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At least 685 records · Page 38Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Breast tumor-derived factors stimulate reduction of estrone to estradiol in nonmalignant breast tissue.

This study examines the paracrine influence by human breast carcinoma cells (UISO-BCA-1) on nonmalignant breast tissue in vitro. The 17 beta-OH-SDH-mediated reductive pathway (estrone-->estradiol) was significantly increased in nonmalignant breast tissue coincubated with human breast carcinoma cells, compared to control tissues incubated in the media alone. No influence on the enzyme activity was noticed in coincubated breast cancer cells. Preincubation of breast cancer cells with estradiol (10(-8) M) significantly decreased the enzyme activity in coincubated nonmalignant breast tissue, which was restored to control levels by addition of R5020 (10(-8) M), tamoxifen (10(-6) M), or a combination of both. In nonmalignant tissues incubated in the presence of growth factor TGF alpha, enzyme activity was reduced to between 46% and 76%. No other growth factors (IGF I, IGF II, PDGF) influenced enzyme activity. In nonmalignant tissues incubated with malignant tumor cytosol, enzyme activity was increased in 16% cases, inhibited in 21%, and not significantly changed in 63%. The data from the present study suggest that factors produced by breast carcinoma cells may influence interconversion of estradiol in nonmalignant tissue. In patients, factors produced by malignant tumor mass may have paracrine influence on surrounding nonmalignant breast tissue and, thereby, may influence the estrogen availability to tumor mass.

17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed2004

The influence of preoperative MRI of the breasts on recurrence rate in patients with breast cancer.

Preoperative MRI of the breasts has been proven to be the most sensitive imaging modality in the detection of multifocal or multicentric tumor manifestations as well as simultaneous contralateral breast cancer. The aim of the presented retrospective study was to evaluate the benefit of preoperative MRI for patients with breast cancer. Preoperative MRI performed in 121 patients (group A) were compared to 225 patients without preoperative MRI (group B). Patients of group A underwent contrast-enhanced MR imaging of the breast using a 2D FLASH sequence technique (TR/TE/FA 336 ms/5 ms/90 degrees; 32 slices of 4-mm thickness, time of acquisition 1:27 min, contrast agent dosage 0.1 mmol Gd-DTPA/kg bw). All patients had histologically verified breast cancer and follow-up for more than 20 months (mean time group A: 40.3 months, group B: 41 months). Both groups received the same types of systemic treatment after breast conserving surgery. The in-breast tumor recurrence rate in group A was 1/86 (1.2%) compared to 9/133 (6.8%) in group B. Contralateral carcinoma were detected within follow-up in 2/121 (1.7%) in group A vs. 9/225 (4%) in group B. All results were statistically significant (P<0.001). Based on these results, preoperative MRI of the breasts is recommended in patients with histopathologically verified breast cancer for local staging.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A nationwide epidemiologic study of breast cancer incidence following breast reduction surgery in a large cohort of Swedish women.

While it has been demonstrated that prophylactic mastectomy reduces breast cancer incidence among women at high risk, many women often consider this disfiguring surgery unacceptable. One alternative approach may be breast reduction surgery. In order to evaluate the long-term incidence of breast cancer following surgical removal of breast tissue, we have extended by 9 years the follow-up period of our earlier retrospective cohort study of Swedish women electing cosmetic breast reduction surgery (n=30,444) between 1965 and 1993, yielding an average of nearly 16 years of follow-up. Cancer incidence through 2002 was ascertained via the Swedish Cancer Registry. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated comparing women who underwent breast reduction surgery with women in the general Swedish population. Breast cancer was observed in 443 women versus 624 expected for a statistically significant reduced SIR of 0.71 (95% CI=0.65-0.78). Analyses by age at surgery, time since surgery or calendar year of surgery revealed similar reductions in risk. Our study of over 30,000 women with long-term follow-up offers further evidence that women undergoing breast reduction surgery have reduced breast cancer risk. As the evidence from large-scale cohort studies accumulates, direct testing of this reduction in risk through clinical trials should be considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Incidence and risk factors associated with bilateral breast cancer in area with early age diagnosis but low incidence of primary breast cancer: analysis of 10-year longitudinal cohort in Taiwan.

This study aims to examine the incidence and risk factors of bilateral breast cancer in area with low incidence rate. A total of 120 and 1902 women with bilateral and unilateral breast cancers were enrolled; various factors, including those concerning their medical history and life style, were extracted. Using Kaplan-Meier method, we calculate the cumulative incidence of contralateral breast cancer. The results show as follows. The cumulative incidences of contralateral breast cancer at 1, 3, 5 years after diagnosis of first breast cancer were 1.15, 1.94, and 2.97%, respectively. The statistically significant risk factors included menopause (Hazard Ratio (HR) =1.56, (1.00-2.42)), invasive lobular carcinoma (HR=2.98, (1.35-6.56)), receiving chemotherapy (HR=2.21, (1.43-3.42)) and/or radiotherapy (HR=3.32, (2.19-5.05) and a protective factor was tamoxifen therapy (HR=0.5 (0.34-0.74). Size of the second occurred tumour (2.97 cm) tended to be smaller than the first one (3.58 cm) with borderline statistical significance (p=0.0731). Comparing to the existing data on Western countries, we find a higher risk for developing contralateral breast cancer in Taiwan where a low incidence of first breast cancer rate with early age diagnosis is noted. It suggests that first primary breast tumour with early age of onset and lobular carcinoma are found more likely to develop bilateral breast cancers.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Breast cancer risk factors in relation to breast density (United States).

OBJECTIVES: Evaluate known breast cancer risk factors in relation to breast density. METHODS: We examined factors in relation to breast density in 144,018 New Hampshire (NH) women with at least one mammogram recorded in a statewide mammography registry. Mammographic breast density was measured by radiologists using the BI-RADS classification; risk factors of interest were obtained from patient intake forms and questionnaires. RESULTS: Initial analyses showed a strong inverse influence of age and body mass index (BMI) on breast density. In addition, women with late age at menarche, late age at first birth, premenopausal women, and those currently using hormone therapy (HT) tended to have higher breast density, while those with greater parity tended to have less dense breasts. Analyses stratified on age and BMI suggested interactions, which were formally assessed in a multivariable model. The impact of current HT use, relative to nonuse, differed across age groups, with an inverse association in younger women, and a positive association in older women (p < 0.0001 for the interaction). The positive effects of age at menarche and age at first birth, and the inverse influence of parity were less apparent in women with low BMI than in those with high BMI (p = 0.04, p < 0.0001 and p = 0.01, respectively, for the interactions). We also noted stronger positive effects for age at first birth in postmenopausal women (p = 0.004 for the interaction). The multivariable model indicated a slight positive influence of family history of breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The influence of age at menarche and reproductive factors on breast density is less evident in women with high BMI. Density is reduced in young women using HT, but increased in HT users of age 50 or more.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Comparison of contralateral breast doses from 1/2 beam block and isocentric treatment techniques for patients treated with primary breast irradiation with 60CO.

The risk of carcinogenesis in breast tissue subject to low to moderate radiation doses may be of concern to the clinical radiotherapist. With earlier diagnosis, more women, and especially younger women, are electing breast preservation radiation therapy. During therapy, tissue outside the treatment field is exposed to leakage and scattered radiation. Such exposure could lead to significant doses of radiation resulting in carcinogenesis. Therefore, reduction of contralateral breast dose may be an important factor to consider when selecting a treatment technique. This study measured dose in the contralateral breast on 15 patients treated with 60Co gamma rays with the source to skin distance (SSD), 1/2 beam block, and the source to axis distance (SAD), no 1/2 beam block, techniques. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD), with 0.5 cm of superflab used as build-up material, were placed on the contralateral breast to measure dose from the medial tangential beam and from the lateral tangential beam. Dose measurements were done on patients in the treatment position and do not represent phantom or formula calculation of dose to the opposite breast. Our results indicated that total opposite breast dose ranged from 325-650 cGy for SSD treatments as opposed to 200-450 cGy for SAD treatments, in patients receiving a total prescribed dose of 5,040 cGy in 28 fractions to the involved breast. This paper points out that a simple solution for reduction of opposite breast dose for patients treated with 60Co may be utilization of the modified SAD treatment technique.

Breast↗
PubMed2006

Efficacy of accelerated partial breast irradiation as a neoadjuvant treatment for patients with breast cancer: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Breast conserving treatment (BCT) consists of breast-conserving operation and followed by whole-breast irradiation (WBI). Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) is being considered as a possible alternative to WBI. Neoadjuvant APBI might provide more benefit than postsurgical APBI because tumor downstaging will enhance the likelihood of BCT. METHODS: APBI was delivered as 50 Gy in 5 fractions over 5 days before operation for patients with breast cancer of 3 to 4 cm in diameter. Patients with tumors 3 cm or less were deemed to be candidates for breast-conserving operation. RESULTS: Between September 1998 and August 1999, 12 women were enrolled. The mean tumor diameter and volume were reduced from 3.4 to 1.8 cm (reduction rate: 47%) and from 8.1 to 2.2 cm3 (reduction rate: 71%), respectively. The mean pathologic tumor size was 1.5 cm, and a complete pathologic response was found in 1 patient (8%). All patients were eligible for breast-conserving operation. No ipsilateral breast recurrences have been observed to date. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of neoadjuvant APBI for relatively large breast cancers. Although the number of participants was small, these results would encourage the development of clinical trials exploring the efficacy of neoadjuvant APBI.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Angiogenesis-associated protein annexin II in breast cancer: selective expression in invasive breast cancer and contribution to tumor invasion and progression.

Many advanced human tumors including breast cancer overproduce plasmin that is known to promote angiogenesis and metastasis. The mechanism of this effect is poorly understood. Here we report that annexin II, an endothelial co-receptor for tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator) and plasminogen, was undetectable in normal and hyperplastic ductal epithelial cells and ductal complexes. By contrast, it was consistently expressed in invasive breast cancer and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) indicating its involvement in breast cancer. Using the well established invasive/metastatic MDA-MB231 cell line and the noninvasive/nonmetastatic MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line, we investigated the mechanism by which annexin II regulates breast cancer progression and metastasis. Western and Northern blot analyses demonstrate selective expression of annexin II in MDA-MB231 cells but not in poorly invasive MCF-7 cells suggesting its participation in invasive breast cancer. Since annexin II is a receptor for plasminogen, we tested whether MDA-MB231 cells are capable of producing plasmin in vitro. MDA-MB231 cell membranes induced plasmin generation in a time-dependent manner while those from MCF-7 cells failed to convert plasminogen to plasmin. The generated plasmin is capable of degrading ECM consequently facilitating cell invasion and migration, biological functions required for angiogenesis and metastasis. Plasmin generation and its dependent invasion and migration can be blocked by a monoclonal antibody to annexin II or angiostatin, potent inhibitors of angiogenesis, breast cancer, and metastasis. Our findings indicate that annexin II-dependent localized plasmin generation by human breast cancer cells could contribute to angiogenesis and metastasis. These results suggest that annexin II may be an attractive target for new anti-angiogenic and anti-breast cancer therapies.

Angiostatins↗
PubMed2003

Three-dimensional distribution of radiation within the breast: an intercomparison of departments participating in the START trial of breast radiotherapy fractionation.

PURPOSE: To examine the ability of computer planning systems to calculate the dose to the breast correctly in three dimensions. Both the absolute dose at the center of the breast and the accuracy of the isodose distributions were investigated. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Measurements were performed in a water-filled breast phantom using an ionization chamber. Thirty-six sets of data obtained during the Standardization of Breast Radiotherapy breast fractionation trial quality assurance program were included in the analysis. The planning systems were grouped according to the algorithms used on the basis of the definitions given in International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements Report No. 24. RESULTS: Thirty-two of the 36 planning systems overestimated the dose to the center of the breast, with a mean measured/calculated dose ratio of 0.979 (SD 0.013). The relative dose within 2 cm of the lung was also overestimated. CONCLUSION: Only one algorithm (collapsed cone) investigated in this study was able to calculate the dose at the center of the breast correctly in tangential breast radiotherapy. With modern algorithms, it is important to include a correction for the lower density of the lung, because the dose close to the interface between breast and lung tissue will also be lower than anticipated.

Breast↗
PubMed2000

Association of mammographically defined percent breast density with epidemiologic risk factors for breast cancer (United States).

OBJECTIVE: Mammographically defined percent breast density is an important risk factor for breast cancer, but the epidemiology of this trait is poorly understood. Although several studies have investigated the associations between reproductive factors and density, few data are available on the associations of breast density and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), physical activity, education, alcohol and smoking. METHODS: We investigated the associations of known and suspected breast cancer risk factors with breast density in a large breast cancer family study. Information was collected on members of 426 families through telephone interviews, mailed questionnaires and mammography. Mammographic films on 1900 women were digitized and breast density was estimated in discrete five-unit increments by one radiologist. Analysis of covariance techniques were used and all analyses were performed stratified by menopausal status. RESULTS: Similar to other reports, nulliparity, late age at first birth, younger age and lower body mass index were associated with increased percent density in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women, and hormone replacement therapy among postmenopausal women. Higher levels of alcohol consumption and low WHR were associated with increased percent density among both premenopausal and postmenopausal women (differences of 3-11% between high and low categories). However, smoking and education were inversely associated with percent density among premenopausal (p = 0.004 and p = 0.003, respectively) but not postmenopausal women (p = 0.52 and p = 0.90). Physical activity was not associated with percent density in either stratum (p values > 0.25). Combined, these factors explained approximately 37% of the variability in the percent density measure in premenopausal women and 19% in postmenopausal women. CONCLUSIONS: Many of these factors may potentially affect breast cancer risk through their effect on percent breast density.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Cathepsin D in breast secretions from women with breast cancer.

A proteinase accumulated in breast secretions from women with breast cancer has been characterised. Inhibition of the proteolytic activity of breast secretions by pepstatin A showed that the main enzyme involved was an aspartyl proteinase. Determination of its cleavage specificity by SDS-PAGE and amino acid sequence analysis revealed that it was identical to that of cathepsin D, an aspartyl proteinase suggested to be involved in breast cancer development. The identity between both proteins was further confirmed by immunological analysis with monoclonal antibodies against cathepsin D. Quantification of cathepsin D in nipple fluids from 41 women with benign or malignant breast diseases and from 19 control women without breast pathology revealed the presence of variable amounts of this proteinase. The average concentration of cathepsin D in breast secretions from cancer-bearing breasts was 7.2 +/- 2.2 fmol micrograms of protein, which was significantly higher than those of nipple fluids from control women (2.9 +/- 0.6 fmol micrograms-1) (P = 0.04) or from patients with benign breast diseases (2.1 +/- 0.3 fmol micrograms-1) (P = 0.004). Though the number of cancer patients studied was small (n = 21), no correlations were found with cytosolic concentrations of cathepsin D or oestrogen receptors, neither with other parameters such as tumour size, histological grade, axillary node involvement or menopausal status.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Distinct spatial expression patterns of AP-2alpha and AP-2gamma in non-neoplastic human breast and breast cancer.

Although transcription factors AP-2alpha and AP-2gamma have been implicated in the control of estrogen receptor (ER) and ErbB-2, their impact for breast cancer is still controversial. To better understand the role of AP-2 proteins in mammary neoplasia, the analysis of their spatial expression pattern in normal breast and breast cancer is required. A total of 51 specimens of female breast cancer patients and a tissue microarray containing 93 additional female breast cancer cases were immunohistochemically stained for AP-2alpha, AP-2gamma, ER and ErbB-2. In 70 cases of the tissue microarray, survival data comprising a period of up to 30 years were present. In non-neoplastic breast tissue, AP-2alpha was expressed in the inner glandular cell layer while AP-2gamma was expressed in the outer myoepithelial cell layer. Ductal carcinoma in situ revealed strongly AP-2alpha-positive tumor cells surrounded by a layer of AP-2gamma-positive myoepithelial cells. In invasive carcinoma, expression of AP-2alpha and AP-2gamma was variable. High expression of ER and AP-2alpha showed better survival rates than low expression of these markers. AP-2gamma expression had no effect on survival. These results for the first time reveal a distinct spatial expression pattern of AP-2alpha and AP-2gamma in normal breast and in ductal carcinoma in situ with specific AP-2gamma expression in myoepithelium. High ER and AP-2alpha expression in invasive breast cancer showed favorable survival rates. Therefore, AP-2alpha expression seems to be associated with better prognosis of breast cancer. AP-2gamma expression has no influence on survival reflecting that myoepithelial cells are not involved in the neoplastic process.

Actins↗
PubMed1999

Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) mRNA expression levels decrease after menopause in normal breast tissue but not in breast cancer lesions.

We hypothesized that the regulation of microvascular functions and angiogenesis in breast tissue, a well known target of ovarian steroid action, is dependent on the hormonal exposure of the breast. Relative expression levels of VEGF-A (vascular endothelial growth factor A), a putative key regulator of angiogenesis in breast cancer, were analysed in the tumour and the adjacent non-neoplastic breast tissue of 19 breast cancer patients by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. In non-neoplastic breast specimens the expression levels of all detected VEGF-A-isoforms (189, 165, 121) were significantly higher in premenopausal compared to post-menopausal women (P = 0.02) and were inversely correlated with the patient's age (P = 0.006). In contrast, in cancerous tissues menopausal status had no influence on VEGF-A-expression levels. Benign and malignant tissues exhibited a similar expression pattern of VEGF-A-isoforms relative to each other. Thus, the regulation of the vasculature in normal breast tissue, as opposed to breast cancer tissue, appears to be hormonally dependent. Endogenous and therapeutically used hormonal steroids might, therefore, cause clinically relevant changes of the angiogenic phenotype of the human breast.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Does breast-feeding prevent breast cancer?].

Many epidemiological studies show clearly the restraining effect of breast-feeding on breast cancer. So it could be shown that breast-feeding for one year reduces the individual risk for premenopausal breast cancer by 45%. The risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in the developed countries could be decreased by 42% by increasing the breast-feeding time in life. Most authors assume that the protective value of breast-feeding is hormone-conditioned. Further theoretical implications result from the increasing knowledge of the immunologic characteristics of the mother's milk. Beside well-known positive effects of breast-feeding on children's health, breast-feeding should also be further promoted from the view of women's health.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1990

[Breast feeding following breast reduction-plasty and mastopexy?].

A certain amount of breast tissue remains connected with the nipple after aesthetic breast surgery, except in cases of free nipple grafting. Breast feeding is therefore possible. The obstetrician or the midwife are often with the question, whether breast feeding can be recommended. In this study we have investigated, whether lactation is adversely affected by breast surgery. 105 patients who had been operated for unilateral or bilateral mammahyperplasia or mammoptosis, were examined and questioned about breast feeding after operation. The operative techniques of McKissock, Pitanguy and Strömbeck had been used. Breast feeding attitude of our patients was compared with a corresponding collective without breast surgery from the 2nd University Clinic, Gynaecological Department. Five of 14 patients breastfed their babies. The remaining patients did not breastfeed, either after having been counselled not to breastfeed or because of admission of the newborn to a neonatal care unit. Only in two patients no lactation was observed. In our opinion, patients should be informed and encouraged, that breastfeeding is possible after aesthetic breast surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Detecting breast cancer in mammographically dense breasts: comparing technetium-99m tetrofosmin mammoscintigraphy and ultrasonography.

The aim of our study was to compare the usefulness of technetium-99m tetrofosmin (Tc-TF) mammoscintigraphy and ultrasonography for detecting breast cancer in mammographically dense breasts. This study included 32 female Taiwanese patients with indeterminate mammographic probability of malignancy due to mammographically dense breasts. Both Tc-TF mammoscintigraphy and ultrasonography were performed on each patient. Then, all of the 32 breast masses underwent biopsies or operations to obtain final pathological diagnoses. Based on the final pathological diagnoses, 24 women had breast cancer and eight had benign breast tumors among the 32 patients. Twenty cancers and one benign tumor had positive Tc-TF mammoscintigraphic findings. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 83, 88, and 84%, respectively. Twenty-two cancers and five benign tumors had positive ultrasonographic findings. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 92, 38, and 78%, respectively. To detect breast cancer in patients with nondiagnostic mammograms because of mammographically dense breasts, ultrasonography with its higher sensitivity is more suitable for screening breast masses. However, due to its higher specificity, Tc-TF mammoscintigraphy is useful to confirm the ultrasonographic findings.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2001

A simulation of the effects of set-up error and changes in breast volume on conventional and intensity-modulated treatments in breast radiotherapy.

The effect of interfractional patient movement on dosimetry has been investigated for breast radiotherapy. Errors in patient set-up and changes in breast volume were simulated individually to determine how each contributes to the total dosimetric error. Two treatment techniques were investigated: a conventional treatment and an intensity-modulated treatment delivered using compensators. Six patients were investigated and anterior-posterior (AP) and superior-inferior (SI) displacements were simulated by displacing the isocentre in both directions by 2, 5 and 10 mm. A model of the breast was developed from the six patients to simulate changes in breast volume. In this model, the breast was described as a set of semi-ellipses. The volume of the breast was changed by varying the magnitude of the semi-major and semi-minor axes. Anisotropic changes in breast volume were also investigated. The dosimetric error was evaluated for each dose plan by calculating the volume outside the 95-105% dose range resulting from the simulations. A number of parameters describing the size and shape of the breast were also investigated to determine whether a susceptibility of outline sets to interfractional patient movement could be predicted. A parameter describing the increase in the breast volume outside the 95-105% dose range was calculated for AP a

Breast↗
PubMed1994

The neuronal marker protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) is phenotypically expressed in human breast epithelium, in milk, and in benign and malignant breast tumors.

The aim of this study was to examine the expression of the well-established neuronal marker protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) in nonneuroendocrine tissues of the human breast. Using antibodies directed against PGP 9.5 in an immunohistological technique, a positive staining of nerves and, surprisingly, a positive cytoplasmic reaction were obtained in normal breast epithelium, in all cases of fibroadenomata (n = 7) and in carcinoma cells in 5 out of 16 cases of breast cancers. In screening several human breast cancer cell lines, a positive immunoreaction was observed in 4 out of 6 of the cell lines. To exclude the possibility that this immunoreactivity was false, positive lysates from the same cell lines and preparations from human breast milk were subjected to NaDodSO4-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting. This study confirmed the presence of PGP 9.5 in both milk and breast cancer cell lines. Because any contamination with nerve fibers can be excluded having used cell culture material or milk, it can be concluded that the presence of PGP 9.5 in the normal epithelium and in breast cancer cells is genuine. PGP 9.5 expression is, therefore, a feature of normal breast epithelia and breast cancer cells and cannot be regarded as 'neuron' specific.

Blotting, Western↗