior to that of the general population (P < 0.001), mainly because of soreness and restriction of movement. Low-grade hidradenitis suppurativa therefore has a considerable impact on the health of patients. Previously implied associations with the disease such as the use of cosmetics or oral contraceptives, menstrual cycle and body mass index (BMI) were not confirmed in our study, although they may influence the course pre-existing disease.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Multiple fission in Allogromia sp., strain NF (Foraminiferida): release, dispersal, and ultrastructure of offspring.

The release, dispersal, and ultrastructure of juveniles arising through multiple fission in the benthic foraminiferan Allogromia sp., strain NF (Lee & Pierce, 1963) has been examined by light and electron microscopy. An extensive reticulopodial network participates in the dispersal of fully differentiated young as they emerge from the fragmented parental test. During the earliest stages of release, offspring are of two classes--aroused and unaroused. Unaroused juveniles, which have not extended pseudopods, attach externally to the network and are transported bidirectionally along its surface. Aroused juveniles, which have extended pseudopods and are in protoplasmic continuity with the network, move quickly to the periphery of the network. Within 24 h, juveniles establish a communal "feeding reticulum" in which dispersed individuals are in protoplasmic continuity with neighbors via a common reticulopodial network. At the ultrastructural level, the cell body cytoplasm of unaroused juveniles contains numerous patches of a paracrystalline material, which disappears as their pseudopodia are extended to join the communal feeding reticulum. This paracrystalline material therefore appears to be a temporary reservoir of precursors required for pseudopod construction.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Effects of ebselen on arachidonate metabolism by ocular and non-ocular tissues.

The formation of cyclooxygenase products in rabbit and rat ocular and non-ocular tissues in vitro, detected by radio-thin-layer chromatography, was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by ebselen (PZ 51), an anti-inflammatory seleno-organic compound which has glutathione peroxidase and anti-oxidant activities. The exception was prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) formation in the rabbit irisciliary body which was stimulated by ebselen in the concentration range 2-10 microM. These observations were confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The concentration that inhibited 50% of prostaglandin biosynthesis (IC50) in the rabbit iris-ciliary body was 9.3 microM. Ebselen also inhibited the formation of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) in rabbit and rat ocular tissues and rabbit platelets. The IC50 in the rabbit cornea was 4 microM, whereas higher concentrations were generally required to achieve similar inhibition in other tissues. The formation of 12-HETE by rabbit spleen, however, was not decreased by ebselen at concentrations that were inhibitory in other tissues.

12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid↗

PubMed1998

Lack of effect of tongue piercing on an evidential breath alcohol test.

Defendants in several driving under the influence cases have asserted that the presence in the mouth of a metal stud through a hole pierced in the tongue invalidates the breath alcohol test because of the prohibition against foreign substances in the mouth, and because of the potential for the jewelry to retain alcohol and interfere with the breath test. Rates of mouth alcohol elimination were evaluated in two subjects with pierced tongues and in two control subjects. No differences in the mouth alcohol elimination patterns were observed. The 15 min alcohol deprivation period prior to the test ensures no effect from residual mouth alcohol. For the purposes of breath alcohol testing, oral jewelry should be treated in the same manner as dental work, and may be left in place during the test without affecting its outcome.

Breath Tests↗

PubMed2002

Nonunion of a scapula body fracture in a high school football player.

We report the case of a 16-year-old boy who sustained a minimally displaced fracture of the inferior angle of the scapula during a high school football game. This fracture progressed to symptomatic nonunion and persistent pain. Treatment included curettage of loose, fibrous tissue interposed at the fracture site; fragment excision; range-of-motion exercises started early in the postoperative period, and progressive scapula strengthening. Four and a half months after initial injury, the patient returned to all activities and was asymptomatic.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Fitness profiles and activity patterns of entering college students.

Fitness levels of American youth have shown a marked decline in the last decade, according to recent studies. To determine whether such a tendency persists for entering college students, the authors evaluated 115 male and 143 female students for performance on the following fitness-related variables: (1) maximal oxygen consumption (estimated from Astrand cycling protocol), (2) body composition (skin-fold techniques), (3) muscle endurance (sit-up protocol), (4) muscle strength (bench-press protocol), and (5) joint flexibility (upper and lower body protocols). Although neither men nor women exhibited high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness, the women in the study showed higher relative levels than their male counterparts. Both groups showed excellent levels of muscle strength (compared with normative standards), but they achieved only an average standard for muscle endurance. Findings of relatively low levels of cardiovascular fitness compared with levels of muscle strength, particularly in men, seem to be a reflection of an inappropriate concentration of physical activity.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Clinicopathological features of patients with concomitant intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas and pancreatic endocrine neoplasm.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The occurrence of concomitant pancreatic endocrine neoplasm (PEN) and intraductal papillary neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas has rarely been reported. We describe our experience with 3 patients with this association and review the existing literature. METHODS: From 1990 to 2005, 65 patients who underwent surgery for a PEN or IPMN were retrospectively reviewed. Forty-three patients had a PEN, 19 had an IPMN and 3 had both an IPMN and PEN. The 3 patients with concomitant IPMN and PEN are the focus of the current study and their clinicopathological features are reported together with 7 patients previously reported in the literature. RESULTS: There were 10 patients with a median age of 62 years (range 40-73). The male:female ratio was equal. Seven of 10 patients were symptomatic and the most common symptoms were abdominal pain (n = 5), jaundice (n = 2) and loss of weight (n = 2). The median size of the endocrine neoplasms was 14 mm (range 2-30) and they occurred in the head (n = 3), body (n = 2) and tail (n = 5). Seven of the PENs were classified as benign, 2 were potentially malignant, and 1 was frankly malignant with lymph node involvement. None of the endocrine neoplasms were functioning. The IPMNs were found in the tail (n = 4), head (n = 3), head and body (n = 1), body (n = 1) and the entire pancreas (n = 1). Five of these neoplasms were benign, 2 were borderline and 3 were malignant (1 carcinoma in situ). CONCLUSION: The occurrence of concomitant IPMN and PEN is more frequent than would be expected. However, it is difficult in the present analysis to determine if this association is more than just fortuitous.

Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous↗

PubMed1987

Development of the spinal nerves in the lamprey: II. Outflows from the spinal cord.

During a series of studies on the development of spinal nerves in the tail of larval lampreys (13 mm, 26 days), Lampetra japonica, we observed outflows of cytoplasmic processes (cytoplasmic outflow) or whole cell bodies (cellular outflow) from the neural tube or from the cord. Three types were distinguished according to their site of exit from the surface of the neuraxis. The dorsal outflow (DO) is the cellular outflow seen on the midsagittal surface of the dorsal wall of the caudalmost region of the neural tube, just rostral or caudal to the opening in the dorsal tube wall. It is hypothesized that the cells from the dorsal neural tube become polymorphous cells scattered in the extramedullar space. The dorsolateral outflow (DLO) is the cytoplasmic outflow emerging from the dorsolateral aspect of the spinal cord at the intermyotome level. DLO fibers are non-myelinated fibers arising from the dorsolateral tract (DLT) and, after piercing the basal lamina and the glia limitans, run in the myosepta laterally to spread along the deep surface of the dermis. DLO fibers terminate in two different ways: those of one group pierce the dermis and the basal lamina to end as intraepidermal free endings that contain aggregates of clear vesicles, and those of the other group form varicosities that lie within depressions on the lateral cell surface of myotomes. DLO fibers in the extramedullary space characteristically lack any sheaths, including the basal lamina. The ventrolateral outflow (VLO) represents primitive ventral roots consisting of both the cytoplasmic and the cellular outflows: the former shows the axonal outgrowth from primitive somatomotor neurons, and the latter is represented by elongated cells derived from the glia limitans, extending along the axonal processes to form the Schwann cell sheath around the proximal portion of the ventral root axons. The basal lamina covering the cord does not extend along the VLO fibers. The developing ventral root contains axons at different stages of differentiation. Some axons end on the medial surface of the myotome at the midsegmental level to form neuromuscular junctions. However, axonal processes of primitive motoneurons form close contacts with muscle cells by means of small cytoplasmic projections that contain no synaptic vesicles and lack the basal lamina interposed between them. The proposed sequence of development, based on stages in caudal to rostral sections, is the DO, the DLO, and then the VLO.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Dietary factors and vasomotor symptoms in breast cancer survivors: the WHEL Study.

OBJECTIVE: Vasomotor symptoms (VMS)(hot flashes, night sweats) are associated with natural or surgically or chemotherapy-induced menopause, the latter occurring frequently in women treated for breast cancer. To manage VMS, some women seek alternatives to menopausal hormone therapy, such as supplements or modified food choices. The objective of the present analyses was to assess associations of VMS occurrence and change in severity of VMS over 12 months with dietary intakes of fiber, fat, and selected soy-containing foods, and use of phytoestrogen or vitamin E supplements in women with recent early stage breast cancer, adjusting for covariates. DESIGN: Using multivariate logistic regression, data were analyzed from 2,198 women with early-stage breast cancer who enrolled 2 to 48 months after diagnosis in the Women's Healthy Eating and Living randomized, controlled trial of a high-vegetable, high-fiber, reduced-fat diet. RESULTS: Being peri- or postmenopausal, using tamoxifen, having low social support or depressive symptoms, and using vitamin E or phytoestrogen supplements were significantly associated cross-sectionally with reporting moderate/severe VMS at enrollment. Increased symptom severity after 12 months was significantly associated with higher body mass index, tamoxifen use, and smoking. Decreased symptom severity at 12 months was significantly associated with high dietary fiber intake; no decrease was observed in women who were peri- or postmenopausal, using tamoxifen, or had low fat intake or low social support. CONCLUSIONS: High dietary fiber intakes, premenopausal, and high social support were related to decreased severity of VMS 1 year after study enrollment in women recently treated for breast cancer.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Innervation of the levator scapulae, the serratus anterior, and the rhomboideus in crab-eating macaques and its morphological significance.

The origin, course and distribution of the nerves supplying the levator scapulae, the serratus anterior, and the rhomboideus were carefully examined in four body-halves of crab-eating macaques. The levator scapulae arises from all the cervical vertebrae and is continuous with the serratus anterior, which arises from the upper ten ribs. The rhomboideus originates not only from the dorsal midline but also from the occipital bone. 6 segmental nerves from C3 to C8 innervate the 3 muscles: C3, C4, C5, and C6 innervate the levator scapulae; C6, C7, and C8 the serratus anterior; and C3, C4, C5, and C6 the rhomboideus. Each segmental nerve of supply originates as one or 2 branches from the dorsal surface of the corresponding root of the cervico-brachial plexus and runs dorso-caudally to enter the muscles. After supplying them, 6 or 7 branches pierce the levator scapulae and serratus anterior to reach the deep surface of the rhomboideus which they innervate. The upper segmental nerve tends to be distributed to the upper part of the muscle it innervates, while the lower segmental nerve is distributed to the lower part. According to the relationships between nerves and muscles, these 3 muscles may be regarded as the most medial of the dorsal musculature which is connected to the pectoral girdle and limb, as they are in man. It may surmised that the occipital portion of the rhomboideus and the caudal portion of the levator scapulae in crab-eating macapues correspond to the cranial portions of the levator scapulae and serratus anterior, respectively, in man.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Afferent and efferent innervation of the cat cochlea: quantitative analysis with light and electron microscopy.

The purpose of the present study was to describe the longitudinal and radial gradients of cochlear innervation in the cat. To this end, afferent and efferent terminals of both the inner (IHC) and outer hair cell (OHC) regions were reconstructed from serial ultrathin sections at six and eight cochlear locations, respectively, corresponding to roughly octave intervals of characteristic frequency (CF). Analysis of the afferent innervation of the IHCs showed 1) the number of radial fibers per IHC rises from 10 per IHC at the 0.25 kHz region to a maximum of 30 per IHC at the 10 kHz locus; 2) branching of radial fibers is essentially restricted to regions apical to the 1.0 kHz point; and 3) there are significant differences in synaptic-body morphology for synapses on different sides of the IHC, corresponding to known differences in afferent threshold and rate of spontaneous activity. With respect to efferent innervation in the IHC area, we found 1) that there were numerous vesicle-filled terminals contacting every IHC examined; however, those with obvious synaptic specialization were confined to the most apical regions; and 2) there were roughly the same numbers of efferent synapses per radial fiber at all cochlear locations; however, at each location, radial fibers contacting the modiolar side of the hair cell (corresponding to high-threshold afferents) showed significantly more efferent synapses than radial fibers contacting the pillar side. Analysis of the OHC afferent innervation showed 1) a clear rise in numbers of terminals per OHC from roughly 3 per cell in the base to 15 per cell in the apex, 2) no systematic differences in the numbers of terminals as a function of OHC row, and 3) that synaptic bodies at the OHC afferent synapse are common only apical to the 1.0 kHz locus. Counts of efferent terminals on OHCs revealed 1) maximal numbers (9 per OHC) between the 6 and 24 kHz regions and 2) striking decrease in terminal counts from first- to third-row OHCs. Ultrastructural data on efferent innervation were compared quantitatively with light-microscopic analysis of cochleas immunostained (with antibody to synaptophysin) to reveal all vesiculated terminals.

Afferent Pathways↗