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PubMedDate not supplied

[Anterior vitrectomy in the treatment of post-traumatic defects of the eye].

The authors analyse the results of 116 operations in which they performed anterior vitrectomy using the Berkeley's and Opticon vitrectomes. Operations of this type have been performed in cases of traumatic cataract, subluxated and luxated lenses. One removed also post-inflammatory membranes and the vitreous from the anterior chamber and from the area of the wound. The functional and anatomical results have to be acknowledged as satisfactory.

Cataract↗

PubMed1991

Perspectives on fast-neutron mutagenesis of human lymphoblastoid cells.

The effects of low-fluence exposures to (Pu, Be) neutrons (En = 4.2 MeV) have been studied in a sensitive human B-lymphoblastoid cell line, TK6. Mutations were scored for two genetic loci, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (hgprt) and thymidine kinase (tk), as a function of dose and dose rate. For exposures limited to less than one cell cycle, the mutation frequency for the hgprt locus was 1.92 X 10(-7)/cGy. When exposures were protracted over multiple cell generations, mutation yields were increased to 6.07 X 10(-7)/cGy. Similar yields were obtained for the induction of tk-deficient mutants with a normal cell generation time (tk-ng) when exposures were carried out at very low dose rates over multiple cell generations. In the series of data presented here, the results obtained for short-duration neutron exposures are compared with data obtained for monoenergetic heavy charged particles of defined linear energy transfer (LET) produced at the BEVALAC accelerator at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. TK6 cells have been exposed to beams ranging in atomic number from 20Ne to 40Ar over an energy range from 330 to 670 MeV/amu. Mutation induction was evaluated for both loci for a subset of these beams. The results obtained with 20Ne ions of 425 MeV/amu (LET = 32 keV/microns) and 28Si ions of 670 MeV/amu (LET = 50 keV/microns) closely resemble the mutation yields obtained for brief exposures to (Pu, Be) neutrons. The nature of alterations in DNA structure induced within the tk locus of tk-ng mutants is reviewed for a series of neutron-induced mutants and a series of mutants induced by exposure to 40Ar ions (470 MeV/amu, LET = 95 keV/microns). The mutational spectra for these two types of mutants were similar and were dominated by allele loss mutations. Multilocus deletions inclusive of the c-erbA1 locus were common among tk-deficient mutants induced by these densely ionizing radiations. For the mutants induced by 40Ar ions, it is likely that the mutations were produced by the traversal of the chromosome by a single particle.

Argon↗

PubMed1991

The incidence of Chlamydia pneumoniae lower respiratory tract infections among university students in northern California.

Chlamydia pneumoniae has recently been identified as a cause of lower respiratory tract infections. From March 1987 to March 1988, 259 university students-151 students with lower respiratory tract infections and 108 controls-from the University of California, Berkeley, were studied to determine the incidence and pattern of C pneumoniae lower respiratory tract infections. Serologic evidence of a recent C pneumoniae infection was found in less than 2%, and the organism was not isolated from any of the subjects. Despite the paucity of evidence of a recent infection, 47.5% of this university population showed serologic evidence of a previous C pneumoniae infection. The lower incidence of C pneumoniae infection in our population, when compared with previous reports, suggests that there may be geographic and temporal differences or fluctuations among populations.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Knowledge acquisition and knowledge representation in a rule-based expert system.

It is important to understand and describe how nurses make diagnostic decisions. This article describes the process by which knowledge is acquired and represented in a rule-based expert system for nursing diagnosis. Knowledge acquisition was obtained by tapping the expertise of clinical nurse specialists who were able to articulate the elements present in their diagnostic decisions. Knowledge representation was achieved using a commercially-available software package. VP Expert (Berkeley, CA). The clinical nurse specialists contributed many of the heuristics in the determination of self-care deficit as a nursing diagnosis. Three models of rules for the determination of self-care deficit, bathing are provided. These models represent a method for discriminating between levels of patient dependence. A description of rules that define specific causes, such as immobility are also included. They will be tested in the clinical setting.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed1991

Wrestlers' minimal weight: anthropometry, bioimpedance, and hydrostatic weighing compared.

The need for accurate assessment of minimal wrestling weight among interscholastic wrestlers has been well documented. Previous research has demonstrated the validity of anthropometric methods for this purpose, but little research has examined the validity of bioelectrical impedance (BIA) measurements. Comparisons between BIA systems has received limited attention. With these two objectives, we compared the prediction of minimal weight (MW) among 57 interscholastic wrestlers using three anthropometric methods (skinfolds (SF) and two skeletal dimensions equations) and three BIA systems (Berkeley Medical Research (BMR), RJL, and Valhalla (VAL]. All methods showed high correlations (r values greater than 0.92) with hydrostatic weighting (HW) and between methods (r values greater than 0.90). The standard errors of estimate (SEE) were relatively small for all methods, especially for SF and the three BIA systems (SEE less than 0.70 kg). The total errors of prediction (E) for RJL and VAL (E = 4.4 and 3.9 kg) were significantly larger than observed nonsignificant BMR and SF values (E = 2.3 and 1.8 kg, respectively). Significant mean differences were observed between HW, RJL, VAL, and the two skeletal dimensions equations, but nonsignificant differences were observed between HW, BMR, and SF. BMR differed significantly from the RJL and VAL systems. The results suggest that RJL and VAL have potential application for this subpopulation. Prediction equation refinement with the addition of selected anthropometric measurement or moderating variables may enhance their utility. However, within the scope of our study, SF and BMR BIA appear to be the most valid methods for determining MW in interscholastic wrestlers.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Environmental epidemiology: an introduction to its merits and problems.

During the course of this century the science of epidemiology has expanded its interest from only infectious diseases to include a wide variety of diseases and health events. It has become more of a systematic methodology which can be used for the description and the analysis of diverse health events. The basic assumption of epidemiologic research is that diseases do not occur randomly, but in patterns which reflect the underlying causes. By studying the patterns etiologic factors can be discovered. Recently, Environmental Epidemiology has been emerging as a new subspecialty. In 1989 the newly founded International Society for Environmental Epidemiology held its first Annual Meeting; its second meeting was held in August 1990 in Berkeley, California.

Environmental Exposure↗

PubMed1989

Complications of acute pancreatitis.

In 1925, Sir Berkeley Moynihan stated that "acute pancreatitis is the most terrible of all the calamities that occur in connection with the abdominal viscera." The case of M.H. clearly reflects the accuracy of that statement. It should be pointed out that through the exceptional, dedicated care provided by all members of the health care team, a young woman whose predicted mortality approached 100 percent was restored to her previous state of good health, and has since delivered a healthy baby girl by cesarean section. This illustrates that the nurse who possesses a sound understanding of the complications of acute pancreatitis and the pathophysiologic processes responsible, can integrate this knowledge into the management of the patient and improve the quality of care.

Acute Disease↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of the relative potency of carcinogens: a critique of the HERP index].

In 1987 researchers from Berkeley (CA), proposed an index (HERP) for ranking human carcinogens. The index was derived from human exposure data and rodent carcinogen potency. They concluded that the risks for the US population from man-made industrial carcinogens are trivial compared with the risks from naturally occurring carcinogens in the diet. Analysis of the assumptions and data upon which the HERPs were based revealed major limitations and we concluded that such a simplified approach is inappropriate given the underlying uncertainties. However, when we made a comparison consistently based on estimates of average daily exposure to common carcinogens, the HERP scores of man-made pollutants were comparable to those of naturally occurring carcinogens.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Hypoxic cell sensitizers and heavy charged-particle radiations.

Stationary-phase populations of Chinese hamster V-79 cells were irradiated with 250 kV X-rays and the Bragg peaks (spread to a width of 4 cm) of energetic He-, C-, Ne-, and A-ion beams produced at the 184-inch cyclotron and BEVALAC at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Survival curves were generated with each radiation for cells suspended in air-saturated and nitrogen-saturated medium with and without sensitizer present. The oxygen enhancement ratios (OERs) measured for X-rays with 1mM metronidazole and 0.5 mM misonidazole were 2.0 and 1.6 respectively. The OERs without sensitizer for He-, C-, Ne-, and A-ion Bragg peaks were 2.4, 1.7, 1.6 and 1.4 respectively. For each type of radiation tested the presence of hypoxic-cell sensitizers resulted in an additional reduction in the measured OERs, indicating that these drugs should be of benefit in the radiotherapy planned with these and other high LET radiations.

Cell Survival↗

PubMed1987

Cryolumpectomy for carcinoma of the breast.

Cryosurgery and surgical en bloc excision in preventing the local recurrence of mammary adenocarcinoma were studied in BALB/cfC3H (supplied by the Cancer Research Institute, University of California Berkeley) syngeneic mice carrying virus induced mammary adenocarcinomas transplanted into the fourth mammary fat pad. Cryosurgical procedures involving multiple freeze-thaw cycles to minus 180 degrees C. followed by tumor excision substantially reduced the local recurrence rate of carcinoma of the mammary gland in the mouse. The use of cryolumpectomy in the treatment of early carcinoma of the breast in humans is presented herein.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1985

DNA-mediated gene transfer efficiency is enhanced by ionizing and ultraviolet irradiation of rodent cells in vitro. I. Kinetics of enhancement.

The enhancement effects of ionizing and ultraviolet radiation on the efficiency of DNA-mediated gene transfer were studied. The established cell line, Rat-2, consists of cells that are density-dependent contact-inhibited and produce flat monolayers in vitro. When these cells are infected with SV40 virus, a small fraction of cells becomes morphologically "transformed" due to the stable expression of the viral A-gene. Rat-2 cells are competent for DNA-mediated gene transfer, deficient in thymidine kinase activity (TK-), and will die in HAT selective media. Confluent Rat-2 cells were transfected with purified SV40 viral DNA (via calcium phosphate precipitation), irradiated with either X rays or ultraviolet, trypsinized, plated, and assayed for the formation of foci on Rat-2 monolayers. Both ionizing and ultraviolet radiation enhanced the frequency of A-gene transformants/survivor compared to unirradiated transfected cells. These enhancements were nonlinear and dose dependent. A recombinant plasmid, pOT-TK5, was constructed that contained the SV40 virus A-gene and the Herpes Simplex virus (HSV) thymidine kinase (TK) gene. Confluent Rat-2 cells transfected with pOT-TK5 DNA and then immediately irradiated with either X rays or 330 MeV/amu argon particles at the Berkeley BEVALAC showed a higher frequency of HAT+ colonies/survivor than unirradiated transfected cells. In both cases the enhancement contained a linear and a higher order component in dose, but the argon ions were at least twice more efficient than X rays in producing enhancement per unit dose. Rat-2 cells transfected with pOT-TK5, X-irradiated, and assayed for either TK transformation or A-gene transformation showed the same dose dependence for radiation enhancement. Rat-2 cells transfected with the plasmid, pTK2, containing only the HSV TK-gene were enhanced for TK transformation by both X rays and ultraviolet radiation. SV40 A-gene products are not necessary for the radiation enhancement of the efficiency of gene transfer. This in vitro system will be used to study the lesions produced by ionizing radiation on mammalian cell DNA that may act as substrates for integration of exogenously introduced plasmid DNA.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Radiation chemistry of high-energy carbon, neon, and argon ions: hydroxyl radical yields.

Chemical yields of H2O2 have been measured from aerated aqueous solutions of bromide and of formate irradiated at various pHs and solute concentrations with high-energy ions from the Berkeley Bevalac. Hydroxyl radical yields have been deduced from these data as a function of beam penetration into the solutions. By taking fragmentation of the primary ions into account, estimates of the instantaneous Gi OH values for the primary beams as a function of their energy have been made.

Argon↗

PubMed1986

Nutrient intakes of women in NHANES II, emphasizing trace minerals, fiber, and phytate.

Nutrient intakes of 1,066 young women 18 to 24 years of age were estimated using a shortened nutrient data base (the University of California, Berkeley Minilist) containing 235 food items. The dietary data consisted of 24-hour recalls collected during the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II). A cross-reference index, recipe file, and concentration factors were developed to substitute foods on the data base for the 1,267 foods reported by the young women. Estimates of energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, and iron intakes using the NHANES II nutrient data base and the UCB Minilist were within 3% of one another, and had correlation coefficients above 0.97. Mean +/- S.E. daily intakes of copper, zinc, dietary fiber, and phytate, which are not included in the NHANES II data base, were estimated to be 1.16 +/- 0.02 mg, 8.11 +/- 0.14 mg, 13.2 +/- 0.3 gm, 395 +/- 14 mg, respectively. The values agree closely with other published values for young women's intakes. A shortened nutrient data base can be a valid tool for estimating intakes of populations.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Nursing in a service line organization.

Thoreau has said that change's sake is not progress. Clarity of purpose and desired outcomes; the provision of sufficient time to educate and ensure cooperation; refocusing and reanalysis; support for staff in leadership positions; and high visibility throughout the organization on the part of top level management are mandatory in bringing about a radical change such as our organization has experienced. The Alta Bates-Herrick Hospital has a rich tradition of high quality care in Berkeley and, indeed, throughout Northern California. The founders of both campuses, Alta Bates, RN, and Leroy Herrick, MD, established a heritage of concern, compassion, and caring. Streamlining the structure of the hospital to ensure fiscal viability, efficiency, and the ability to respond quickly to challenges coupled with the ongoing internal efforts to articulate and retain high quality care will continue to serve the people of our community well.

California↗

PubMed1977

Agnes Fay Morgan and early nutrition discoveries in California.

Agnes Fay Morgan (1884-1968) and several other California pioneers in nutrition contributed much to the early increase in basic knowledge of nutrition and foods. Dr. Morgan became a member of the faculty in the division of Nutrition at the University of California at Berkeley in 1915. Her academic retirement was in 1954, but she remained active and productive even to the time of her death in 1968. The hallmark of her career was the high standards she established both in training home economists and nutrition investigators and in gaining widespread public recognition of the importance of good nutrition. Also,, she was imaginative and productive in significant research. Such work was directed to the nutrients of California foods and the effects on food values resulting from heat processing and storage. Other major early nutrition scientists in California included Ruth Okey, H. M. Evans, H. S. Olcott, S. Lepkovsky, H. J. Almquist, T. H. Jukes, and E. L. R. Stokstad. Their contributions included major accomplishments in the discovery and/or characterization of vitamin E, vitamin B6, pantothenic acid, and vitamin K.

California↗

PubMed1986

Radiation chemistry of high-energy carbon, neon, and argon ions: hydrated electron yields.

Neutral aqueous solutions of sodium nitrate/ethanol have been irradiated with high-energy heavy ions from the Berkeley Bevalac. Yields of nitrite have been used to estimate G values for the hydrated electron as a function of the residual range of these ions. Values of G(e-aq) have been estimated as a function of ion energy by adjusting the measured values for the effects of heavy ion fragmentation.

Argon↗

PubMed1985

Heavy-ion effects on mammalian cells: inactivation measurements with different cell lines.

In track segment experiments, the inactivation of different mammalian cells by heavy charged particles between helium and uranium in the energy range between 1 and 1000 MeV/u has been measured at the heavy ion accelerator Unilac, Darmstadt, the Tandem Van de Graaf, Heidelberg, and the Bevalac, Berkeley. The inactivation cross sections calculated from the final slope of the dose-effect curves are given as a function of the particle energy and the linear energy transfer.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Failla Memorial lecture. The future of heavy-ion science in biology and medicine.

Interplanetary space contains fluxes of fast moving atomic nuclei. The distribution of these reflects the atomic composition of the universe, and such particles may pose limitations for space flight and for life in space. Over the past 50 years, since the invention of Ernest Lawrence's cyclotron, advances in accelerator technology have permitted the acceleration of charged nuclei to very high velocities. Currently, beams of any stable isotope species up to uranium are available at kinetic energies of several hundred MeV/nucleon at the Berkeley Bevalac. Recently, new areas of particle physics research relating to the mechanisms of spallation and fission have opened up for investigation, and it is now realistic to search for nuclear super-dense states that might be produced in heavy nuclear collisions. The heavy ions hold interest for a broad spectrum of research because of their effectiveness in producing a series of major lesions in DNA along single particle tracks and because of the Bragg depth ionization properties that allow the precise deposition of highly localized doses deep in the human body. Individual heavy ions can also interrupt the continuity of membraneous regions in cells. Heavy ions, when compared to low-LET radiation, have increased effectiveness for mammalian cell lethality, chromosome mutations, and cell transformation. The molecular mechanisms are not completely understood but appear to involve fragmentation and reintegration of DNA. Cells attempt to repair these lesions, and many of the deleterious effects are due to misrepair or misrejoining of DNA. Heavy ions do not require the presence of oxygen for producing their effects, and hypoxic cells in necrotic regions have nearly the same sensitivity as cells in well-oxygenated tissues. Heavy ions are effective in delaying or blocking the cell division process. Heavy ions are also strong enhancers of viral-induced cell transformation, a process that requires integration of foreign DNA. Some cell lines, known to be radioresistant to X rays, have exhibited greater sensitivity to heavy ions. These radiobiological properties, combined with the ability to deliver highly localized internal doses, make accelerated heavy ions potentially important radiotherapeutic tools. Other novel approaches include the utilization of radioactive heavy beams as instant tracers. Heavy-ion radiography and microscopy respond to delicate changes in tissue electron density. Dose localization with helium ions has achieved excellent results for pituitary tumors, tumors adjacent to the spinal cord, and ocular melanomas. We are working on adapting silicon- and neon-ion beams for controlled therapy studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Acromegaly↗