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PubMed1979

Low frequency breathing at rest and during exercise in severe chronic obstructive bronchitis.

The effect of low frequency breathing compared with spontaneous breathing was examined at rest and during exercise (40 watts) in 12 patients suffering from severe chronic obstructive bronchitis. At rest low frequency breathing improved significantly the alveolar ventilation and the tensions of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the arterial blood. There was no significant change in ventilation minute volume. During exercise low frequency breathing significantly decreased ventilation minute volume, and there was no significant improvement in gas exchange. The decrease in ventilation during low frequency breathing at 40 watts compared with spontaneous breathing at the same lung volume was due to expiratory flow limitation. The findings suggest that this technique may impair exercise tolerance in patients with severe chronic obstructive bronchitis.

Bronchitis↗
PubMed1993

Endogenous substrate oxidation during exercise and variations in breath 13CO2/12CO2.

This study attempted to induce a major shift in the utilization of endogenous substrates during exercise in men by the use of a potent inhibitor of adipose tissue lipolysis, Acipimox, and to see to what extent this affects the 13C/12C ratio in expired air CO2. Six healthy volunteers exercised for 3 h on a treadmill at approximately 45% of their maximum O2 uptake, 75 min after having ingested either a placebo or 250 mg Acipimox. The rise in plasma free fatty acids and glycerol was almost totally prevented by Acipimox, and no significant rise in the utilization of lipids, evaluated by indirect calorimetry, was observed. Total carbohydrate oxidation averaged 128 +/- 17 (placebo) and 182 +/- 21 g/3 h (Acipimox). Conversely, total lipid oxidation was 84 +/- 5 (placebo) and 57 +/- 6 g/3 h (Acipimox; P < 0.01). Under placebo, changes in expired air CO2 delta 13C were minimal, with only a 0.49/1000 significant rise at 30 min. In contrast, under Acipimox, the rise in expired air CO2 delta 13C averaged 1/1000 and was significant throughout the 3-h exercise bout; in these conditions calculation of a "pseudooxidation" of an exogenous sugar naturally or artificially enriched in 13C, but not ingested, would have given an erroneous value of 19.8 +/- 2.6 g/3 h. Thus under conditions of extreme changes in endogenous substrate utilization, an appropriate control experiment is mandatory when studying exogenous substrate oxidation by 13C-labeled substrates and isotope-ratio mass spectrometry measurements on expired air CO2.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Effect of wearing personal protective clothing and self-contained breathing apparatus on heart rate, temperature and oxygen consumption during stepping exercise and live fire training exercises.

Fire fighter breathing apparatus instructors (BAIs) must possess the ability to respond to both the extrinsic stress of a high temperature environment and the intrinsic stress from wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), repeatedly and regularly, whilst training recruits in live fire training exercises (LFTEs). There are few previous investigations on BAIs in hot environments such as LFTEs, since the main research focus has been on regular fire fighters undertaking exercises in temperate or fire conditions at a moderate to high exercise intensity. In this study, the intrinsic cardiovascular stress effects of wearing PPE + SCBA were first investigated using a step test whilst wearing gym kit (control), weighted gym kit (a rucksack weighted to the equivalent of PPE + SCBA) and full PPE + SCBA (weight plus the effects of protective clothing). The extrinsic effects of the very hot environment were investigated in BIAs in LFTEs compared to mock fire training exercises (MFTEs), where the fire was not ignited. There was an increase in heart rate due to the modest workload imposed on the BAIs through carrying out the MFTEs (25.0 (18.7)%) compared to resting. However, when exposed to fire during the LFTEs, heat storage appears to be significant as the heart rate increased by up to 39.8 (+/-20.1)% over that of the mock LFTEs at temperate conditions. Thus, being able to dissipate heat from the PPE is particularly important in reducing the cardiovascular responses for BAIs during LFTEs.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Exercise in fibromyalgia.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Several studies have indicated that physical exercise is beneficial for patients with fibromyalgia. The aim of this article is to review the recent literature relating to exercise in fibromyalgia, specifically articles published between September 2003 and September 2004, to highlight developments in the field. RECENT FINDINGS: Previous studies indicate that aerobic exercise performed at adequate intensity for an individual can improve function, symptoms, and well-being. A recent study of aerobic exercise showed that training in sedentary women with fibromyalgia using short bouts of exercise produces improvements in health outcomes. A study of aerobic walking resulted in improvements in physical function, symptoms, and distress. Two studies of low-intensity pool exercise reported a positive impact on fibromyalgia symptoms and distress. Two studies of qigong movement therapy were reported, one indicating improvements in symptoms and the other in movement harmony, indicating that this mode of exercise needs to be evaluated further. SUMMARY: The recent studies support existing literature on the benefits of exercise for patients with fibromyalgia. The outcomes appear to be related to the program design and the characteristics of the populations studied. As the patients with fibromyalgia form a heterogeneous population, more research is required to identify the characteristics of patients who benefit from specific modes of exercise. Moreover, long-term planning is needed to motivate the patients to continue regular exercise. Informing patients about the benefits of exercise and adjusting the exercise intensity to individual limitations enhances adherence. The social support gained by exercising in groups also enhances adherence to exercise.

Breathing Exercises↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A respiratory ozone analyzer optimized for high resolution and swift dynamic response during exercise conditions.

The breath-to-breath determination of total respiratory ozone (O3) uptake requires the monitoring of O3 concentration at the airway opening with an instrument that responds rapidly relative to the frequency of respiration. Originally, the authors developed an analyzer that used the homogeneous chemiluminescent reaction of O3 with 2-methyl-2-butene, but it was suitable only for monitoring O3 during quiet breathing and light exercise (Ben-Jebria and Ultman, Rev Sci Instrum 1989; 60:3004-11, and Ben-Jebria et al., Rev Sci Instrum 1990; 61:3435-39). The improvement of performance characteristics of the aforementioned analyzer enabled the authors to use the newly constructed and self-contained instrument, which used ethylene as the reactant gas, for respiratory O3 monitoring during moderate-to-heavy exercise. Operating at a reaction chamber pressure of 350 torr, an ethylene/sample flow ratio of 4:1, and a sampling flow of 0.6 lpm, the authors achieved an optimum analyzer performance (i.e., 10-90% step-response of 70 msec and a minimum resolution of 0.006 ppm O3). Furthermore, the new instrument did not exhibit the nonlinear calibration and the CO2 interference suffered by the original analyzer. To demonstrate the quality of the new O3 analyzer in a respiratory application (i.e., total O3 uptake), the authors measured a series of single breaths on two subjects who breathed 0.11 and 0.43 ppm O3-in-air mixtures for 15 min during rest, and during moderate and heavy exercise.

Breath Tests↗
PubMed2002

The effect of hyperoxia on submaximal exercise with the self-contained breathing apparatus.

The effects of hyperoxia on submaximal exercise with the self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) were studied in 25 males. Each participant completed a graded exercise test for the determination of ventilatory threshold (VT) and then a submaximal practice trial with a normoxic gas mixture. The normoxic (20.93 +/- 0.22% O(2); SUB(21)) and hyperoxic (40.18 +/- 0.73% O(2); SUB(40)) submaximal trials were then administered in a random order. All exercise tests were completed on separate days while wearing firefighting gear and the SCBA. Compared with SUB(21), hyperoxia significantly reduced minute ventilation (V(E)), mask pressure (P(mask)), heart rate, blood lactate concentration, perceived exertion, and perceived breathing distress. As expected, hemoglobin saturation remained higher (p < 0.05) during SUB(40). The reductions in both V(E) and P(mask) with hyperoxia imply a reduction in the work of breathing during exercise. Total gas consumption was 10.3 +/- 8.1% lower during SUB(40) when compared to SUB(21), another finding that has significant practical implications for occupational safety.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Breath-by-breath estimate of alveolar gas transfer variability in man at rest and during exercise.

1. Breath-by-breath (BB) oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer (VO2 and VCO2) at the mouth, together with respiratory pattern, were determined over sequences of 100 consecutive breaths in six subjects at rest and during cycloergometric exercise (75 W). 2. BBVO2 and VCO2 at alveolar level were calculated taking the changes of pulmonary gas stores throughout each single ith breath into account. This requires knowledge of the alveolar volume at the beginning of the breath (VA.i-1), which cannot be directly measured on a BB basis at present. Therefore a constant nominal value, ranging from 0 to 5 l, was attributed to VA,i-1. 3. It was found that: (i) all nominal VA.i-1 values employed for the estimate of steady-state alveolar gas exchange yield the same average value but greatly reduce BB variability with respect to gas exchange as determined at the mouth; (ii) no unequivocal criterion was identified to select the appropriate VA.i-1 value; and (iii) the apparent kinetics of alveolar VO2 after work onset may be influenced by the VA.i-1 value selected for the calculation, and by the change in lung volume at the onset of exercise. 4. It was concluded that: (i) as long as VA.i-1 cannot be measured for each single breath, 'true' alveolar gas exchange remains elusive; hence, (ii) it is not possible to establish the extent to which the alveolar gas exchange variability depends on physiological phenomena using available methods.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Influence of oxygen administration on pulmonary haemodynamics and tissue oxygenation during exercise in COPD patients with different ACE genotypes.

We previously found that the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) DD genotype is associated with exaggerated pulmonary hypertension and disturbance of tissue oxygenation during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. This study was designed to compare the effect of oxygen administration on pulmonary haemodynamics and tissue oxygenation during exercise in COPD patients with different ACE genotypes. Forty-three COPD patients (II=16, ID=12, DD=15) underwent right heart catheterization, and then performed an exercise test with room air or oxygen. We measured pulmonary haemodynamic variables and indices of tissue oxygenation such as mixed venous oxygen tension (PVO2) and arterial lactate concentration, both at rest and after exercise. The magnitude of difference in mean pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance after exercise between breathing of room air and breathing of oxygen did not significantly differ among the three groups. PVO2 after exercise with room air or oxygen was significantly higher in patients with the II genotype than in those with the ID or DD genotype. In contrast, lactate concentration after exercise with room air or oxygen was significantly lower in patients with the II genotype than in those with the ID or DD genotype. Moreover, the magnitude of difference in PVO2 and lactate concentration after exercise between breathing of room air and breathing of oxygen was the II>ID>DD genotype. These findings suggest that the ability of oxygen administration to improve tissue oxygenation during exercise is associated with the ACE genotypes in COPD patients.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1986

Breathing pattern during and after maximal exercise in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease, interstitial lung disease, and cardiac disease, and in normal subjects.

Inspiratory muscle fatigue and pulmonary edema are both known to cause rapid shallow breathing. It has been suggested that exercise tolerance in patients with pulmonary disease and cardiac disease may be limited by the development of inspiratory muscle fatigue and pulmonary edema, respectively, at maximal exercise. If these hypotheses are correct, breathing pattern during recovery from maximal exercise in these patients should be rapid and shallow compared with that during exercise. This study was performed to test these hypotheses. Seven patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 8 patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD), 7 patients with cardiac disease (CD) (mitral valve disease or left ventricular dysfunction) and 8 normal (NR) subjects each performed maximal incremental exercise on a cycle ergometer. Exercise breathing pattern was compared with that during recovery by calculating the mean difference in tidal volume (at the same levels of minute ventilation) between exercise and recovery for each subject. Recovery breathing pattern was similar to that during exercise for the COPD, ILD, and NR subjects. In contrast, breathing pattern during recovery was rapid and shallow compared with that during exercise for the CD patients; recovery tidal volume was less than that during exercise for the same level of minute ventilation. The fact that rapid shallow breathing does not develop during recovery from maximal exercise in patients with COPD or ILD suggests that inspiratory muscle fatigue does not limit their exercise tolerance. The relative rapid shallow breathing during recovery from maximal exercise in patients with CD is probably due to the development of pulmonary edema at maximal exercise, but further studies are needed to confirm this.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Dyspnea and ventilatory muscle function during exercise on air and oxygen breathing in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)].

Exercise performance and dyspnea in COPD patients have been shown to be improved with supplemental oxygen, although the exact mechanisms resulting in the improvement are still unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate a possible relationship between ventilatory muscle function and sensation of dyspnea (modified Borg Scale) during exercise on 20% O2 and 30% O2. Eight patients with COPD (FEV1 1.06 L +/- 0.30 L) exercised on a treadmill two times breathing compressed air or 30% oxygen with a one hour rest in between. The electrical activity of the diaphragm (EMGdi) was recorded with esophageal electrodes, and that of the sternomastoid muscle (EMGsm) was recorded from the fine wire electrodes. The ratio of high frequency (150 to 350 Hz) to low frequency (20 to 47 Hz) power (H/L) of EMGdi was analyzed to assess diaphragmatic fatigue, which was defined as a 20% fall of H/L ratio from the control value. Flow, volume, O2 Saturation (SaO2), esophageal pressure (Pes) and transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) were measured. Tension time index (TTdi) was calculated from Pdi and the ratio of inspiratory time to total time for one cycle (Ti/Ttot). At rest, we measured maximal esophageal pressure (Pesmax), maximal transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdimax), maximal integrated EMGdi (EMGdimax) and EMGsm (EMGsmmax). Incremental exercise was discontinued by dyspnea. The walking distance achieved was increased in all patients on 30% O2. Dyspnea and desaturation were significantly improved on 30% O2 breathing, and the onset of diaphragmatic fatigue was delayed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗